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Exam 2 BBQ

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Which of the following are true about clotting and/or the clotting cascade/pathway? When platelets aggregate they form a clot Prothrombin gets converted to thrombin and thrombin forms a clot Thrombin activates fibrinogen to fibrin and fibrin forms a clot Plasminogen gets activated to plasmin, which increases clot formation Three of the above

Thrombin activates fibrinogen to fibrin and fibrin forms a clot

Name of a confident Irish blood type?

Tip O'Positive

at the onset of exercise, the rate of ATP use increases dramatically. which of the following is/are true about meeting muscular ATP demands at the onset of activity? a. resting muscle ATP concentrations are sufficient to meet the needs of the 1st minute of exercise b. resting muscle ATP contractions are low, so we need a rapid mechanism of increasing ATP production c. the phosphocreatine system helps the muscle meet the high ATP demand at the start of exercise d. aerobic metabolism is able to increase to meet the ATP demand within the first few seconds of exercise e. A & C f. B & C

f. B & C

The universal donut?

Type O

We did two experiments related to hemostasis: determing bleeding tie and clotting time. Put the following events related to hemostasis in order ultimately ending in formation of a clot (the last answer.... note: not all steps are presented)

Vascular Spasm Platelet Plug Activation of factor X Thrombin activating fibrinogen to its active form formation of a clot

the SA node normally serves as the pacemaker of the heart. Which of the following is/are true about the electrical activity of these pacemaker cells a. they begin go depolarize as soon as they depolarize b. the pacemaker cell begins to depolarize, in part, due to a decrease in potassium permeability c. the pacemaker cells begin to depolarize, in part, due to opening of "funny" voltage gated Na+ channels d. once the pacemaker cells start to depolarize, the permeability to calcium increases, causing further depolarization e. the depolarization phase of their action potential is associated with an influx of calcium, not sodium like most other electrical excitable cells f. all of the above are true g. none of the above are true

f. all of the above are true

when the parasympathetic nervous system is acting on the SA node it would result in which of the following ionic/permeability changes? a. increase Ca2+ influx b. increase K+ efflux c. decrease Ca2+ influx d. increase Ca2+ efflux e. increase K+ influx f. two of these answers would happen

f. two of these answers would happen

Which of the following events occur when the pressure in the atria is higher than the pressure in the ventricles?

filling of the ventricles

in the artherlosclerosis process, when machrophages pick up modified LDLs, they become ________ cells

foam

in the atherosclerotic process, when macrophages pick up oxidized LDLs, they become ____cells

foam

which heart sound is heard during early filling of the ventricles? a. 5th korotkoff sound b. swish c. 4th heart sound d. 1st korotkoff sound e. 1st heart sound f. two of these g. 4th korotkoff sound h. 3rd heart sound i. whistle j. 2nd heart sound

h. 3rd heart sound

Q on this figure is the ___________________ a. closing of the AV valves b. systolic blood pressure c. filling of the ventricles d. diastolic blood pressure e. 80 mmHg f. dicrotic notch g. mean arterial pressure h. pulse pressure i. opening of the AV valves

h. pulse pressure

Several of the experiments we did in the cardiac lab are similar to experiments we did in the frog skeletal muscle lab. These experiments help to illustrate differences between skeletal and cardiac muscle. For example we applied acetylchoine to the heart in lab this week and in the muscle lab acetylcholine would have been released when we stimulated the sciatic nerve to cause skeletal muscle contraction. Which of the following findings is/are NOT true about similarities and/or differences in acetylcholine's roles and effects in cardiac and skeletal muscle? select the single best answer

in cardiac muscle acetylcholine causces the muscle to contract

Calcium is critical for signaling contraction in all types of muscle. What is NOT true about calcium regulation in cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle?

in skeletal muslce, thy dihydropyridine receptors work as a calcium channels

When the sympathetic nervous system is acting on the SA Node it would result in which of the following ionic/permeability changes?

increase Ca2+ influx

When the sympathetic nervous system is acting on the ventricles it would result in which of the following ionic/permeability changes?

increase Ca2+ influx

When the sympathetic nervous system is acting on the SA Node it would result in which of the following changes to intracellular signals (2nd messengers)?

increase cAMP

When the sympathetic nervous system is acting on the ventricles it would result in which of the following changes to intracellular signals (2nd messengers)?

increase cAMP

When we use a stethoscope and blood pressure cuff to determine blood pressure, what is true of the first sound we hear?

it is called the first Korotkoff sound

Which of the following is/are true about the second heart sound?

it occurs when the pressure in the ventricles falls below the pressure in the aorta

Why did the antibody stop studying?

it was anti-A

The fifth Korotkoff sound is associated with:

laminar blood flow

In a subject who has mitral regurgitation, we would expect to hear?

