Exam 1 Review

Social Reality Theory

1. lawmaking by dominant class 2. law enforcement by criminal justice system for dominant class 3. criminal acts by subordinate class 4. popular ideology of crime

In a recent nationwide survey undertaken by Ms. Magazine, nearly __________ percent of the college women who had been raped by their dates did NOT identify their experience as rape.

75

In 2009, U.S. case-workers reported an estimated _________ reports of child abuse or neglect.

763,000

According to Kimmel and Mahler, in 1994, what percent of juvenile murders involved a firearm?

80%

According to ___________ the economic conditions of capitalism will lead to an increase in crime rates.

Bonger

Sutherland and Cressey's differential association theory is akin to which of the following theories?

Burgess and Aker's differential reinforcement theory

When viewing the 1991 Gulf War between Iraq and the United States, according to Pfohl in his article "Images of Deviance," Iraqi President Saddam Hussein was portrayed as:

Hitler-like character bent on world domination

Which of the following sociologists wrote Wayward Puritans:

Kai I. Erikson

Under Merton's Anomie-Strain Theory, the breakdown of social norms is a result of ___________________.

Lack of legitimate opportunities to succeed

legal reality

Law enforcement favors the rich and powerful over the poor and weak.

According to ___________ once people discover that someone is diagnosed with a mental illness they form a stereotype of the afflicted person, apply a master status, and devalue and discriminate against the labeled person.

Link

marginal surplus population

Marxist term for unemployed workers who are superfluous or useless to the economy

strain theory

Merton's theory that deviance occurs when a society does not give all its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals

warm-blooded murder

Most victims know their killers

Deterrence Doctrine

People are likely to become deviant if they know their deviant acts are not punished with severity, certainty, or swiftness.

According to Moynihan in his article "Defining Deviancy Down," one of the significant events during Prohibition that shocked the nation was:

St. Valentine's Day Massacre

postmodernist theory

Suggests that social reality is diverse, pluralistic, and constantly changing

external restraint theory

Suicide/homicide two sides of same coin - aggression Intense frustration + weak E.R. = suicide Intense frustration + strong E.R.= murder

cultural relativism

The recognition that social groups and cultures must be studied on their own terms before valid comparisons can be made

Which of the following statements about the definition of deviance is TRUE?

There is usually a great deal of disagreement among people as to what they consider deviant

Glaser tried to extend Sutherland's theory by arguing that the individual must first identify with criminals before being influenced by them.

True

One criticism of differential association theory is that it is hard to define precisely what differential association is in real-life situations.

True

anomie

a condition of instability resulting from a breakdown of standards and values or from a lack of purpose or ideals

culture of rape

a culture taht encourages men to sexually assault women

belief

a faith in the moral or validity of social rules; individuals have a strong moral belief that they should obey the rules of conventional society

According to the labeling theory, deviance is

a label imposed by others upon a given behavior

According to Jenkins (1996) the whole uproar regarding the national Catholic scandal in the United States during the late 1980's and early 1990's was:

a moral panic

subculture of violence

a set of attitudes, said to characterize poor urban communities, that approves the use of violence to deal with interpersonal problems and disputes

retreatism

abandons both approved goals and the approved means to achieve them

ritualism

abandons societies goals but lives by society's ways

innovation

accepts culturally approved goals and achieves them through a disapproved way

conformity

accepts culturally approved goals, and achieves them through culturally approved ways

gender inequality

acknowledges that men and women are not equal and that gender affects an individual's lived experience

If guns were less available, many heated arguments would result in

aggravated assaults rather than murders

According to the constructionist perspective, deviant behavior is

an expression of human volition

The essential idea of conflict theory is that conflict as well as its resulting criminality is

an inherent, normal, and integral part of complex modern societies

Contemporary __________ theorists describe how certain cultural values and goals, such as success, can weaken society's ability to restrain undesirable behavior leading to high rates of crime and behavior.

anomie

child molestation

any sexual act performed with a child by an adult or a much older child

attachment

attachment to conventional people and institutions

Hirschi's Control Theory

attachment, opportunity, involvement, belief

Before the twentieth century, criminals were thought to

be feebleminded, psychotic, neurotic, psychopathic, or otherwise mentally disturbed

Child molesters are likely to

be their victim's relatives or neighbors.

Early criminologists believed deviance was intrinsically real because they believed criminals possessed

certain biological traits absent in non-criminals

rebellion

challenges both the approved goals and the approved means to achieve them

components of Merton's theory

conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion

___________ are sets of rationalizations and conduct norms which cluster together to support criminal behavior.

criminal subcultures

According to Mustaine ________ can lead to greater amounts of child abuse in a society.

cultural views and lack of support

According to Dunn's "Intimate Stalking: Characteristics and Consequences," which of the following is NOT one of the four characteristics attributed to stalking?

dating

One of the most difficult problems in learning about rape and its prevalence among various groups is

dealing with the limited reliability of official data gathered by the criminal justice system

A few members of a white-majority community were convicted for the killing of a Hispanic family. During questioning, several of the killers cited the family as "a threat to their way of life." What typology of hate killers do these convicts belong to?

