EXAM 2

Chromosomes that do NOT determine the sex of an individual are called ________.

Autosomes

Which compound is a direct output of the Calvin cycle?

G3P

What would you examine to determine whether a trait is sex linked?

pedigree

The ________ is most commonly found in nature. Group of answer choices

wild-type trait

Assume that having three nostrils is inherited as a sex-linked trait on the Y chromosome. A man with three nostrils has a daughter who has a son with a man who has only two nostrils. What is the probability that the three-nostril man's grandson has three nostrils? Group of answer choices

0%

Recombinant offspring were produced by the mating shown in the accompanying art. What is the recombination frequency of purple-round and red-long offspring?

11%

For a species with four pairs of chromosomes, ________ chromosome combinations are possible. Group of answer choices

16

In humans, free earlobes (E) are dominant to attached earlobes (e) and the presence of freckles (F) is dominant to the absence of freckles (f). If an individual heterozygous for both of these traits were to mate with an individual with attached earlobes and no freckles, what is the probability of having a child with attached earlobes and freckles? Group of answer choices

25%

How many chromosomes does an individual with Turner syndrome have?

2n-1

A dihybrid cross produces 30 recombinant offspring out of a total of 1,000 offspring. What is the recombination frequency of the two gene pairs?

3%

Achondroplasia is a form of dwarfism caused by a dominant allele. The homozygous dominant genotype causes death, so individuals who have this condition are all heterozygotes. If a person with achondroplasia mates with a person who does not have achondroplasia, what percentage of their children would be expected to have achondroplasia?

50%

Which equation best summarizes photosynthesis? Group of answer choices

6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Which cross will produce only heterozygous offspring?

AA x aa

What compound directly provides energy for cellular work?

ATP

Read the following scenario to answer the following questions.An abundant and continual supply of ATP is necessary for all living cells. Toxins, reduced blood flow, and a compromised respiratory system can interfere with the transport of oxygen to active cells. A runner in a marathon faces multiple obstacles to continue to produce sufficient ATP to remain competitive. When the circulatory system cannot deliver oxygen fast enough to support a runner's aerobic metabolism, cells switch to an emergency mode in which ________. ATP is generated less efficiently by harvesting the heat energy in a cell lactic acid is broken down to produce smaller amounts of ATP ATP is inefficiently produced and lactic acid is generated as a by-product carbon dioxide is joined with water to generate much smaller amounts of ATP

ATP is inefficiently produced and lactic acid is generated as a by-product

The metabolic processes that produce acid in your muscles are similar to the processes that produce soy sauce, pepperoni, and bread. What is the similarity? Oxygen is necessary for each process. The electron transport chain is essential to each process. All involve anaerobic respiration. All are food producing processes.

All involve anaerobic respiration.

Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to ________. Answer produce ATP without O2 You Answered produce more ATP than is possible through complete aerobic respiration regenerate NADH produce ATP using the electron transport chain

Answer produce ATP without O2

Some friends are trying to make wine in their basement. They've added yeast to a sweet grape juice mixture and have allowed the yeast to grow. After several days, they find that sugar levels in the grape juice have dropped, but there's no alcohol in the mixture. The most likely explanation is that ________. he mixture needs more oxygen; yeast need oxygen to break down sugar to produce alcohol the mixture needs less sugar; high sugar concentrations stimulate cellular respiration, and alcohol is not a by-product of cellular respiration the mixture needs more sugar; yeast need a lot of energy before they can begin to produce alcohol Answer the mixture needs less oxygen; yeast only produce alcohol in the absence of oxygen

Answer the mixture needs less oxygen; yeast only produce alcohol in the absence of oxygen

What best explains the chromosome number of the resulting cell if a cell that had completed only meiosis I were fertilized by a normal sperm?

Both cells would be haploid, so the chromosome number of the resulting cell would be diploid.

The first step of the Calvin cycle is the incorporation of ________ into ________.

CO2; RuBP

Which statement is an accurate comparison of energy-yielding processes? Lactic acid is a product of aerobic respiration; ethyl alcohol is a product of fermentation. Oxygen is a product of cellular respiration; carbon dioxide is a product of photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide is a product of aerobic respiration; lactic acid is a product of anaerobic respiration. Oxidation is the gain of electrons; reduction is the loss of electrons.

Carbon dioxide is a product of aerobic respiration; lactic acid is a product of anaerobic respiration.

A cell that completed the cell cycle without undergoing cytokinesis would _____

Cell nuclei

Some plant species require shaded conditions while other plant species require bright sunlight. Shade tolerance is best related to which of these characteristics?

Different species of plants have different ratios of pigment molecules that utilize different wavelengths of light.

