Exam 2
According to ____________, the language we speak directly influences and reflects the way we think about and see the world. a. the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis c. Marxist ideology b. the high-low culture debate d. the law of averages
A
An ascribed status is one: a. that stands out within a status set. b. a person has little or no control over. c. into which one enters. d. that a person works to accomplish.
A
Concepts such as I, me, and generalized other are part of which theorist's work? a. George Herbert Mead c. Erving Goffman b. Charles Horton Cooley d. Sigmund Freud
A
Expectations that define appropriate or inappropriate behavior for the occupants of a particular status are called: a. roles. c. identities. b. folkways. d. simple norms.
A
Everything in our constructed environment, including technology, buildings, furniture, clothing, and books, is part of our: a. subculture. c.nonmaterial culture. b. counterculture. d. material culture.
D
Galileo's discovery that the earth revolved around the sun rather than standing at the center of the universe is an example of: a. cultural relativism. c. the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. b. emoticons. d. a shifting ideology.
D
Most sociologists (and biologists) argue that race is a human invention, or is socially constructed. Which of the following statements does NOT highlight how race is socially constructed? a. Racial categories on census forms have continued to change over time. b. The Irish and Jews, who were both regarded as blacks by some people 100 years ago, are now considered white. c. Because of cross-cultural differences in how race is defined, it is likely that you would be considered a different race in another country. d. People speak different languages.
D
One major concern with restricted ownership of major media outlets is that: a. fewer entertainment options will be available. b. the incentives for quality media programs will be reduced as competition declines. c. fewer people will be able to consume media products, threatening the industry's viability. d. de facto censorship may occur because it becomes easier to suppress messages that media owners don't support.
D
Research questions such as why fairy tales often begin with a mother's death are an example of the analysis of media content stemming from Gramsci's work and known as: a. the functional analysis. c. meta-analysis. b. psychoanalysis. d. textual analysis.
D
Until Europeans came into contact with non-Westerners, they tended to see their culture as: a. needing change. b. fluid, based on the social class distinctions. c. inferior to non-Western cultures. d. the only way to live.
D
Venus Williams is one of the top women's tennis players in the world. This status overrides all of her other statuses and is known as her: a. ascribed status. c. status set. b. achieved status. d. master status.
D
A recognizable social position that an individual occupies, such as student or professor, is known as a: a.status. b.role. c. face. d. total institution.
A
If we place nature and nurture at opposite ends on a continuum, most sociologists would fall toward the nurture end of the continuum. Which statement best explains this tendency? a. Sociologists focus on, and as a result give primary weight to, the social environment in explaining how people think, feel, and behave. b. Sociologists believe humans are born as blank slates and that the social environment trumps nature. c. Sociologists believe that our genetic makeup really has very little to do with who we become in life. d. Sociologists believe there is a complex relationship between heredity and the environment and that we need to give more weight to evolutionary processes.
A
If you are a member of a subculture, like the goth subculture, you can be sure that the meaning of certain words and the behavior of the members: a.can be different within the group. b. will remain consistent across the group. c.will differ greatly from the dominant culture. d.will remain consistent for several years and then change across the groups.
A
If____________ are abstract cultural beliefs, then ____________ are how they are put into play. a.values; norms c. subcultures; countercultures b. norms; values d. countercultures; subcultures
A
Involuntary statuses that we are born into are called: a. ascribed statuses. c. status sets. b. achieved statuses. d. master status.
A
Karl Marx asserted that culture: a. is a reflection of the means of production of a particular time. b. creates the way we survive in a particular environment. c. is nonexistent in socialist societies. d. exists only in capitalist societies.
A
Mead would probably argue that if your four-year-old daughter picks her nose and keeps pulling up her dress while you are out at a fancy restaurant, it is because she: a. has not internalized the generalized other. b. has good manners. c. has not developed an I. d. has developed a sense of the other.
A
Most broadcasting companies are privately owned in the United States and are supported financially by advertising. This means they are likely to reflect the biases of their owners and backers. Knowing that the press is not free suggests that there is a: a. political economy of the media. c. media controlled by antitrust laws. b. liberal media. d. cooperative economy.
A
Part of what we learn in elementary school is to obey authority, follow the rules, and learn the importance of being on time. Because these values are important to the functioning of the capitalist system, Gramsci would call this: a. hegemony. c. the American way. b. discrimination. d. dominance.
