Exam 2 Arch 2112

Fagus Factory, Gropius and Meyer

Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer Alfeld-an-der-Leine, Germany 1911-1914 Their first commision Takes inspiration from A.E.G Articulated transparencies of glass; notion that it can open up the interior and exterior Beginning of an idea of a curtain wall; not an enclosure wall, but something light and airy that can be hung from it's own supports Vertical supports: seem like columns, but aren't Classical references to columns Structure only spans from floor to floor, there's not actually a structure that spans the whole top to bottom Using architecture to symbolize something: even if the local means can't achieve the vision (floor to roof supports) you can still make it work Detailing of a building in glass will be radically different than masonry detailing You have to conceive the new materials completely different Brand new materials Glass is becoming important How do we build and truly design with new materials?

Werkbund Pavillion and Model Factory, Gropius and Meyer

Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer Cologne, Germany 1914 Egyptian profile to the great hall Takes inspiration from Wright Glass: light curtain wall that would extend the envelope of the building

Notre Dame de Raincy, Paris banlieue (suburb), 1922-1923, August Perret, Paris

-August Perret -Paris -Church -has the really pretty stained glass open windows Concrete used again; cheap Idea of concrete to be used as a place of worship is kinda iffy; very lowly material Creates a triple barrel vaulted space Pierced concrete screen on the sides of the building, allow for the lowly material to be elevated into the religious world Need to find the optimal expression for the material, both aesthetically and functionally

Airship Hangars at Orly, Eugene Freyssinet, Paris

-Eugene Freyssinet -Paris -Orly, France1916-1921 -large storage space-barrel vaulted system -shell structure= structure was on outside -cast + reuse parts of mold -cheaply made - moving formwork - 300-foot-wide, 200-foot-high vaults

Villa Muller, Adolf Loos

Adolf Loos Prague, Czech Republic 1930 - void of decor/trim work -20th century aesthetic-enclosed/inward -terraces/gardens -eliminated stacking of floors so that it all flows together -simple + strict -circulatory connections -interweave together -economy and functionality -public outside and private inside seperate

Steiner House, Adolf Loos

Adolf Loos Vienna, Austria 1910 -reducing to simplicity of forms -cubic geoemtries -no-trim-work - hides what is inside with blank exterior -unusual for time period

Palace of Labor Compettion, Alexander Vesnin

Alexander Vesnin 1922 Main building of the soviet union Program was symbolic as f*ck No revivalist styles:brand new kind of architecture Making building part of the infrastructure 8000 seat congress hall to assemble the commune together Tall tower, all in reinforced concrete None of this possible in Russia at the time, but it was DREAMIN BIG Very influential project, goes on to be publish in the west Becomes symbol for russian constructivism

Pravda Tower, Alexander and Victor Vesnin

Alexander and Victor Vesnin Moscow, Russia 1924 Office building Six story tower, two stories of public space, four of editorial offices

Catalan Modernism

Antoni Gaudi

Crypt of the Colonia Guell, Antoni Gaudi

Antoni Gaudi Santa Coloma de Cervello, Spain 1908-1914 Unfinished How structures can begin to exhibit what is actually happening in the natural environment Crypt for a church Sketches and models: destroyed, not many remain; designing method of creating models catenary model Designing using the idea of chains and suspension, models the result upside down using suspension, bc suspension acts the same as compression Process of design that's much more intuitive; very rational; idea of working with gravity Exploring the use of the catalan tile vault, constructed with laminated tiles and brick Very different from a roman vault that depends on gravity to hold itself together; instead, the strong masonry holds tensile strength Religious and organic iconography melded together

Casa Mila, Antonio Gaudi

Antonio Gaudi Barcelona, Spain 1905 Art Nouveau Undulating facade Represents a stone/natural rock formation house Break away from standard plan, trying to integrate the idea of organic/geologic formation into a new language of architecture No concrete, all stone cutting techniques Iron work; integrated into the structure Open roof, light port Rooftop of Casa Mila: looks like some foreign planet, big chimneys on top coordinated with each apartment Interior: idea of elevated sophistication Diaphragm arches/structure, less rationalist, more to represent a bigger picture