defensive hate killers

Which of the following statements does NOT belong to the constructionist perspective on deviant behavior?

deviance is an observable, objective set of behaviors

At the heart of the conflict between phenomenologists and positivists is

different philosophical views of humanity

Which of the following is NOT a kind of social control that can prevent deviance?

differential association

cultural conflict

discrepant norms and values regarding right and wrong

Jeff is labeled a pot smoker and skips a few classes at least once a week. The high school community (teachers, administrators, and many students) believes this behavior is a big deal and makes an example of Jeff's behavior by holding him and his actions out as something the high school community must shun and put to an end. According to Frank Tannenbaum, this process is referred to as:

dramatization of evil

According to Lawson's article, "How Child Molesters Explain their Deviance," which thematic statement did not emerge from the offender's perspective?

emotional connection

A friendly and helpful woman is less likely to be raped than an unfriendly and unhelpful one.

false

According to Dunn's "Intimate Stalking: Characteristics and Consequences," in the surveillance aspect of stalking, the offender begs his partner to return to him, often sending love letters and gifts.

false

According to Kimmel and Mahler's article "What Triggers School Shootings?," school shootings occur evenly throughout the United States.

false

According to Kimmel and Mahler's article "What Triggers Schootings?," most of the shooters were gay.

false

According to Lawson's article, "How Child Molesters Explain their Deviance," the men in the study only molested children in the family.

false

According to Pfohl in his article "Images of Deviance," sexist heterosexuals are as likely to be labeled deviant as are gay, lesbian, or bisexual lovers who caress one another with affection.

false

According to differential association theory, persons become criminal because of contacts with criminal patterns only-with isolation from anticriminal patterns.

false

Homicides occur most frequently on Friday nights

false

In "Intimate Stalking: Characteristics and Consequences," Dunn relied on questionnaires to gather information about stalking.

false

In general, positivist theories focus on the meanings of deviance, while constructionist theories point to the causes of deviance.

false

Most rapes are committed on impulse.

false

The objective of Katz's phenomenological theory is to show that to understand deviance we should focus on deviants' social backgrounds, not their deviant experiences.

false

To illustrate how deviants are created, Pfohl in his article "Images of Deviance" uses the writings of Ernest Hemingway.

false

Answer the following question with the most accurate answer. Sampson and Laub argue that the ties to _______ and __________ are most important sources of social control during adulthood.

family; school

According to phenomenologists, what deviance means is

fundamentally problematic

What kind of robberies are the least likely to result in injury?

gun

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, people low in self-control have certain traits. Which of the following is not one of those traits:

highly motivated

commitment

individuals invest their time and energy in conventional types fo action (education, job, achievements)

Johnny decides he is never going to be able to go to college because he can't afford it. He wants a new car, house, and an iPad but doesn't think it is possible to ever achieve those goals via the dead end jobs he is able to find. Johnny decides the only way he will achieve his goals is if he starts selling drugs. According to Merton, in what way is Johnny dealing with strain?

innovation

Which of the following is NOT an example of Merton's legitimate means to achieving success?

insider trading

Until recently, almost all rapes were

intraracial

positive deviance

involves behavior that over conforms to social expectations

Deviant behavior is any behavior that

is considered deviant by public consensus, which may range from maximum to minimum

According to Lawson, in her article "How Child Molesters Explain their Deviance," the molesters' redefining their actions as love and mutuality is an example of:

justification

When viewing the 1991 Gulf War between Iraq and the United States, according to Pfohl in his article "Images of Deviance," Iraq felt that the attack by the United States was actually intended to:

keep the price of oil from going up

mass murder

killing a number of people at the same time and place

victim-precipitated homicide

killings in which the victim is a direct, positive precipitator of the incident

What factor has historically contributed to high rates of teen gun violence?

large amounts of dysfunctional families lower quality public schools high rates of gun possession for the purpose of protection in dangerous, high-crime neighborhoods

According to Tong (2009) ___________ feminists deal with structural and attitudinal impediments to women's progress.

liberal

masculinity contests

men are pressured to prove their male prowess and to earn a macho reputation among peers

According to Sutherland and Cressey's differential association theory, which of the following does NOT influence a person's decision to commit a crime:

movies

According to the author, how many individuals are listed on publicly accessible sex-offender registries?

nearly one million

Most rapes occur

on weekends

The practice of declaring someone an outlaw and thereby banishing him or her.

outlawry

identification

people are likely to become deviant if they identify themselves more with deviants than with non deviants

involvement

people keep themselves so busy doing conventional things that they do not have time for partaking in deviant activities

According to Tewksbury and Lees's " article "What it's Like to be Known as a Sex Offender," which of the following is NOT one of the four types of collateral consequences Registered Sex Offenders face?