A
Reflection theory is limited because it: a. fails to take into account why some cultural products have staying power and others fall by the wayside. b. looks only at American culture. c. tends to state that culture has no impact on society. d. is limited to a specific time in history.
A
The act of turning media against itself, such as the actions of Rockin' Rollen and Adbusters, is called: a. culture jamming. c. domination. b. hegemony. d. reflection theory.
A
The belief that happiness and fulfillment can be achieved through the acquisition of material possessions is known as: a. consumerism. c. buyerism. b. asceticism. d. being a shopaholic.
A
The experience of internalizing a culture's norms, values, and the like, is known as: a. socialization. c. hegemony. b. ideology. d. reflection.
A
The popular television show Sesame Street was created with the explicit purpose of providing educational opportunities for low-income children. Being that this show was successful, we can argue that: a.the media serves as a powerful socializing agent. b.low-income children now have the same opportunities as their wealthier peers. c. children are not affected by what they see on television. d.the media has the power to erase the reproduction of inequality in society
A
The three basic tenets of symbolic interactionism theory include all of the following EXCEPT: a. Human beings inherit mutual understandings of symbols across cultures, times, and social changes. b. Human beings act toward ideas, concepts, and values on the basis of the meaning that those things have for them. c. The meanings of ideas, concepts, and values are the products of social interaction in human society. d. The meanings of ideas, concepts, and values are modified and filtered through an interpretive process that each individual uses in dealing with outward signs.
A
Theories of socialization focus, in part, on how the self develops. According to your textbook, the self is the: a. individual identity of a person as perceived by that same person. b. identity of a person as perceived by others. c. individual's sense of agency, action, or power. d. conception one has of oneself when one looks in the "social mirror."
A
Ultimately we hold people responsible for their behavior precisely because they can exercise choice over what they do. This speaks to the limits of socialization that sociologists refer to as: a. agency. c. deviance. b. cognitive development. d. dysfunctional socialization.
A
Which of the following best describes the difference between the I and the me in George Herbert Mead's theory? a. The I is selfish and impulsive; the me is how we believe others see us. b. The I is empathetic; the me is self-absorbed. c. The I is how we believe others view us; the me is how we view ourselves. d. The I wants to please others; the me wants to please the self.
A
Which of the following defines culture? a. behavior b. genetics c. the natural environment d. the weather
A
Which of the following is considered an advanced stage of development, according to George Herbert Mead? a. the game stage c. the imitation stage b. the play stage d. the me stage
A
Which of the following represents an ascribed status? a. an American of Japanese descent c. a high school dropout b. a lawyer d. a sociology major
A
Which of the following theories argues that people's feelings and choices about how to act are based on shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions? a. symbolic interactionism c. functionalism b. dramaturgical theory d. role theory
A
drastic type of adult socialization that may occur when adults change environments is known as: a. resocialization. c. role conflict. b. dramaturgy. d. role strain.
A
According to Goffman, the esteem in which an individual is held by others is known as: a. the looking glass self. c. prestige. b. the ego. d. face.
B
According to Goffman, the main goal of impression management is to: a. create an alter ego. c. fool others. b. save face. d. control our self.
B
According to dramaturgical theory, the primary goal of every social interaction is to: a. be front (and center) stage. c. assume the correct role. b. make a good impression. d. conform to the script.
B
An element of nonmaterial culture known as ____________ is a system of concepts and relationships sometimes used to understand cause and effect. a. high art c. cultural relativism b. ideology d. concentric framing
B
An example of material culture is: a. values. c.norms. b. money. d.behavior.
B
Culture tends to be: a. stable. b. relative. c. concrete. d. natural.
B
Gendered behaviors, such as wearing dresses and high heels, are examples of learned behaviors that are not natural or universal, and are known as: a. subcultures. c. material culture. b. cultural scripts. d. counterculture.
B
Harold Garfinkel developed an approach to studying human interaction that focused on how people produce (and maintain) a mutually shared social order. This method was called: a. dramaturgy. c. social constructionism. b. ethnomethodology. d. dramaturgical analysis.
B
All of the statuses that an individual occupies at any given time constitute his or her: a. ascribed status. c. status set. b. achieved status. d. master status.