#25 bis Rue Franklin, Paris, 1903, Auguste Perret, Paris

Apartment building -narrow building sites -Concrete frame construction expressed as part of the design; you can really tell what is concrete, what is not, what is infill (idk) He plays around with building codes; there's a limit on street faced glazing, so he kinda pushes the facade inside, so the windows face not entirely to the street, he bends the rules to get more natural light Cast ceramic decoration; pretty flowers

Casa Balto, Antoni Gaudi

Barcelona, Spain, 1904-1907 Weird as shit, house Son of metalworker, early understanding of the integration of materials and techniques with some idea of design organic imagery Building already existed, Gaudi takes it over when the house was bought by a rich industrialist that made hella textile money, so Gaudi decides to rethink the facade Wedged between very traditional 19th century apartment buildings No reference point to past architecture, except to nature Outside is cut stone Interior is modulated, has very regional feel Interior: traditional 19th century section, but weird thing coming out from within it Plans distort the interior; rectangular space taken over by curvy forms Vaulting techniques used to structure thin membranes that could span very far; had to do with the way thin layers of tile were laminated; creating laminate beams basically Hyperboloid arches; most economic way of handling both vertical and horizontal forces Rational and pragmatic way of building

François Hennebique: Reinforced Concrete System, (Patent 1892)

Begins to be deployed by architects such as August Perret Patented steel and concrete combination, the bars provided tensile resistance in beams and slabs, and supplemented the comprehensive capacity of the concrete in columns and walls New concrete things! -Concrete is good at compression but not at tension, the steel helps with the tension -Why do we care? Concrete is cheap: need to speed up construction, building commercial structures, concrete becomes important bc it's so inexpensive

Le Corbusier: "Five Points Towards a New Architecture" (1926)

Best Example: Villa Savoye in Poissy, France. Not driven by fashion or aestheticism; scientific principles 1. The Pilotis A grid of concrete or steel columns replaces the load-bearing walls and becomes the basis of the new aesthetics. All individually supported; all have their own foundations, no waste of material, everything is designed exactly as needed Spaced at regular intervals Serve to elevate the building from damp soil underneath Allowed to be raised off the ground 2. The occupiable roof garden Rather than pitched roof, restores the area of ground covered by the house 3. The free plan The absence of load-bearing walls allows flexible use of the living space, which can be divided by screen elements. Space is allowed to become more free inside a building Less boundary between inside and outside 4. The horizontal windows Outside of building is disengaged from structure, so windows can be any size or shape More light, wall to wall windows Horizontal windows allow for more light than vertical window with same surface area 5. Pilotis elevate the building off the ground Elevated above the landscape

Glass Pavillion, Werkbund Exhibition, Bruno Taut

Bruno Taut Cologne, Germany 1914 Made entirely of glass Glass trends in the central stairway Transparency and light are big time things Multicolored glass: affect of being in a highly spiritualized temple More than a temple, but rather a beacon of transparency, openness, utopia, a beacon of light for the younger generation Idea of utopia: cusp of WWI, large part of this generation die in the war Return from the war: people believe that the moral degradation of the 19th century caused the war, and transparency and light and openness would prevent further violence

Proun Room, El Lissistky

El Lissistsky 1923 He makes contact with all the european people with their weird styles Graphic artist, painter, architect, designer Acronym for project for the affirmation of the new in some other language

Cloud Hanger, El Lissistsky

El Lissistsky 1925 How this becomes a way of engaging with the new community after the russian revolution An idea of a model for integrated housing Utopian idea: how to transform traditional modes of living into something completely different In terms of living space: communal kitchen, lounge space, like a dorm

Einstein Tower, Erich Mendelsohn

Erich Mendelsohn Postdam Germany 1921 Looks like poured concrete, it's actually brick that is whitewashed Very similar to dutch school expressionism of brick Dynamic of the line as an expression of movement Designed to test Einstein ideas of relativity Dynamism + movement but still stands= tension between expression and statics

