exam 2
what are the several stages of mead's development of self?
1. preparatory stage - children mimic/imitate others 2. play stage- children role play (play house) 3. game stage- children play in organized games
what are the three steps of the looking glass self?
1. we imagine how we look to others 2. we imagine other people's judgement of us 3. we experience some kind of feeling about ourselves based on our perception of other people's judgements
when did public elementary and secondary schools become first established?
1800's in the united states but attendance was uneven at first, advocates believed that schooling maintained democracy
What is a triad?
3 person group
what is a status?
A social position that a person holds
what is the mind, self, and society perspective?
Mead's theory of the self that develops through 3 stages; by taking on the perspective of the particular or generalized other we learn to see ourselves as others do
what is the nature vs nurture debate?
The on-going debate that asks were we naturally born with certain things or by nuture and life do we learn them
who is genie?
a child that was isolated from the age of 13 months to 13 years and was severly neglected by her parents. her father would bark at her and never speak words to her so when she finally escaped she had 0 communication skills. she never fully gained those even in adulthood
what is a group?
a collection of two or more people who share a common interest or association and interact with each other
who was the turpin family?
a family that kept their 13 children locked away for 20 hours a day and beat their children frequently. they were caught in 2018 and most of the children had cognitive issues as well as being physically stunted in growth
What is a dyad?
a group of two people
What is an in-group?
a group that one identifies with and feels loyalty toward
what is an out-group?
a group toward which an individual feels opposition, rivalry, and hostility
what is a social network?
a network of social interactions and personal relationships.
what is the saturated self?
a post modern idea that the self is now developed by multiple influences chosen from a wide range of media sources
what is an embodied status?
a status generated by physical characteristics
What is crowd?
a temporary gathering of people in a public place; members might interact but do not identify with each other and will not remain in contact
What is socialization?
a two fold process that includes the process by which a society, culture, or group teaches individuals to become functioning members, and the process by which individuals learn and internalize the values and norms of the group
what is an example of social influence?
agreeing on a movie or recognizing when someone else is trying to influence you like drinking too much or too fast
what is the pyschoanalytic theory?
associated with sigmund freud, emphasizes childhood and sexual development as indelible influences on an individuals identity and how society is upheld through the transformation of human instincts
what is impression management?
attempt to control how others see us
what is cooling the mark out?
behaviors that help others to save face or avoid embarrassment, often referred to as civility or tact
what is the ID?
biological drives. the source of instinctive, psychic energy 1 selfish & unrealistic part of the mind
which is right nature or nurture?
both
what is a rite of passage?
ceremony or ritual that marks an individual's transition from one status to another
what are feral children?
children who were not raised with human contact or care with little to no socialization
What is the Thomas Theorem?
classic formulation of the way individuals determine reality, whereby "if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences"
What is an aggregate?
collections of people who share a physical location but do not have lasting social relations
What is the superego?
composed of two components, the conscience and the ego-ideal. the conscience serves to keep us from engaging in social undesirable behavior, and the ego-ideal upholds our vision of who we believe we should ideally be - develops as a result of parental guidance (reward & punishment system) in
what are social ties?
connections between individuals
what is role strain?
experienced when there are contradictory expectations within one role
What is role conflict?
experienced when we occupy two or more roles with contradictory expectations
what are expressions given?
expressions that are intentional and usually verbal, such as utterances
What is dramaturgy?
goffman's theory of the presentation of self, we are like actors on a stage whose performance strategies aid in impression management
what is conflict theory?
group membership is often the basis for the distribution of rewards, privileges, and opportunities in our society. an individual may be treated preferentially or prejudicially based on their group membership
What is symbolic interactionism?
group norms, values, and dynamics are generated situationally in interaction with other members
What are primary groups?
groups whose primary goal is the interaction. they are warm, personal, and intimate
what's an example of a rite of passage?
hazing
What does Durkheim argue about groups?
he says that if you don't have those limits on groups then that we could want things we could never have and the lengths to which we would go in search of our unattainable desires would be boundless. you could become very unhappy, and over time might even become suicidal
what was freuds greatest contribution to understanding the self?
his idea that the unconscious mind controls the conscious mind, example: unconsciously wanting to be better than those around them so consciously making a decision to work harder
what do the irish do for grief?
hold wakes, long-lasting heavily attended parties honoring and celebrating the lives of the dead.