C
In 1941, Time magazine ran an article on how to distinguish between Chinese and Japanese people. These descriptions reflected: a. true biological differences in the two groups. b. the state of mind of many Americans at the time. c. true depictions of Chinese but not of Japanese. d. true depictions of Japanese but not of Chinese.
B
Legitimate advertisers tend to view culture jamming as: a. a boost to sales of their products. b. negative. c. another way to increase competition. d. a way to bring attention to the positive aspects of their products.
B
Low culture, such as hip-hop music, is also known as: a. counterculture. c. cultural scripts. b. pop culture. d. cultural relativism.
B
Many Americans fear school shootings and terrorist attacks. This is due to the: a. actual increase of both of these in the recent past. b. exaggerated frequency of the reports of these rarely occurring events. c. decrease of media attention when these events take place. d. inability to see and hear up-to-date news when these events take place.
B
Norms are to ____________ as values are to ____________. a. attitudes; behavior c. consistency; change b. behavior; attitudes d. change; consistency
B
Sociologists view socialization as a lifelong process that begins when a child: a. can distinguish the I from me. b. is born. c. is still in the womb. d. internalizes the norms and values of society.
B
Studies have shown that people interact with babies differently based on whether the babies are boys or girls. Using role theory, we could argue that: a. sex is an achieved status. c. boys and girls are simply different. b. sex is a master status in our society. d. gender roles are achieved.
B
The O. J. Simpson murder case and Hurricane Katrina are examples of which of the following? a. two recent U.S. natural disasters b. how the media reflects racist ideology c. Gramsci's concept of hegemony d. cultural scripts in news media
B
The expectations that Barbie dolls are for girls and G.I. Joe dolls are for boys are examples of: a. role conflicts. c. ascribed statuses. b. gender roles. d. status sets.
B
The first form of mass media was the: a. television. c.silent film b. book. d. billboard.
B
The sociological significance of roles is that they: a. dictate the reality of a situation. b. lay out what is expected of people. c. come with clearly defined expectations. d. are identical from one setting to the next.
B
The study of culture tells us that: a. the way "our" culture lives tends to be the most efficient. b. there are many ways to view the same symbol. c. most foreign cultures are primitive. d. most cultures don't understand the meaning of morals.
B
The various musical genres and the groups inspired by them, such as post-punk music and the goths, are examples of which of the following? a. high cultures c. socialization b. subcultures d. emoticons
B
Using dramaturgical theory, why is it more difficult to end a conversation (closing) when on the phone than in person? a. It is embarrassing to tell someone good-bye on the phone. b. It is impossible for people to see our closing gestures, many of which are nonverbal, when we're on the phone. c. When we're on the phone, we don't want to hurt someone's feelings. d. We are in the backstage when on the phone but in the front stage when in person.
B
Which of the following theories contains concepts such as front stage and backstage and has its roots in the work of William Shakespeare? a. reflection theory c. looking glass self theory b. dramaturgical theory d. stage theory
B
Which theory uses game playing to understand the development of self? a. Cooley's looking glass self theory c. Merton's role theory b. Mead's role-playing theory d. Goffman's dramaturgy theory
B
Why did industrialization change European culture so dramatically in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries? a. It consolidated the power of the landed nobility and peasants suffered. b. Expensive, handcrafted goods were now mass-produced and new social classes emerged. c. European dominance was now challenged by economic competitors from around the world. d. Workers moved to suburban enclaves, which changed the way that schools and social lives were organized.
B
You take a trip to Alaska and find that Inuit families sleep together naked to stay warm. You find this practice disgusting and can't understand why they don't consider this incestuous. You are being: a. magnanimous. c. culturally relativistic. b. ethnocentric. d. accepting.
B
Your professor drank too much over the weekend and tripped and sprained his ankle. When asked about his injury in class the next day, the professor replied, "I sprained my ankle playing soccer with the kids." This is an example of: a. role strain. c. a breach of common roles. b. saving face. d. a degradation ceremony.
B
A group of protestors blocking the entrance to the campus administration building refuse to leave. When the police begin spraying them with tear gas, Gramsci would say that the police are practicing: a. socialization. c. domination. b. hegemony. d. rebellion.