Haus am Horn, George Muche

George Muche Weimar, Germany 1923 Exhibition for the bauhaus to show their strengths The success results in architecture being rolled out in bauhaus Developed by a student of bauhaus Students were adamant that they needed to show architectural works Students voted for Muche to build the Bauhaus first building exhibition Conceived as a prototype Something that could be mass produced Idea is to show how good design and industry could work hand in hand Communal area lit from above Discrete other rooms with particular characteristics Plain exterior, very planar, like de stijl language Seems very simple, but has rich volumetrics Tiny dollhouse shit Bathroom: all parts and pieces in machine can create a whole new way of life

Red Blue Chair Gerrit Rietveld

Gerrit Rietveld 1917-1917 Attempt to create in three dimensions what is being explored in two dimensions in de stijl art Made headlines with this chair

Schroder House Gerrit Rietveld

Gerrit Rietveld Utrecht, Holland, 1924 De Stijl Radical approach to a design of space Collage of planes, lines, and components that seem to glide past one another Large glass fenestration Looks like concrete, but rather brick made to look like concrete Asked to be designed without walls; transformable spaces Has the sliding wall panes to transform the space Same guy that did the ugly red and blue chair

Chicago Tribune Competition Entry, Gropius and Meyer

Gropius and Meyer 1922, Chicago Attracted lots of architects from all over Opportunity to propose architecture of the 20th century, new technique, new society Tall building with structural concrete frame

Metro Entrances, Hector Guimard

Hector Guimard Paris, France 1900 Idea of prototypes This isn't arts and crafts; we want to employ the techniques of industrial productions and make them pretty Forms are created and reused; modular construction Most of these entrances are still in use Clearly see the organic references, plant like forms Skeletal and animal like forms; not just plants but rather all forms of organisms

Amsterdam Stock Exchange, Berlage

Henrik Petrus Berlage Amsterdam, Holland 1897-1903 Student of Ledoux Gains inspiration from FL Wright Brick: simple material in holland used in a cool way Monumentality of form Complete lack of ornamentation; some but minimal Interior space: Relevant to Wright's manipulation of space; space is something to be composed Thinking about how structural components work together Iron supports of the roof come down into the brick supports/piers References to ledoux Use of stone; lentils and columns, almost byzantine in affect Creates space completely open to the light above Seamless integration of brick and iron molding the same form; this is a new thing Converted into performance hall One of the first buildings of this size, one of the first civic buildings in the area; building for public use Less about commercialism, more like pragmatic aestheticism that creates a feeling of community Influenced by arts and crafts: architecture can create a sense of community

Hook of Holland, JJP Oud

J.J.P. Oud Rotterdam, Holland 1924-1927 Cost effective construction Desire to provide a psychological hearth for the user Turns pragmatic aestheticism into poetic functionalism First of a series of housing estates he designs Single family units bound together, made to look like one really long building Ground floor: spaces for retail; glass on ground Top floor: housing units Idea of a housing complex with social amenities Post office, library, shops, etc

Café de Unie, JJP Oud

J.J.P. Oud Rotterdam, Netherlands 1925 (destroyed)

Palais Stoclet, Josef Hoffmann

Josef Hoffmann Brussels, Belgium 1905 Receives commision for this building, a house but also a museum An exemplar of the taste of the times Idea of formality; but an informal plan Lots of different axes expressed Creating lots of spaces in a row Even though you have the space broken up, you can still see through the building Creating lots of spaces to congregate Interior: Organic references are highly contained in a geometric, stylized language Very rich, luxurious interior Materials are being used for the creation of the space Wallpaper custom design Furniture custom design Veining of marble, tilework all meant to come together Dining room: the stoclet frieze: by Gustav Klimt Three mosaics that encircle the dining area, extremely luscious

Secession Building, Joseph Olbrich

Joseph Olbrich Vienna, Austria 1898 Exhibition hall in vienna Not sensual, organic richness New style of pure geometries Reminiscent of F.L. Wright Unity Temple Building is dedicated to an aesthetic cult, the Sacred Spring Interior: lush murals by Gustav Klimt Super lush, decadent interior exhibitions, but literally bare on the outside, almost forbidding decor Interior: emotional, emotive paintings Stylized inscriptions on exterior of the building Wasn't popular when it opened Thought to be cross between temple and warehouse, bastard architecture Cross between a greenhouse and a blast furnace Not at all appreciated

