Exam 2

Ascomycetes

a group of fungus whose sexual spores occur in even numbers. asexual spores (conidia) often are found in chains. some are weakly pathogenic for humans. some examples are sac fungi, baker's yeast and morel mushrooms.

Pangaea

a hypothetical continent including all the landmass of the earth prior to the Triassic period when it split into Laurasia and Gondwanalan

Permian Extinction

a mass extinction that claimed 96% of marine animal species and 8 out of 27 orders of insects and thought to have caused by enormous volcanic eruptions, defines the boundary between the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras, might have been caused by volcanism, which lead to global warming, and a decrease in oceanic oxygen

Cambrian Explosion

A burst of evolutionary origins when most of the major body plans of animals appeared in a relatively brief time in geologic history; recorded in the fossil record about 545 to 525 million years ago.

Ribosomes

A cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of rRNA and protein molecules, which make up two subunits, Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized, make proteins

Cell Membrane

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell, A thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell, Made of phospholipid bilayer

Pseudopodia

A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding, A temporary footlike extension of a one-celled organism, such as an amoeba, used for moving about and for surrounding and taking in food

Monocots

A clade consisting of flowering plants that have one embyonic seed leaf, or cotyledon. Veins run parallel, angiosperms that have only one seed leaf, -single cotyledo

Nucleoid

A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell, Area in prokaryotic cells in which DNA is concentrated, though not bounded by a membrane

Pathogen

A disease-causing organism, A disease causing agent

Fronds

A fern's leaves that contain soiree, an often large, finely divided leaf, especially as applied to the ferns and certain palms. a leaflike expansion not differentiated into stem and foliage, as in lichens. Mature leaves.

Angiosperms

A flowering plant which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary.

Binary Fission

A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size

Budding

A form of asexual reproduction of yeast in which a new cell grows out of the body of a parent, Asexual reproduction in which a part of the parent organism pinches off and forms a new organism

Index Fossil

A fossil known to have lived in a particular geologic age that can be used to date the rock layer in which it is found.

Endosperm

A nutrient-rich tissue formed by the union of a sperm cell with two polar nuclei during double fertilization, which provides nourishment to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds.

Gymnosperms

A plant that produces seeds that are exposed rather than seeds enclosed in fruits, "Naked seeds", such as pine cones and other conifers. User-contributed, Cycads, Gnetophytes, Conifers, Ginkos

Endosymbiosis

A process in which a unicellular organism (the "host") engulfs another cell, which lives within the host cell and ultimately becomes an organelle in the host cell; also refers to the hypothesis that mitochondria and plastids were formerly small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells.

Mitosis

A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosome number by equally allocating replicated chromosomes to each of the daughter nuclei.

Extremophiles

A prokaryote that lives in an extreme environment. Extremophiles include methanogens, extreme halophiles, and extreme thermophiles.

Monoecious

An individual plant with two kinds of flowers: one kind with only male reproductive organs and another kind with only female reproductive organs

Cytoplasm

An inner layer of the prokaryotic cells that is rich is protein with gel-like consistency; it houses organelles. in eukaryotic cells, it contains the cell contents and the organelles and is gel-like, A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Spores

An investigator conducts an experiment on Clostridiu, Are round structures of condensed protoplasm that are formed within the bacteria, Can contaminate meat, poultry, fish, and other food exposed to soil or dust, only gram-positive

Domain Archaea

Any of various single-celled prokaryotes genetically distinct from bacteria, often thriving in extreme environmental conditions

Pili

Appendages that allow bacteria to attach to each other and to transfer DNA, (Also called Fimbriae) - Found externally but extend through the cell wall to attach to the cell membrane. Serves as a mechanism of attachment of the cell to a surface. Serves to mediate a form of sexual reproduction utilized by bacteria, Allow communication and transfer of information between two cells

Seeds

Are dispersed and will eventually grow into another plant in another area, provided there are appropriate growing conditions, structures that contain a young plant inside a protective covering, A propagating organ formed in the sexual reproductive cycle of gymnosperms and angiosperms

Spirochetes

BLT: borrelia, leptospira, treponema; B is big (only one visualized with wright's or giemsa; leptospira: dark field), corkscrew-shaped bacterial cells, spiral shaped

Domain Bacteria

Bacteria, single celled prokaryote

Mushroom

Club fungi, Basidiomycota, Agaricus bisporus

Basidiomycetes

Club fungi. Produce mushroom like thallus, spore bearing structure (basidiocarp), many mushrooms/fungi of the woods in this group. ex- Bradiospores, Basidia, Toadstool, etc.