lub - swish - sup

Specific locations around the thorax serve as the optimal sites for listening to sounds associated with normal/abnormal valve function. The 5th intercostal space at the mid-clavicular line is approximately the location of the apex of the heart. This is considered the best location for listening to sounds associated with the __________________ valve

mitral

Dashed line Q is cloer to O than N because:

more time is spent in diastole than systole

Dashed line S is cloer to R than O because:

more time is spent in diastole than systole

What does the 4th Korotkoff sound sound like?

muffled

The parasympathetic nervous system neurotransmitter that acts on the heart binds with ______________________________ in the SA Node

muscarinic receptors

In our frog leg length tension experiment we observed changes in active, passive, and total tension as we stretched the muscle. Which of the following best reflects the expected findings for active tension in this experiment?

muscle length (mm) 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 active tension (g) 3 6 9 12 14 14 11

muscle length (mm)24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 passive tension (g)3 6 9 12 14 18 23

_______are a type of proprioceptor that plays an important role in the reciprocal inhibition of antagonist muscle groups. This receptor detects changes in ________

muscle spindles, length of the muscle

If your subject was exercising at a moderate intensity (HR 120bpm), which of the following would we expect to observe if we injected them with atropine?

no change in heart rate

Which of the following antibodies would be found in blood type AB+

none of these

The neurotransmitter released by sympatheteic postganglionic nerve fibers at the SA Node is ___________________.

norepinephrine

In our frog heart lab we observed, or attempted to observe normal rhtyhm as well as several types of arrhythmias. What is the best description for this frog's heart rhythm?

normal rhythm

In our recent lectures we discussed several aspects of muscle performance including force, velocity, power, and muscle length. Which of the following figures best depicts the length-tension Total tension curve?

The animal kingdom provides many examples of outstanding performance that can help us better understand human muscle performance. Match the descriptions below with the animal that best reflects this muscle characteristic:

outstanding ability to use glycoltyic metabolism: cheetah running muscles ability to turn muscle on and off very rapidly: rattlesnake tail muscle not much actin and myosin in their muscle fibers because their flight requires a lot of sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria: hummingbird flight muscle maintains muscle mass and quality fairly well during prolonged inactivity: 13 lined ground squirrel very rapid muscle "training" gains after prolonged inactivity: the eared rebe, a migratory bird increases in locomotor speed don't require increases in VO2 becuase of a great ability to use elastic: kangaroo

Q on this figure is the ___

pulse pressure

q on this figure is

pulse pressure

M on this figure is the ___ Q on this figure is the ___

pulse pressure mean arterial pressure

Which heart sound is associated with closing of the semilunar valves?

second

If observed, when does the 3rd heart sound occur relative to our other heart sounds?

shortly after S2

If observed, when does the 4th heart sound occur relative to our other heart sounds?

shortly before S1

During the diving reflex, what causes the changes in heart rate and blood pressure. Please put the following events in order:

signals are sent to the medulla oblongatta E. first increase in sympathetic nervous system activity B. second widespread vasoconstriction A. third increase in total peripheral resistance D. fourth increase in blood pressure C.fifth increase in cardiac output F.not a part of this response

Which of the following is NOT related to part P of this curve:

skeletal muscles squeezing veins, which increases venous return (the "muscle pump")

In one of our experiments we observed the changes in force production as we stimulated the frog muscle with progressively increasing voltages. Which of the following sets of data best reflects the expected findings of this experiment?

stimulus stength (V) 2 4 6 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 tension (g) 1 3 5 7 9 13 16

stimulus stength (V)2 4 6 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 tension (g)1 3 5 7 9 13 16

When we talk about a patient's blood pressure, if we do not say otherwise we are referring to pressure in what part of the circulatory system?

systemic arterial presssure at the level of the heart

When we talk about a patient's blood pressure, if we do not say otherwise we are referring to pressure in what part of the circulatory system? a. none of these answers b. pulmonary arterial pressure c. systemic arterial presssure at the level of the heart d. systemic veinous pressure at the level of the heart e. systemic arterial presssure at the level of the head f. systemic capillary pressure

systemic arterial presssure at the level of the heart

Point N on this figure is the ___

systolic blood pressure

The first Korotkoff sound is associated with:

systolic blood pressure

The following figure is a screen capture from one of our frog muscle experiments. Which of the following is/are likely true?

the active tension for the highlighted twitch is approximately 13.2 grams

The following figure is a screen capture/drawing from one of our frog muscle experiments. The stimulator settings were changed at each of the red arrows below. Which of the following is/are likely true regarding this set of data?

the lowest frequency required to get tetanus was 11pps

Several of the experiments we did in the cardiac lab are similar to experiments we did in the frog skeletal muscle lab. These experiments help to illustrate differences between skeletal and cardiac muscle. Which of the following findings is/are NOT true about similarities and/or differences between cardiac and skeletal muscle? select the single best answer

the reason that additional voltage fails to cause a stronger response in cardiac muscle is because cardiac muscle cells have a long refractory period

The following figure was taken from a part of one of our length tension experiment. Which of the following statements is most likely true?