Rusakov Workers Club, Melinkov

Konstantin Melinkov Moscow 1927 Created as a kind of social and recreational outlet for different kinds of workers Huge, fan shaped auditorium Central communal space The volume on the exterior is entirely expressive of the interior Each auditorium could be separated out Back of building had office spaces Concrete brick and glass Expressing the importance of the worker in USSR

Melnikov House

Konstantin Melinkov Moscow 1929 Got permit to build on communal land plot He's valued by the govt and the community Artistry was a symbol of the possibilities of the soviet union Two cylindrical spaces, with hexagonal windows on facade Iconic for idea of hearth, human dwelling, personalized to the way he was working at the time Double height spaces Construction was brick made to look like concrete, trying to be modern even though techniques were not available at the time in Soviet Union

USSR Pavillion, International Exhibition of Decorative Arts, Melinkov

Konstantin Melinkov Paris, 1925 Exhibition halls important for grounding a young architect's reputation Narrow site Radical design Decides to divide site with diagonal slashes, is actually a staircase that weaves through the building Radical triangles,

Maison Domino (Domino House), Le Corbusier

Le Corbusier 1914 - conceptual-skeleton=future framework -reinforced columns+ slabs -beginning of modern architecture/spatial concept- quickly+ cheap reconstruction following WW1 -inhabitable roof structure Together, as a system, the slabs would constitute the floor, the ceiling, the framework, the foundation, and the roof Flat roof: whole new idea that the roof structure is inhabitable: you can go on the roof bc it's flat! Slabs are cantilevered from supports; this would allow for the idea of an enclosure

Villa Stein Le Corbusier

Le Corbusier Garches, Paris France 1926 - two levels of terraces incorporated in the building -completely open to the landscape -inscription of the landscape - much more open site BUT still restrained- floor plans are very different/varied - all the forms are allowed to fluidly evolve based off the needs of each floor -supported by concrete cross-section -facades "carriers of light" (none touch the ground) - suspended by cantilevered floors

Maison La Roche-Jeanneret, Le Corbusier

Le Corbusier Paris 1923-1925 - two houses in a unit - each space has own inflections -one is art collect - another side of building is for his cousin -transition/bridges two sides together - this project develops ideas of how his building is related to the site -internal spaces that circulate= voids/bridges/ramps=spatial volumes serve as focal point of experience for individuals(view of hall changes are circulate in the house/interior ramp to connect floors) -systematic design (full of movement but classical hierarchy to discipline it)

Ozenfant Studio, Le Corbusier

Le Corbusier Paris, 1922 - double-height volumes (lots of light) - industrial type windows/blows out of the corner with glass -industrial logic to create a new architecture -simple furnishings -interested in machines of the new age=more modern sense -saw-tooth roof for light -reinforced concrete

Villa Savoye, Le Corbusier

Le Corbusier Poissy, France 1928-1931 Icon of his modern architecture Culmination of 5 points Pilotis allows elevation from ground, allows circulation pathway and can park a car under the overhang Interior: free disposition of space, open volumes that go the full height of the building Idea of traveling through the building, idea of architectural promenade Tight corkscrew staircase for servants, but owners could take leisurely stroll through the house on a ramp Transparency between inside and outside Important to situate this building inside the landscape; it has to do with a series of relationships to the landscape Weaving together of human and natural structure Architecture was a way of bringing health to its inhabitants Greater light and air Space of comfort Hygiene: Interior plumbing is a big deal Bathroom not enclosed; show it off New modern way of living

Maison Citrohan, Le Corbusier

Le Corbusier Stuttgart, Germany Idea of a typical dwelling Citrohan: reference to an automobile, like the model T of France interior=plan/notdecorated/=flexibility for those who inhabit it to decorate it as they wish (unusual during the time) -efficent +affordable(improve standard of living after WW1)-concrete

Auguste Perret

Le Corbusier is his intern Perret: son of a contractor, has pragmatic ideals, but also comes out of beaux-arts, so he's pretty varied How can the new materials become culturally relevant Concrete: how can aesthetics and function come together?