Basidia

Club-shaped structures on the underside of club fungi where spores form, Where meiosis occur in a mushroom, the name for phylum Basidiomycota

Sori

Clusters of sporangia, Clusters of reproductive cells on the underside of a frond, fern structures in which spores are produced

Multicellular

Consisting of many cells

Fimbriae

Fingerlike projection of the uterin (fallopian) tubes that drape over the ovary.

Zoospores

Flagellated spores unique to chytrids. Found to consist of 2+ types & 2 - types.

Anthophyta

Flowering plants

Chlorophyll

Green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis

Cilia

Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion, Hair-like projections on the cell surface used for locomotion or the movement of fluid over a cell.

Dioecious

Having male and female reproductive organs in separate plants or animals, A term typically used to describe an angiosperm species in which carpellate and staminate flowers are on separate plants.

Liverworts

Hepatophyta, A nonvascular plant that's shaped like a human liver. found growing as a thick crust on moist rocks or soil along the sides of a stream.

Saprotrophic

Organisms release digestive enzyme into the environment and take in resulting nutrients, decomposer, an organism that obtains its nutrients from non-living organic matter

Obligate Aerobes

Nagging Pests Must Breathe : Nocardia, Pseudomonas, Mycobacteria, Bacillu, An organism that requires oxygen for cellular respiration and cannot live without it

Dikaryotic

Referring to a fungal mycelium with two haploid nuclei per cell, one from each parent.

Horsetail

Sphenophyta, seedless vascular plant with jointed stems; needlelike branches, have mostly tall, hollow, jointed stems

Carpels

The female reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary.

Continental Drift

The hypothesis that states that the continents once formed a single landmass, broke up, and drifted to their present locations

Protobionts

a collection of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane or membrane-like structure

Chytrids

aquatic and produce flagellated spores; they were the first fungi, Fungi, widespread in lakes and soils, includes decomposers and parasites., Flagellated spores called zoospores. Mostly aquatic.

Meiosis

cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms

Ascocarp

mature fruiting body of an ascomycetous fungus, The fruiting body of a sac fungus (ascomycete)

Club Moss

seedless vascular plants that look like tiny pine trees; grow in moist woodlands and near streams, Phylum Lycophyta

Ascus

structure within the fruiting body of an ascomycete in which two nuclei of different mating types fuse, saclike structure in which ascospores are formed through sexual reproduction of ascomycetes, atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, atypical squamous cells of unknown significance

Alternation of Generations

the alternation between the haploid gametophyte and the diploid sporophyte in a plant's life cycle, Both haploid and diploid stages exist

Epiphyte

a plant that obtains its nutrients from the air and the rain and usually grows on another plant for support

Saprophyte

an organism that feeds on dead organic matter especially a fungus or bacterium

Algae

(singular, alga) - a plant-like (photosynthetic) member of the protest group; can be single-celled or consist of clustered or multiple cells, -Eukaryote, Autotrophic protists, A mainly aquatic organism contain chlorophyll and lacking true stems, roots and leaves. A mainly aquatic organism contain chlorophyll and lacking true stems, roots and leaves.

Colonial

...

Colonies

...

Cones

...

Cellulose

A large polysaccharide composed of many glucose monomers linked into cable-like fibrils that provide structural support in plant cell walls, A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms.

Flagella

A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion, formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules, ensheathed in an extension of plasma membrane; A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility. Many bacteria are flagellated, and sperm are flagellated.

Fruit

A mature ovary of a flower. The fruit protects dormant seeds and often aids in their dispersal.

Fragmentation

A means of asexual reproduction whereby a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into whole new individuals

Double Fertilization

A mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms in which two sperm cells unite with two cells in the female gametophyte (embryo sac) to form the zygote and endosperm.

Petal

A modified leaf of a flowering plant. Petals are the often colorful parts of a flower that advertise it to insects and other pollinators

Cell Wall

A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists. In plant cells, the wall is formed of cellulose fibers embedded in a polysaccharide-protein matrix. The primary cell wall is thin and flexible, whereas the secondary cell wall is stronger and more rigid and is the primary constituent of wood.

Commensalism

A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited

Mutualism

A relationship between two species in which both species benefit.

Bacillus

A rod-shaped bacterium.

Thallus

A seaweed body that is plantlike, consisting of a holdfast, stipe, and blades, yet lacks true roots, stems, and leaves., Hyphae, The body of a plant-like organism that is not divided into leaves, roots, or stems

Prokaryote

A single‐celled organism that lacks a membrane‐bound nucleus and specialized organelles.