What is groupthink?
in very cohesive groups the tendency to enforce a high degree of conformity among members creating a demand for unanimous agreement
what kind of role did the media have on fijian girls in the 1990's?
increased eating disorders, created vomit induced diets, and had a direct influence on body image issues with this community
what is becoming more and more common with copresence?
it's becoming more common to communicate online
what happens when more people get added to a group?
it's no longer possible for every to know or interact with everyone else personally so policies are sometimes put in place like in apartment buildings to resolve conflicts
what is stereotyping?
judging others based on preconceived generalizations about groups or categories of people
what is anomie?
lack of social norms / weak social bonds
What is structural functionalism?
life in groups help regulate and give meaning to individual experience, contributing to social cohesion and stability
What are degradation ceremonies?
new members lose the aspects of their old identity and are given new identities
what are expressions given off?
observable expressions that can be either intended or unintended and are usually nonverbal
What is an achieved status?
one that has been earned through our own efforts
what is an ascribed status?
one we are born with that is unlikely to change
what is the ego?
part that deals with the real world. operates on the basis of reason and helps mediate and integrate the demands of both the id and the superego
what's an example of reference group?
peers in a classroom
what are consequential strangers?
people who are not in a person's closest friendship circle but nonetheless have an impact blau + fingerman (2009)
What is a category?
people who share similar characteristics but are not otherwise tied together
what do the ashanti do for grief?
red is a bug color they use; they wear red clothing smear red clay on their arms and foreheads, and wear headbands festooned with red peppers, women must wail and men must fire guns. the amount of gun powder used in a funeral in considered a mark of the grieving family's status in the community
what are expressions of behaviors?
small activism such as an eye roll or head nod that serve as an interactional to help project our definition of a situation to others
what are virtual communities?
social groups whose interactions are mediated through information technologies, particularly the internet
What are the agents of socialization?
social groups, institutions, and individuals (especially the family, schools, peers, and the mass media) that provide structured situations in which socialization takes place
What are feeling rules?
socially constructed norms regarding appropriate feelings and displays of emotion.
Who is Tammy Duckworth?
someone who played many roles and was the first disabled woman elected into congress, and the first US senator to give birth while in office, senate rules barred infants from being brought into the senate floor and this is where duckworth faced a role conflict
who is robert champion?
someone who was killed during a hazing ritual that was meant to prove he was worthy of a leadership position
what is a master status?
status that overrides all others
what effect did 13 reasons why have on teens?
suicide rates rose in the month after the series came out, suicide rates in boys rose 30%. there were 195 more expected suicides after the show came out than prior, critics feared it could have a "contagion effect" on teens. positive effect came from season 3 of the show which showed kids would be more likely to talk to their parents and peers about depression
What are secondary groups?
superficial groups, usually formed to achieve a secondary goal
what are role taking emotions?
sympathy, embarrassment, and shame, require that we are able to see things from someone else's point of view
what was robert putnam's theory?
that fewer people bowl on leagues anymore which reflects that anomie is more prevalent than ever and americans are reaching a point of no return
What does Emile Durkheim say about the norms that groups place on us?
that they place certain limits on our individual actions
how does the flow of influence work at the level of an international organization?
the WTO is a good example of an international organization that resolves disputes over trade. all member nations are part of the network but hold different positions of power within it. the united states is involved with many interactions but they usually lose
what is social influence?
the effect that the words, actions, or mere presence of other people have on our thoughts, feelings, attitudes, or behavior
what makes us human?
the fact that we have culture and society.
What is a reference group?
the group to which a person compares themselves
what is dual nature of the self?
the idea that we experience the self as both subject and object, the "I" and the "me"
what is "self"?
the individuals conscious, reflexive experience of a personal identity separate and distinct from others
What is the hidden curriculum?
the nonacademic and less overt socialization functions of schooling
What is the looking glass self?
the notion that the self develops through our perception of others' evaluations and appraisals of us, created by charles cooley
What are group dynamics?
the patterns of interaction between groups and individuals
what is the theory behind the pyschosexual stages of development?
the personality traits you have are rooted in childhood and appear as "hang ups" in adulthood for example if someone hasn't finished stage one they may have oral fixation and smoke a lot or overeat.
what is the generalized other perspective?
the perspectives and expectations of a network of others that children learn and then take into account when shaping their own behavior
What is 'copresence'?
the presence of two or more people — initiates the interaction order
what is emotional labor?
the process of evoking, suppressing, or otherwise managing feelings to create a publicly observable display of emotion
what is group cohesion?
the sense of solidarity or loyalty that individuals feel toward a group to which they belong
what is a role?
the set of behaviors expected of someone because of their status
what is the family?
the single most significant agent of socialization in all societies
what do the Māoris do for grief?
they believe death is not final until all funeral rites are complete, which takes an entire year. they speak about the person as if they were alive for an entire year after
how can social networks help epidemiologists?
they can predict risk before exposure potentially preventing it altogether
what do the roma do for grief?
they mourn in publicly intense ways, they refuse to wash/shave/comb their hair; neglect to eat for three days, and absorb themselves totally in the process of mourning almost to the point of harming themselves. they provide the dead with clothes, money, and other useful tools for their journey in the afterlife. traditionally they wear white and decorate with red
how did south korea handle covid 19 better than other countries?
they tracked it through social networks by using passively obtained cell phone data, cashless transaction records and CCTV images
what is role exit?
when a person leaves a role behind that they once occupied
what is a direct tie?
your friend
what is an indirect tie?
your friends cousin