Fabrica Aymerich, Parrellada

Lluis Muncunilli Parellada Terrazas, Spain 1908 Catalan inspired vaulting technique Vaulted ceilings with thin terracotta tiles Incredible openness and space, lots of light Originally designed as a textile factory Integration of iron supports and vaults Integrated the mechanism into the structure of the building; form and function

Competition Entry: Freidrichstrasse Mies van der Rohe

MIes van der Rohe Berlin, 1919 Glass everything Beacon of hope Transparency Begins to symbolize a new age

Het Schip, Michel de Klerk

Michel de Klerk Amsterdam, Holland 1917-1920 Communal housing complex Resembles less of a house, more of an ocean liner Begins to develop a whole new language with use of brick Smokestacks that are also steeples Not an expression of verticality, but rather horizontality Horizontality becomes a decorative motif Reference to rounded forms Looks like a silo?? Fenestrations and grills articulated as if they were ventilation grills Idea of bringing health and sanitation to the population Three buildings, community that is created Kinda first instance of housing complex Amenities: post office, phone booth, these are new concepts to have these integrated into the building Fluid line with brick, this is kinda new Expressiveness with brick The building is flowing in and out The lines aren't choppy and geometric, they're carved

Project for a Brick Country House Mies van der Rohe

Mies Van Der Rohe 1923 Interest in minimal language of line and plane that could evoke something greater Begins to evolve an idea of space De stijl shit: abstractionism Not just about space, but about the specific characteristics of materials Brick: lowly Exploring abstraction, sense of flowing space Open plan, associated with early modernist Idea of free flow of space and circulation; it's all one Idea of inside and outside isn't there This idea is torn apart Just a plannnn not built, never meant to be built, but it's radical for the time

Weissenhof Apartment Block, Mies Van Der Rohe

Mies Van Der Rohe Stuttgart, Germany 1927 First exhibition since werkbund exhibition Pretty socially charged Mies was invited to direct the exhibition, oversee the architects, manage budget Was to focus solely on housing: most pressing need of europe at that point All buildings display a consistent abstract language of building Flat roofs, simple planar surfaces, industrial styled fenestration, horizontal strip windows beginning to emerge Same idea about the crystal palace: formulate the elements and pre-fabricate the materials in order to have it completed in 5 months Prototypes for housing of the modern worker Workers couldn't really afford it, but it was more about the social impact of this new style Conference of architects manifest at this exhibition Mies does a four story apartment block: town homes in a more massive building Flexible space with fixed core Reception to exhibition: mixed No one really likes the idea that you can adapt the way you live in your environment/life Symbiosis between man and home: home turned into a machine, life about function, etc; people don't really like that idea Fear of reduction of human values to machinery, economics, pragmatism, etc War has created another question: What is happening to our humanity? Exhibition is monumentally successful: Published, concentration of talent Becomes a launching off point that the purpose of these architects is an international mission

Barcelona Pavilion, Mies van der Rohe

Mies Van der Rohe 1929 Barcelona, Spain Barcelona expedition Represents german architecture Minimal in the language The exemplary project that established Mies Exhibition house; doesn't have the complexities of a real home Incorporates sense of the flow of space Minimal language, but extremely rich in use of materials Green marble, uses veining of the marble to create patterns Colby statue Space and transparency; creates sense of multidimensional space, even through the plan has literally nothing The movement through the project creates the space definitions Uses onyx