Coccus

A spherical bacterium and prokaryote

Gram Stain

A staining method that distinguishes between two different kinds of bacterial cell walls, A method for the differential staining of bacteria that involves fixing the bacterial cells to a slide and staining with crystal violet and iodine, then washing with alcohol, and counterstaining with safranin. Results in gram-positive bacteria retaining the purple dye and gram-negative organisms having it decolorized so that the red counterstain shows up, Bacteria is stain w/ purple die and iodine rinsed with alcohol then stained w/ red die

Capsule

A sticky layer that surrounds the cell walls of some bacteria, protecting the cell surface and sometimes helping to glue the cell to surfaces, An outer, viscous covering on some bacteria composed of a polysaccharide or polypeptide

Ovule

A structure that develops within the ovary of a seed plant and contains the female gametophyte.

Dicots

A subdivision of flowering plants whose members possess two embryonic seed leaves, or cotyledons

Parasitism

A symbiotic relationship in which one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of another, the host, by living either within or on the host

Domain Eukarya

A taxonomic category above the kingdom level. Domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei, including protists, plants, fungi, and animals

Heterosporous

A term referring to a plant species that has two kinds of spores: microspores that develop into male gametophytes and megaspores that develop into female gametophytes.

Endospores

A thick-walled protective spore that forms inside a bacterial cell and resists harsh conditions.

Rhizoids

A thread-like outgrowth or root hair on the underside of the thallus in some lower plants, esp. mosses and liverworts, anchors a moss and absorbs water and nutrients.

Endotoxins

A toxic component of the outer membrane of certain gram-negative bacteria that is released only when the bacteria die.

Eukaryote

A type of organism composed of one or more cells containing a membrane‐bound nucleus, specialized organelles in the cytoplasm, and a mitotic nuclear division cycle.

Viruses

Acellula, 60 percent of infectious diseases and 20 percent of cancers, ..., tiny particles, smaller than bacteria and other pathogens, which must invade living cells in order to reproduce; when they invade, the cells are damaged or destroyed in the process releasing new particles to infect other cells, have DNA and RNA

Lichen

An organism made of a fungus and either algae or autotrophic bacteria that live together in a mutualistic relationship, Consists of a fungus and either algae or autotrophic bacteria that live together in a mutualistic relationship, A living association between a fungus and a photosynthetic alga or a cyanobacterium.

Decomposer

An organism that gets energy by breaking down the remains of dead organisms or animal wastes and consuming or absorbing the nutrients.

Photoautotrophs

An organism that harnesses light energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide, An organism that uses the energy from light to make organic molecules from inorganic sources, energy source

Parasite

An organism that lives off of another organism causing harm to it.(The winner in the relationship)

Facultative Anaerobes

An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to fermentation under anaerobic conditions. Can live with or without oxygen.

Chemoheterotrophs

An organism that must consume organic molecules for both energy and carbon.

Chemoautotrophs

An organism that needs only carbon dioxide as a carbon source but that obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic substances.

Photoheterotrophs

An organism that uses light to generate ATP but that must obtain carbon in organic form. Energy from sunlight, carbon from organic compounds.

Stamens

Androecium, "male" portion of flower- two parts: 1)Anther 2)Filament, in flowering plants, portion of flower consisting of filament and an anther containing pollen sacs where pollen is produced

Spirilla

Any flagellated aerobic bacteria having a spirally twisted rodlike form, Bacteria that have a spiral or curved shape.

Ferns

Any of numerous flowerless, seedless vascular plants having roots, stems, and fronds and reproducing by spores.

Cretaceous Extinction

Date: 65 mya Cause: Most likely asteroid impact Location: Yucatan Pennisula Death Toll: 16% marine families, 47% marine genera, 18% land vertebrates, including dinosaurs

Mycorrhizae

Ecological relationship between the mycelium of a fungus and the roots of certain plants

Flower

In an angiosperm, a short stem with four sets of modified leaves, bearing structures that function in sexual reproduction

Conjugation

In bacteria, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined.

Microsporangia

In heterosporous species of plants, a spore-producing structure that produces microspores, which go on to develop into male gametophytes, pollen sac

Sporophyte

In organisms (plants and some algae) that have alternation of generations, the multicellular diploid form that results from the union of gametes. The sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis that develop into gametophytes,, Diploid, or spore-producing, phase of an organism, In plants and algae that have alternation of generations, the diploid individual or generation that produces haploid spores

Gametophyte

In organisms (plants and some algae) that have alternation of generations, the multicellular haploid form that produces haploid gametes by mitosis. The haploid gametes unite and develop into sporophytes.

Archegonia

In plants, the female gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes develop. Female reproductive part of a nonvascular plant.

Antheridia

In plants, the male gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes develop. Male reproductive structure in some algae and plants.

Obligate Anaerobes

Lack catalase and/or superoxide dismutase, and thus are susceptible to oxidative damage. Generally foul-smelling (short-chain FA's), are difficult to culture, and produce gas in tissue (CO2 and H2). Normal flora in GI tract, pathogenic elsewhere. Examples: (anaerobes Can't Breathe Air) Clostridium Bacteroides Actinomyces, Anaerobes Can't Breathe Air. Clostridium, Bacteroides (most prevalent gut flora), and Actinomyces. Lack catalase so suseptible to oxidative damage. FOUL SMELLING. TREAT WITH METRONIDAZOLE AND CLINDAMYCIN!