C
According to Goffman, we all try to make good impressions on others and we actively work to ensure that others believe they are doing the same. He calls this: a. resocialization. c. impression management. b. the generalized other. d. controlling one's environment.
C
According to Goffman, when there is a breach (mistake) in an established script, people generally do which of the following? a. point out the mistake so they can make others look bad b. point out the mistake so they can feel superior c. work hard to repair the mistake so everyone can move forward d. work hard to repair the mistake only if they know the person really well
C
According to research, because low-income parents cannot give their children every toy and gadget they want, they engage in: a. symbolic deprivation. c. symbolic indulgence. b. deferred gratification. d. symbolic consumerism.
C
Although some criticize rap music for its violent lyrics, many rappers defend it by saying it emerges directly from their experiences. Those rappers who make these claims are invoking: a. anarcha-indigenism. c. reflection theory. b. a defense mechanism. d. functionalism.
C
An example of nonmaterial culture is: a. money. c. values b. books. d. cars.
C
Deliberate, long-term media campaigns such as Smokey the Bear, which began in 1944 and is still with us today, are examples of ads used by nonprofit organizations to educate the public. They are commonly known as: a. messages to the masses. c. public service announcements. b. mass-media services. d. fireside chats.
C
Goth culture tends to exist: a. only in the United Kingdom. b. only in the United States. c. cross-culturally. d. no more; it died out in the 1990s.
C
Ideologies are: a. systems that change only when massive revolutions take place in particular societies. b. systems that remain constant over time. c. often brought into question when certain aspects of that ideology are challenged. d. no longer existent in modern societies.
C
In managing impressions, people rarely challenge the credentials of an actor, even when they suspect that a false impression is being created. Which of the following reasons does NOT explain this tendency? a. All participants shoulder a common responsibility to maintain another's face. b. When actors lose face, the discredited performance is uncomfortable for everyone. c. People feel sorry for others who cannot pull off false impressions. d. There is an implicit bargaining among actors not to question the performances that other people offer.
C
In terms of how we feel about ourselves, which of the following statements would Charles Horton Cooley argue is NOT true? a. If we imagine that others think we're fat, even if they don't, it will still affect the way we feel about ourselves. b. Society provides us a "mirror" in which we can observe the reactions of others to our own behavior. c. We are affected more by how people react to our behavior than by how we interpret their reactions. d. Our interpretations of how others see us are more important than the reality of how others see us.
C
Margaret Mead wrote Coming of Age in Samoa (1928), where she found that women in Samoa engaged in and enjoyed casual sex before they were married. This finding challenged America's: a. culture. c. cultural scripts. b. material culture. d. ethnocentrism.
C
Media centralization refers to: a. the fact that, as digital devices become more common, fewer and fewer people who can afford all of them are granted access to the media. b. the movement of the media production industry to California in the mid-twentieth century. c. the fact that fewer and fewer groups own more and more of the media. d. the role of the computing cloud in making data and information increasingly accessible from remote locations.
C
Military boot camps and prisons are places that control all of the basics of people's day-to-day lives and are known as: a. bureaucracies. c. total institutions. b. front stages. d. ascribed statuses.
C
Most people occupy many statuses at a particular point in time (e.g., student, son or daughter, employee, citizen). This list of statuses is known as the: a. ascribed status. c. status set. b. achieved status. d. master status.
C
One of the two main categories of culture that includes values, beliefs, norms, and behaviors is known as: a. subculture. c. nonmaterial culture. b. counterculture. d. material culture.
C
People and groups who influence our orientation to life and our self-concept, emotions, attitudes, and behaviors are: a. generalized others. c. agents of socialization. b. total institutions. d. always in secondary groups
C
Saying "hello" when answering the telephone signals the start of an encounter in the first bracket and is known to dramaturgists as: a. act one. c. the opening. b. the monologue. d. the preshow.
C
Subcultures: a. can be easily differentiated from the dominant culture. b. don't exist in cultures in which everybody is the same. c. are hard to definitively define. d. exist only in cultures where power between classes exists.
C
The United States has laws that prohibit cockfighting. People in Bali might say that people in the United States are: a. culturally advanced. c. ethnocentric. b. more moral. d. from high culture.