Crossing over during prophase I results in ________.

Genetic Combination

The energy of wavelengths that appear ________ is LEAST useful to photosynthesis.

Green

Which molecule is the source of electrons for the light reactions? Group of answer choices

H20

What is the specific location of a gene on a chromosome?

Locus

The first electron acceptor of cellular respiration is ________. CO2 NAD+ H2O O2

NAD+

A student saw a bumper sticker with "Have you thanked a green plant today." This likely referred to ________.

No sugar would be made by the plant.

Please read this paragraph and answer the following questions.Amanda's parents realized that her body was not developing properly about the time she was 12 years old. She was shorter than most of her friends and was not going through changes normally associated with female puberty. They took her to a doctor who initially diagnosed Amanda with Turner Syndrome because of her physical features. The doctor ordered a karyotype that confirmed his diagnosis. Amanda was born with only one X chromosome. Although there is no specific cure, the doctor was able to treat her and correct some of the problems associated with the condition. For example, she received growth hormone to improve her growth and estrogen to help her develop the physical changes of puberty.Amanda's abnormal number of sex chromosomes resulted from ________.

Nondisinjuction

Scenario: Poultry scientists recorded data to help maximize farmers' yields. They collected data about when in the life of eggs were laid by hens, how many eggs were laid by each hen in a particular age range, the weight of those eggs and the weight of the chicks that eventually hatched from those eggs. Examine the data table to answer the following questionsEgg and Chick Weight from Hens of Different Ages What is(are) the main factor(s) causing differences between the chick hatch weight and the weight of the egg when it is laid?

Not only does the chick have no shell, but it has lost some of its mass (weight) to the air during development.

Eukaryotic cells have their chromosomes packaged in the ________.

Nucleus

The last stage of one complete turn of the Calvin cycle involves regeneration of ________.

RuBP

Plants need carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms to synthesize organic molecules to make new leaves, roots, or stems. Which statement about where they get these atoms is correct?

The carbon atoms comes from the air

The structure where sister chromatids are joined is called the ________.

The centromere

What is the key to the recognition of codominance?

The heterozygote expresses the phenotype of both homozygotes.

If an herbicide blocked the Calvin cycle before the generation of G3P, what would happen? Group of answer choices

The plant would still be able to make sugar, just a lot less.

The light reactions are generally presented in zig-zag patterns, as shown in the accompanying figure which has an implied amount of energy on the vertical axis. What is the significance of the primary electron receptor shown at position 2 being slightly higher than the primary electron receptor shown at position 3? Group of answer choices

The primary electron receptor at 2 has slightly less energy than the primary electron receptor at position 3.

Upon completion of telophase I and cytokinesis in meiosis, there is(are) ________ cell(s).

Two haploid

A horse eating some hay is an example of ________. an autotroph eating a producer an autotroph eating a consumer a consumer eating a heterotroph a consumer eating a producer

a consumer eating a producer

Scenario: Poultry scientists recorded data to help maximize farmers' yields. They collected data about when in the life of eggs were laid by hens, how many eggs were laid by each hen in a particular age range, the weight of those eggs and the weight of the chicks that eventually hatched from those eggs. Examine the data table to answer the following questionsEgg and Chick Weight from Hens of Different Ages Hens'ageEgg layingtime (h)NEggweight (g)Chick hatchweight (g)Ratio of chick hatch weight/egg weight (%)YoungEarly16859.3±0.238.8±0.265.4​Middle16858.2±0.337.8±0.365.0​Late16858.7±0.138.1±0.264.9​Total50458.9±0.138.3±0.165.0 OlderEarly25266.8±0.245.8±0.268.6​Middle25265.5±0.244.0±0.367.2​Late25266.0±0.243.2±0.265.5​Total75666.1±0.144.1±0.166.7 What processes, if any, provide energy for the developing chick?

aerobic respiration

his hypothetical pedigree for a disease in humans illustrates inheritance that is ________.

autosomal recessive

A correct comparison between a benign and a malignant tumor is that ________.

benign tumors do not metastasize; malignant tumors do

All but one of these is an advantage of biofuels from food crops. Choose the EXCEPTION.

biofuels are cheaper to produce

The figure above shows that ________. cells can produce ATP only from glucose amino acids can move directly into the electron transport chain cells can produce ATP from sugars and glycerol, but not fatty acids cells can use sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids to produce ATP

cells can use sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids to produce ATP

Bdelloid rotifers appear to reproduce only asexually. Which outcome, if found in this group, would demonstrate that sexual reproduction may occur? Group of answer choices

cells in which mitosis occurs

Humans have been applying the principles of genetics for many years without actually knowing about genes. Evidence for this is that humans ________.