Tugendhat House, Mies van der Rohe

Mies van der Rohe Brno, Czechoslovakia, 1928-1930 Plays with minimalism of architectural language Reminiscent of brick country house Three story building, on a hill that slopes downward, but looks like a one story thing Does Not follow typical rules of creating an entrance of the house Opens up structure to the landscape as much as possible Kind of tumbles down the hill Idea of being outside, or having terraces, idea of healthy open living Plan is more developed than brick country house Minimalism of style, volumes that slide past each other Spaces can flex and change Entryway is kind of an afterthought Important to incorporate all the latest technologies Modular kitchen; minimal but practical and useful Idea that minimalism is functional and pragmatic, but there's also the idea of how space can freely flow and how light is a key element Famous columns in a chrome finish meant to reflect the light; the steel becomes completely dematerialized Steel beam structure reinforced concrete Openness to landscape further mechanized; glass wall can be lowered down completely to the basement First building to have central air condition Implementing modernist style but also lots of technical details

Art Nouveau

Organic inspired ornamentation Curved iron things; think staircases and door handles Romantic ideal of the artist as a supreme individual About the artist being able to fully engage with the industrial production; arts and crafts rejected the industrialism, whereas art nouveau merges the two Metro Entrances, Hotel Tassel, Maison de Peuple,

Postal Savings Bank, Otto Wagner

Otto Wagner Vienna, Austria 1904-1906 Expressing some idea of modernity Iron work inside elevator Get away from decorativeness of art nouveau Express in the new century the classic barrel vault Idea of openness and transparency in a public space Open and clean architecture, no personal expression and decadence

AEG Turbine Factory, Peter Behrens

Peter Behrens Berlin, Germany 1908-1909 Huge span: 300 ft by 50 ft high Shape of the roofline is actually outline of machinery Architecture as a machine Roofline: modern version of the classical pediment Implements idea of rustication: heavy masonry Large glass window in the front, plays on idea of rose window into industry A form may be defined by its movement and function and use, but it's still possible to use the form to reference classical motifs You don't have to copy classical motifs, but you can idealize them Reverses or flips certain classical norms Structure: masonry, fastened to some steady base Hinge joint at the base emphasizes movement Movement inside in the manufacturing process

Counter Construction Theo van Doesburg

Theo van Doesburg 1923 De Stijl Movement Rejection of the orthogonal plane Becomes obsessed with expressing the idea of the diagonal Diagonal: expressive of modernity Begins to call this elementarism

Maison du Peuple, Victor Horta

Victor Horta Bruseels, Belgium 1896-1899 Demolished Program: municipal buildings House of the People Built as headquarters of belgian socialist party; represents social ideals Beginning to play with concave and convex curvature of the exterior, expressed in the framework on the outside Distinction between frame and infill; what is necessary structurally, what is a benefit (light) Interior: Auditorium Series of steel parts; starting to acknowledge a whole that's assembled by a multitude of industrially produced parts No supports inside big auditorium thing Acoustic design controls reverberation inside the hall Roof suspends galleries on either side, they actually hold the ductwork on either side Form with clear aesthetic intent Allows other systems to work within the architectural system Idea of structure and form doing double duty; roof: has profile to minimize reverberation in hall

Hotel Tassel, Victor Horta

Victor Horta Brussels, Belgium 1893-1895 -Bowing out (large bay area)facade -exposed iron beam interior = iron + glass a ornament that works with structure (no distinction between the two) -rationalism- expressed through materials spacial concepts

Dessau Bauhaus Building, Walter Gropius

Walter Gropius Dessau, Germany 1925-1926 Mayor provides them with land and materials for building Establishes program with volume of building Asymmetric plan Technical studios in one wing, crafts in other wing Building bridges a roadway Bridge: administrative offices and architecture studios Architecture is synthesis of artistic and technical, it's in the center Looks modern but is actually brick plastered over Curtain wall made of glass Cantilever concrete slabs

Monument to the March Dead, Walter Gropius

Walter Gropius Weimar, Germany 1922 Express feeling of revolt in powerful zigzag Monument becomes considered decadent and degenerate and is demolished by the Nazis in 1936

Bauhaus, Office of the Director, Walter Gropius

Walter Gropius Weimar, Germany 1923 Walter Gropius Rugs and textiles and light fixtures designed in the bauhaus and the furniture

Vienna Secession

Secession Building, Postal Savings Bank, Palais Stoclet