Exam 1 - PSY 3400

For regular coffee drinkers, the smell and taste of coffee can serve as a CS that

counteracts the effects of caffine

Conditioned Inhibitor (stop extinction from occuring)

if CS(buzzer) is shown and prevents the occurrence of a CR (salivation) or that it reduces the size of the CR (less salivation) from what it would otherwise be, then this CS is called an inhibitory CS or CS-.

Other way to measure if CS is inhibitory?

measure how long it taes to turn the stimulus into an excitatory CS+.

CS-US Interval.

amount of time between CS and US presentations.

Day 1

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Essay Questions

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Who was the first associationist. How many principles of association did he propose?

Aristotle, three

S-S Connections

Association between the CS Center and the US Center is formed, the US connecting to the Response Center.

A neurons transmitter is released from its...

Axon Terminals

Determinism means...

Behavior is caused by the environment and genetics

For every different CS this is a separate __________ that becomes active whenever that particular CS is presented.

CS Center

Excitatory CS

CS+ , it regularly elicits a Conditioned Response, CR.

One thing that would seem to make taste-aversion learning unique is that it can still be established with long delays between the illness and the food. Which classical conditioning principle did this appear to violate?

Contiguity

These 3 principles: describe how one thought leads to another.

Contiguity: the more closely together (contiguous) in space or time two items occur, the more likely will the thought of one item lead to the thought of the other. Ex: word chair leads to association to table leading to plate. Similarity: one concept leads to another thought of similar concept. Contrast: item leads thoughts to opposite (night-day).

A new relation between a signal and an outcome is learned in addition to the old relation. This statement is a good description of

Delayed Matching to Sample

Associationists

Earliest recorded thoughts about learning and memory developed by philosophers called associationists and later tested by the psychologist Hermann Ebbingaus.

Describe the procedure Ebbinghaus used to study memory. How did his results lend support for the principles of frequency, recency, and contiguity? How valid are his results today?

Ebbinhaus was his own subject. invented nonsense syllable instead of using real words. first, would read list of words out loud over and over again. periodically he would test his memory and try to recite it w/o list. He recorded number of repetitions needed to recite it perfectly. Then he would allow different amounts of time to pass. time is independednt variable. then relearn list of words. count how many times needed repeat it to get it perfectly memorized again. # to relearn it = dependent variable. calculate when needed less repititions to have the list memorized. this was his savings, % increase. Frequeny of pairings affects strength of association. recency - the more recently two items have been paired, stonger association. Contguity - more closely together two items are presented, the better wi the thought of one item lead to the thought of the other.

Varieties of Conditioned Responses

Eyeblink Conditioning. Conditioned Suppression (conditioned emotional response). The Skin Conductance Response (SCR, electrodermal response). Taste-Aversion Learning.

After classical conditioning with one CS, the appearance of conditioned responses to new but similar stimuli is called

Generalization

Describe an experiment on how classical conditioning can be used to affect the activity of the immune system. Explain how this phenomenon might be used to assist medical patients.

I think of flu shots, its a dead flu bug that we are given. this similar format could be used as a classical conditioning experiment. You give yourself a shot" with nothing in it tho, to condition your immune sysem into thinking that it needs to start working. Also, I think of erbal teas, whenever you think you are going to get sick you drink an erbal tea to trick your body into thinking the immune system needs to kick on. The could be used to help patients that ... give client a CS, then inject with medicine to help boost their immune system. after repeated contiguity, pairing, remove the shot.

Skinner talks about a great need for a "technology of behavior", but also mentions some concerns inherent to the existance of such a technology. One of these concerns relates to "values" and is best summarized as...

If a technology which could shape and change human behavior was developed, someone would have to be in control of it and choose what behaviors they wanted to promote.

0 / 2 pts Suppose that in a conditioned suppression procedure with rats, a series of light-shock trials are followed by pairings of a compound stimulus, light and tone, with shock. A later test with the tone alone would probably find

Little or no lever pressing during the tone The rate of lever pressing during the tone is the same as in the absence of the tone Faster than normal lever pressing during the tone ???????????????????????

What is the behaviorist objection to internal factors like feelings and personality? What do behaviorists focus on instead, and why? (see Reading 1 and text).

Physics and biology moved farther away from personi- fied causes when they began to attribute the behaviour of things to essences, qualities, or natures.

Study not only the process of learning but also the _____________ of learning-the long term changes in an individual's behavior that results from a learning experience.

Product

For every UR like salivation, there is a _________.

Response Center

Types of Timed Conditioning

Short-Delay. - CS a second or so before the US Simultaneous. Trace.- CS is not physically present when US occurs. Long Delay. - CS continues for a time, untill the US occurs. Backward. - CS presented after US.

A scientific theory is

Something that explains a wide variety of phenomena that is based on evidence

What are the 3 Phenomena that show acquisition formed in classical conditioning cannot be erased during extinction?

Spontaneous Recovery. Disinhibition. Rapid Reacquisition.

What three types of evidence show that extinction does not simply erase the association that was formed during classical conditioning? Describe one way you could make extinction more durable.

Spontaneous Recovery. Disinhibition. Rapid Reacquisition. Turn the CS+ into an CS- then perform extinction.

Novel Stimuli

The orienting response (OR), also called orienting reflex, is an organism's immediate response to a change in its environment, when that change is not sudden enough to elicit the startle reflex.

Skinner mentions several scientific advances in fields such as biology and physics which should have led to improvements, but did not or were less effective than they could have been. What reason did he give for this?

The proposed solutions ignored the feelings and attitudes of the people they were designed to help, and were therefore not adopted...? The problems that were targeted cannot be fixed without changing human behavior...? Sciences such as physics and biology have not yet progressed to a point where they can fix large-scale problems and more time and research is needed...?