choose to save seeds from plants with the best yield to plant for the next generation

An individual with the blood group genotype LMLN has the phenotype MN. What is the relationship between the LM and LN alleles?

codominance

Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?

cytoplasm

A shade-tolerant plant that is provided its preferred wavelength of light, but only minimal amounts of water, would likely experience ________.

decreased amounts of ATP being produced by the plants

A mating between a purebred purple-flowered pea plant and a purebred white-flowered pea plant would be called a ________.

dihybird cross

Choose the equation that describes aerobic cellular respiration most accurately. glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy glucose → lactic acid + energy energy + glucose → water + carbon dioxide energy + carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen + water

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

Examine the figure above. Which of these stages occur(s) in the cytoplasm? citric acid cycle glycolysis and citric acid cycle citric acid cycle and electron transport glycolysis

glycolysis

The shorter the wavelength of visible light, the ________. Group of answer choices

greater the energy

Plant cells ________. do not need mitochondria because their chloroplasts meet their energy needs use carbon dioxide but do not use oxygen do not need chloroplasts because their mitochondria meet their energy needs have chloroplasts and mitochondria

have chloroplasts and mitochondria

During metaphase I, ________.

homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

A mating between a purebred purple-flowered pea plant and a purebred white-flowered pea plant would produce a(n) ________. Group of answer choices

hybird

The light reactions of photosynthesis take place ________. Group of answer choices

in the thylakoid membrane

Scientists are working to create a better biofuel factory through which processes?

increasing the genetic variation in groups of algae

Many human traits, such as our performance on intelligence tests or our susceptibility to heart disease, are ________.

influenced by both genes and environment

A promising new type of cancer treatment, immunotherapy, may involve all but one of these treatments. Choose the EXCEPTION.

injecting molecules harvested from other cured cancer patients into the patient with cancer

The rate of photosynthesis in an aquatic plant can be determined by the number of bubbles released from the plant. The number of bubbles ________.

is less numerous at greater depths than at shallower depths

Linked genes are usually ________. Group of answer choices

located close together on a chromosome

This diagram of the human life cycle shows that ________.

meiosis produces haploid sperm and egg cells

Nondisjunction might result in gametes with the chromosome numbers ________.

n + 1 or n − 1

The final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration is ________.

oxygen

When electrons move through a series of electron acceptor molecules in cellular respiration ________. the electrons gain energy as they move from one electron acceptor to another glucose is eventually reduced by the electrons in the formation of water the electrons release large amounts of energy each time they are transferred from one electron acceptor to another oxygen is eventually reduced by the electrons in the formation of water

oxygen is eventually reduced by the electrons in the formation of water

A discrete packet of light is called a ________. Group of answer choices

photons

As shown in the accompanying figure, plant cell cytokinesis differs from animal cell cytokinesis because ________.

plant cells form a cell plate and animal cells do not

Marfan syndrome is the result of inheriting a single allele. Individuals with Marfan syndrome are tall and long-limbed, and have both cardiovascular and eye defects. Marfan syndrome is an example of ________. Group of answer choices

pleiotropy

Photosynthetic organisms are ________.

producers that make their own organic matter from inorganic molecules

One difference between mitosis and meiosis is that mitosis ________.

produces cells genetically identical to the parent cell, but meiosis does not

Which event occurs during anaphase?

sister chromatids (now called chromosomes) are pulled toward opposite poles.

In the accompanying art, you see a table with the actual number of offspring that resulted from a dihybrid cross. The numbers do not show the 9:3:3:1 ratio predicted. One phenotype occurred more than predicted; another occurred less. The reason could be because ________. Group of answer choices

some of the alleles were linked

Cytokinesis typically begins during the ________ stage of mitosis. Group of answer choices

telophase

Scientists have long been interested in differences between dogs and wolves in their social behavior toward humans. Dogs and wolves share a common ancestor. In trying to understand the differences, a researcher analyzed data collected from 18 domesticated dogs and 10 wolves that had been raised by humans. Which data would be most useful to this study?

the degree of DNA similarities between dogs and humans.

One reason plants have accessory pigment molecules, like chlorophyll b and carotenoids, is ________.

to absorb energy in parts of the electromagnetic spectrum that chlorophyll a cannot

Which statement BEST describes the direct mechanism of ATP production during photosynthesis?

uses energy stored in hydrogen ion (H+) gradients; the potential energy of the proton gradient is released as the protons move down their gradient through special membrane protein channels; this energy is directly converted to chemical bond energy in the ATP molecule

The waste products of cellular respiration include ________. water and carbon dioxide water only carbon dioxide only water and glucose

water and carbon dioxide