C
The final step in Mead's theory of socialization is the development of an internalized sense of the total expectations of others. This is known as the ____________ other. a. socialized c. generalized b. first-person d. significant
C
The process by which people internalize the values, beliefs, and norms required to become functioning members of a given society is known as: a. education. c. dramaturgy. b. socialization. d. ethnomethodology.
C
The story of the abused child named Anna teaches lessons about the importance of which of the following influences on human development? a. money c. human interaction b. proper hygiene d. healthy nutrition
C
Today's assumption that childhood represents a distinct phase in the life course stands in sharp contrast to the notion of children as little adults that was popular in preindustrial times. This example highlights how: a. children have redefined their status over the years. b. children today are increasingly put to work. c. our notions of childhood are socially constructed. d. children's views of the world remain the same.
C
Which of the following is the best example of an achieved status? a. a small Hispanic boy named Javier b. a woman diagnosed with breast cancer c. a newly ordained minister in a Pentecostal church d. a baby who is baptized into the Roman Catholic Church
C
Which of the following is true regarding the value of high versus low culture? a. High culture is much more valuable than low culture. b. Low culture is much more valuable than high culture. c. It is difficult to debate the worth of high and low culture. d. Popular culture is preferred over both high and low culture.
C
Which of the following provides a good example of the generalized other? a. A little girl has a grandmother who always wears a hat. One day, the girl sees a woman who is about her grandmother's age and asks her where her hat is. b. A child goes to a friend's house to play and is surprised when her friend asks her to remove her shoes before coming into the house. c. A child is taught to say "bless you" every time someone sneezes in her home. When she is at the grocery store one day, the child says "bless you" to a complete stranger who sneezes in the checkout line. d. While at the park, a little girl notices a boy about her age standing all alone. Feeling sorry for him, she walks over and asks him if he would like to play.
C
Although there are many agents of socialization, four of the primary ones, according to the textbook, are: a. television, music, videos, and books. b. schools, the military, colleges, and day care centers. c. peers, religion, sororities, and fraternities. d. family, schools, peers, and media.
D
Cooley's theory of socialization states that the self develops from our interactions with others and their reactions to us. This theory is known as: a. role-playing. c. reflection theory. b. dramaturgy. d. looking glass self theory.
D
A good deal of impression management can be said to involve teamwork. Which of the following is NOT an example of teamwork? a. parents collaborating to prevent children from knowing about their quarrels b. professors who loathe each other taking care to hide this fact from their students c. political campaigners and staff radiating a common air of confidence about the latest poll results d. pedestrians on a street gathering to watch someone jump from a building
D
A single mother who is experiencing incompatibility within her role, such as dealing with sleep deprivation and spending quality time with her children, may be experiencing which of the following? a. peer pressure c. role conflict b. resocialization d. role strain
D
According to Charles Horton Cooley, we develop a self-concept by: a. inheriting genetic characteristics from our parents. b. learning self-discipline. c. interpreting our feelings about ourselves. d. interpreting how others think about us.
D
Acronyms and emoticons such as LOL, ;-), and LMAO a. language, like other ideas, is universally understood. b. kids will do anything to keep secrets from their parents. c. language is the direct result of technological and cultural constraints. d. technology itself can generate ideas and concepts. d. technology itself can generate ideas and concepts
D
When your friend returns from a study abroad, he reports back to you on the very different foods that people in his host country ate. He explains that to them it's normal, that people in different cultures do things differently, and that he learned not to make value judgments. This is known as: a. cultural con games. c. counterculture. b. high culture. d. cultural relativism.
D
Which of the following would be the best example of a total institution? a. a Boy Scout troop c. a sports team b. a political party d. a convent
D
Which theorist argued that other people essentially provide us with a social mirror and that our interpretations of this mirror affect how we see ourselves? a. Erving Goffman c. George Herbert Mead b. Émile Durkheim d. Charles Horton Cooley
D
While they are difficult to define, ____________ are smaller subgroups within a larger dominant society united by sets of concepts, values, symbols, and shared meanings specific to the members of that group. a. high cultures c. minicultures b. low cultures d. subcultures
D
You see an advertisement on television for a new burger at McDonald's. The next day, you are riding by McDonald's and decide to drive in and give it a try. This would be called a: a. long-term deliberate media effect. b. short-term unintended media effect. c. long-term unintended media effect. d. short-term deliberate media effect.
D