(UR) Unconditioned Response

The response from the US (salivation)

0 / 2 pts How are biological constraints on classical conditioning understood today?

They show quantitative, not qualitative differences

A psychologist develops a theory that failure produces frustration, and frustration frequently leads to aggressive behavior. In this theory, frustration is

an intervening variable

Learning:

a process of change that occurs as a result of an individual's experience.

Autonomous man refers to...

a robot-like creature with no free will...? ** an inner being who is the center from which behavior emanates...? works through genetics...?

Extinction

a simple technique for producing a reduction and eventual disapperance of the CR. Presenting the CS without the US repeatedly.

Unconditioned Stimulus(US)

a stimulus that reliably elicits a characteristic response (food)

Laws in the US require that research animals have

adequate food and water, a clean living environment, veterinary care

Importance of Timing in Classical Conditioning

affects 1. how Strong the conditioning will be. 2. whether a CS will become Excitatory or Inhibitory. and 3. effects exactly when the CR occurs.

Conditioned Response (CR):

any salivation that occurs during the CS but before the US is referred to as a conditioned response, since it is only because of the conditioning procedure that the bell now elicits salivation

Conditioned Stimulus (CS):

can be any stimulus (ex: a bell) that does not initially evoke the UR. The Conditioned stimulus indicates that it is only after the conditioning has taken place that the bell will elicit the response of salivation.

Select the answer that is NOT a criterion for judging scientific theories:

complexity? generality? falsifiability?

S-R Connections

direct association between the CS Center and the Response Center.

The phenomenon of disinhibition provides one type of evidence that

extinction does not result in the complete elimination of a conditioned response.

Skinner denies the existence of feelings

false

Problems with Pavlov's Stimulis Substitution Theory

few researchers believe it. CR is almost never an exact replica of the UR. Not all parts of the UR to a stimulus become part of the CR. Not all components of the UR are present in the CR

Society may oppose the development of a technology of behavior because

it raises the issue of who will construct the environment and for what purpose, it shifts both credit and blame to the environment, it questions the freedoms and dignity of man

. What are some of the advantages and disadvantages to using animals as subjects in research on learning?

less likely to have "subjec effects" in your research/learning studies. As animals are unlikely to change their behavior when they are being observed. This benefit would mean that your data is less likely to be skewed and more accurate. It is also very convenient to use animals over humans. Disadvantages include, animals do not have use of language, reading, soving problem skills, etc. cant do any of those things in your study. Also, animals are not humans. we are different from eachother in a lot of ways, behavior is just the beginning. ethical concers as well.

What is the Temporal Coding Hypthesis?

more is learned in CC than simple association. learns the timing betwee the CS and US, this learning affects when the CS occurs.

Taste Aversions are...

not limited to poisonous foods.

The British Associations:

o BA included Thomas Hobbes, Jogn Locke, James Mill, John Stuart Mill. AKA British Emprircists. (believe gather knowledge empirically through experience)

Discrimination

opposite of generalization. subject learns to respond to one stimulus but not to a similar stimulis. example: antelope can tell if wild dog has eaten or not, if have eatten then they wont dont do anything, if the dogs have not, run!

Acquisition Phase:

or the period in which the animal is acquiring a new skill.

Summation Test

procedure of testing the combbined effects of a known excitatory CS and a possible inhibitory CS.

Which of the following is evidence that extinction does not simply erase the association formed during classical conditioning?

rapid reacquisition, spontaneous recovery re-newal (all of these)

In Reading 1, Skinner states that the role of the environment in causing behavior is not always obvious because the environment

selects behavior

4. The amount of excitatory conditioning is greatest in

short-delay conditioning

What is a Compound CS?

simultaneous presentation of two or more CS's.

What is Learned in Classical Conditioning

specific part of the brain that becomres active whenever a US like food is presented. call this the US center.

If a novel stimulus is presented shortly before the occurrence of a CS that has just undergone extinction, the CR is likely to reappear. This phenomenon is known as

spontaneous recovery

Describe an experiment that was designed to distinguish between the S-S and S-R theories of classical conditioning, and discuss the results.

study done on rats, 2 groups, 3 phases, phase one, groups 1 & 2 same, light -CS followed by loud sound - US, phase 2, group 1 received US alone, habituated rat to sound. group2 no stimulis. phase 3, group 1 CS alone, low rates of lever pressing supression. group 2 high rates of lever supression. Rats in group 1 became accustom to the US causing low supression rates, meaning that the CS center and response center goes through the US center. as the US affected the CS to Response center in phase 3.

The method of establishing generality in results by repeating an experiment under different conditions that are logically related to the original experiment is called:

systematic replication

6. In the classical-conditioning treatment of nocturnal enuresis, the sound of a buzzer or alarm is

the US

Asymptote

the maximum level of conditioned responding that is gradually approached as conditioning proceeds.

Disinhibition

the presentation of a distracting stimulus (buzzer) disrupts the fragile inhibition that supposedly develops during extinction (buzzer before the bell, then no food, cause salivation.)

Pavlov's Stimulus Substitiontion Theory

through repeated pairings between the CS and US, the CS becomes a substitute for the US, so that the response initially elicited only by the US is now also elicited by the CS.

The decrease in effectiveness of a drug with repeated exposure is called:

tolerance

Rapid Reacquisition

when after received classical conditioning, extinction phase and then another acquisition phase with the same CS and US, the rate of learning is substantially faster in the second acquisition phase.

Ch. 3 Summary

• Size and temporal patterns of the CR and UR may differ • Not all components of the UR become part of the CR • The CR may include response components that are not part of the UR • The CR is sometimes opposite in direction to the UR • It is often difficult to predict in advance what the CR will look like in a specific instance. It may resemble the UR, or it may be very different.