Sepals

Leaf like, usually green structures arranged in a circle around the top of a flower stem but below the petals, Leaflike parts that cover and protect the flower bud

Phloem

Living vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic substances throughout a plant, transport food, tissue that conducts synthesized food substances (e.g., from leaves) to parts where needed

Hyphae

Long filament of cells that makes up the body of fungus, Branching, threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi.

Unicellular

Made of a single cell

Xylem

Nonliving vascular tissue that carries water and dissolved minerals from the roots of a plant to its leaves

Hornworts

Phylum Anthocerophyta, Land Plant group that has only a thalloid gametophyte and a cylindrical sporophyte, One of the tracheid-less clades that have sporophytes that look like horns- they may also look like liverworts at first glance. However, their cells contain a single, large platelike chloroplast, and the sporophytes of hornworts are capable of growth without a set limit.

Mosses

Phylum Bryophyta, 2nd oldest group to diverge from the land plant lineage. Like liverworts, they are relatively small and lack vascular tissue, Alteration of generations, need of water for fertalizations, no vascular tissues or cuticles

Whisk Fern

Phylum Psilophyta, simplest vascular plants; true xylem and phloem, doesn't have true roots, no obvious leaves, synangium (three sporangia that have fused together, will ripedn and release spores, spores carried on air currents) prophyll (a little bit of tissue) Gametophytes are underground

Fertilization

Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell, Fusion of male and female gametes, Male sex cell (sperm) unites with female sex cell into one cell (46 chromosomes -- 23 from each).

Strobila

The chain of proglottids constituting the bulk of the body of adult tapeworms; considered y some to include the entire body, including the head, neck and proglottids, long chain of proglottid, depending on species, few to thousands; each has sets of reproductive organs of both sexes;

Symbiont

The smaller participant in a symbiotic relationship, living in or on the host, Each partner in symbiosis, the smaller participant in a symbiotic relationship, living in or on the host, Either of two organisms that live in symbiosis with one another

Pollination

The transfer of pollen from male reproductive structures to female reproductive structures in plants

Zygomycetes

a fungal group that is not very pathogenic; complex life cycle consisted on sexual and asexual fungal groups...fungi spend most of their time as haploids; black bread mold;, Fast-growing molds, parasites, and commensal symbionts

Glomeromycetes

characterized by a distinct branching form of mycorrhizae called arbuscular mycorrhizae, Member of the fungal phylum Glomeromycota, characterized by a distinct branching form of endomycorrhizae (symbiotic relationships with plant roots) called arbuscular mycorrhizae, are a tiny group of monophyletic fungi

Mesosomes

extensive invaginations of cytoplasmic membrane, continuous with membrane, function not known (maybe play a role in anchoring for replication of chromosome) -> seen mainly in gram + -> Corynebacterium parvum, Cell membrane folds up into cytoplasm and increases the internal surface area for membrane function, Thought to be "pinched off" plasma membrane

Megasporangia

female gametophyte, where megaspores are produced from meiosis of megaspore mother cells, Produce megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes

Mycelia

filaments (hyphae) in fungi specialized for absorption of nutrients, The somatic hairlike structures of a fungus. A mass of hyphae produced by some fungi.

Schizogany

infestation reproduction, nucleus is reproduced manytimes and division is rapid, seen in parasites, asexual reproduction; multiple fission, repeated nuclear divisions followed by simultaneous cytoinesis, form of asexual reproduction, multiple divisions of the nucleus prior to cell division

Phagocytosis

process in which phagocytes engulf and digest microorganisms and cellular debris, cell eating, A process in which some of the white blood cells destroy the invading microorganism and old cells.

Pollen Tube

slender tubular outgrown from a pollen grain that penetrates the ovule and releases male gametes

Conidiophores

specialized sporangia that produce asexual spores called conidia by mitosis, In ascomycetes, elongated, upright hyphae that produce conidia at their tips, in sac fungi, hypha that produces spores on its tip for asexual reproduction

Basidocarp

spore bearing structure of basidomycetes above ground structure, large fruiting bodies of fungi in the phylum Basidiomycota

Zygospores

thick-walled spores that can withstand unfavorable conditions, a single-celled reproductive structure formed in sexual reproduction by some fungi; zygospores contain genetic information from two different mating types, - and +, A thick-walled sexual spore produced by the zygomycete fungi. It develops from the union of two hyphae, each bearing nuclei of opposite mating types.

Exotoxins

toxic substances that bacteria secrete into their environment