relationship difficulties, employment difficulties, harassment

The fact that the same behavior can be seen as normal by some and as deviant by others is called the

relativist view

When a parent makes the child take care of them and the parent's happiness and well-being is the responsibility of the child is called:

role reversal

acquaintance rape

sexual assault by someone known to the victim

same-sex rape

sexual violence and abuse perpetrated by men against men and women against women

The conflict approach contributes to our understanding of deviant behavior by showing how

social inequality influences the making and enforcing of norms and laws

According to Robert Merton's goal-means gap theory, the psychoanalytic approach to deviant behavior is wrong because that theory incorrectly assumes

society discourages the individual from engaging in deviant behavior

Merton's version of anomie-strain theory is based on the premise that

society encourages the individual to engage in deviance

According to Finley (2010) roller derby women use the term "derby girl" to:

subvert hegemonic masculinity

victim socialization

teaching women to act a certain way (passive, unaggressive, sweet) from society and media

What age group is most likely to kill?

teenagers are more likely than young adults from 20-29 to kill

According to Konty, ______________ are more affected by those closest to them rather than those whom they only occasionally see.

teens

Which of the following conditions separates the positivist and constructionist perspectives on deviance?

the amount of public consensus about what type fo behavior is deviant

According to Harper and Frailing, a causal factor of increases in property crime in the eighteenth century was:

the discharge of large numbers of soldiers and sailors from military service

victim precipitation

the extent to which a victim is responsible for his or her own victimization

Merton's Anomie-Strain Theory observes that failure to move up and achieve success is the fault of ____________ in American culture.

the individual

In his article on phenomenology theory, Katz argues that crimes are defined in statutes, research surveys, and police records from the perspective that emphasizes:

the interests of victims and the practical problems of detection and punishment

serial murder

the killing of several people by one offender over a period of time

death penalty

the legal punishment of death for a crime

Which of the following traits is part of the traditional masculine social role that leads to rape?

the male should take an active part in achieving social and sexual relations with females

certainty

the more certain the commission of a crime will result in punishment, the less likely people will be to commit the crime

severity

the more severe the punishment, the less likely the crime

swiftness

the more swiftly punishment is carried out, the less likely the crime is to occur

organizational imperative

the nature of any organization to compel its members to perform tasks that will maximize reward (public support) and minimize trouble for the organization

Which of the following groups is most likely to be involved in imposing labels?

the powerful

constructionist

the principle or theory that all reality and meaning is subjective and created through dynamic interactions with other individuals and groups

sexual inadequacy

the rapist is a man who, as a result of his unpleasant childhood experiences, has developed such a personality defect that he cannot relate successfully to women the inadequacy drives the rapist to indulge in fantasy and then act out this fantasy by raping a woman

What do phenomenologists mean by the term deviant reality?

the reality of deviance as defined as such by the powerful

symbolic interactionism

the theory that society is possible because of the shared meanings and social patterns created during social interactions

positivist

the view that social phenomena ought to be studied using only the methods of the natural sciences

Homicides occur most frequently during

the weekends

Left realists focus their concerns on the impact of crime on the _____________.

the working class

According to Fox and Levin, most serial killers are classified as:

thrill motivated

According to Cannon, women were used within the walls of Abu Ghraib as ____________ and outside as _______________.

torturers; scapegoats

According to Braithwaite's shaming theory, shaming is counterproductive when it involves stigmatizing a person.

true

According to Fox and Levin's article about serial murder, the number of unsolved homicides surged from several hundred per year in the early 1960's to several thousand per year in the 1980's.

true

According to Moynihan in his article "Defining Deviancy Down," a dramatic increase in single-parent families would lead to a dramatic increase in crime.

true

According to conflict theory, potential results of coercive control include resentment and alienation.

true

According to the positivist perspective, deviance is seen as both real and separate from conforming behavior.

true

Conflict theory attributes deviant behavior to the unequal distribution of resources.

true

Constructionists tend to analyze how social control agencies define some people as deviant and carry out sanctions against them.

true

For some sociologists, deviance is any act considered by the powerful at a given time and place to be a violation of some social rule.

true

In his article "Defining Deviancy Down," Moynihan argues that social scientists are on the lookout for poor fellows getting a bum rap.

true

In his phenomenological theory, Katz assumes that juvenile delinquents manage to make vandalism of cheap and commonplace things a thrilling experience.

true

In presenting his phenomenological theory, Katz contends that criminological findings are useless for explaining why many people who have been found to have a criminal background as well as experience go for long stretches without committing crime.

true

Many rape victims feel that involvement with the police and courts is worse than that of the rape itself.

true

Most murders are committed by someone the victim knows.

true

Most murders are intraracial.

true

Sexual assault victims who self-blame often do not accept the fact that they are victims of a violent crime

true

Sutherland developed his theory of differential association in order to explain criminality as an individual, but not a group phenomenon.

true

presentation of negative stimuli

unpleasant experiences (child abuse, physical punishment) that cause frustration, fear, and anger which lead to deviant actions

sexual permissiveness

when encountering the same experience of being rejected by a woman, the men in a sexually permissive society feel more frustrated than the men in a sexually restrictive society in which premarital and other non marital sex is prohibited The belief that loneliness and longing will go away if we just find sexual satisfaction

According to Fox and Levin, serial killers are usually:

white males

According to Shupe, how many national surveys have been conducted regarding the prevalence of victims of clergy abuses?

zero