these two twitches were likely recorded at relatively short muscle lengths the change in baseline tension when the muscle was stretched was likely related to stretching of elastin and titin the change in passive tension when the muscle was stretched was likely due to the elastic componenets of the muscle

Which of the following is/are NOT true about baroreceptors? they are a type of phasic receptor they become reset to a higher pressure in hypertension their firing rate is related to both the mean pressure and rate of change in pressure they are located in the aorta and carotid arteries they send information to the medulla oblongata three of the above are NOT true

they are a type of phasic receptor

One of your patients has hypertension and you usually determine that their blood pressure is around 154/90. However, one of your interns usually determines that they have a blood pressure of around 128/90. What might they be doing wrong to get this answer?

they might not be pumping the pressure in the cuff high enough to be able to observe the first Korotkoff sound

Which of the following is/are NOT true about type AB blood?

they would have both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in their plasma they can donate blood to types A, B, O, and AB recipients

The neurotransmitter released by parasympatheteic postganglionic nerve fibers at the ventricles is ___________________.

this branch of the autonomic nervous system does not innervate this part of the heart

Several of the experiments we did in the cardiac lab are similar to experiments we did in the frog skeletal muscle lab. These experiments help to illustrate differences between skeletal and cardiac muscle. The following figure depicts the last experiment we did with the frog heart, which entailed stimulating it. We did a very similar experiment with skeletal muscle. Which of the following findings is/are NOT true about similarities and/or differences between cardiac and skeletal muscle for this experiment? select the single best answer

this experiment involved stimulating the frog heart with progressively increasing frequencies

The following figure is a screen capture from one of our frog muscle experiments. Which of the following is/are likely true?

this experiment simulated multiple motor unit summation this experiment was likely performed by increasing the voltage the active tension for the highlighted twitch is approximately 13.2 grams the simmilar force production for the last three twitches is likely due to the fact that all motor units are being stimulated

following figure is a screen capture from one of our frog muscle experiments. Which of the following is/are likely true

this experiment simulated twitch summation

An increase in the hormone _________________ would increase the number of ____________________ (cells from which platelets are derived. Note: platelets are also called thrombocytes)

thrombopoiten, megakaryocytes

Which of the following proteins are part of the thin filaments? Select all that apply

troponin actin tropomyosin

twitch summation first occurred at 4pps

On the following figure, what part of the cardiac cycle is highlighted?

ventricular diastole

Put the following events of ventricular diastole in order (Note: some events are not presented here)

ventricular muscle cells begin to repolarize pressure in ventricles falls below pressure in the aorta second heart sound occurs pressure in ventricles falls below pressure in the atria ventricles begin to fill passively active filling of ventricles

Put the following events of ventricular systole in order (Note: some events are not presented here)

ventricular muscle cells depolarize calcium enters cardiac muscle cell cytoplasm through dihydropyridine receptors calcium enters cardiac muscle cell cytoplasm through ryanodine receptors pressure in ventricles becomes higher than pressure in the atria first heart sound occurs pressure in ventricles becomes higher than pressure in the aorta

On the following figure, what part of the cardiac cycle is highlighted?

ventricular systole

What is this subject's hematocrit? (note: numbers are in mm with each thin line 3 mm apart)

(Top of Red)/(Top of Blood) x .96 x 100

The following figure is from our frog skeletal muscle lab. What is the approximate duration of the latent period in seconds? (no units required, you may need to use information on the X and/or Y axis to come up with your answer).

.02

0.0133

0.015

0.02

The following figure is from our frog skeletal muscle lab. Which of the following would be the best estimate for the duration of the contraction time for this twitch? (no units required, you may need to use information on the X and/or Y axis to come up with your answer).

0.065 seconds

On this screen capture, what is this frog's ventricular contractility? (no units required, somtimes it will be necessary to use information on the X or Y axis and perform simple calculations to answer these questions)4

0.33

0.5

0.67

Put the following events related to skeletal muscle contraction in order. Note: some events have been skipped and all events are after acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction

1- action potential spreads down sarcolemma 2- activation of dihydophyridine receptors 3- Ca2+ released from lateral sacs of sarcoplasmic reticulum 4- tropomyosin slides over, uncovering myosin binding sites on actin 5- "power stroke" of myosin head as myosin head swivels and produces force as Pi and then ADP are released 6- ATP binds myosin head causing myosin to dissociate from actin

Changing from supine to standing causes a specific sequence of cardiovascular events. This question is related to the mechanism by which your cardiovascular system adjusts after the initial change in blood pressure. Please put the following events in order

1- baroreceptors detect change in blood pressure 2- signals are sent to the medulla oblongata 3- increase in sympathetic nervous system activity 4- increase in heart rate and widespread vasoconstriction 5- increase in cardiac output and total peripheral resistance 6- increase in blood pressure

Changing from supine to standing causes a specific sequence of cardiovascular events. This question is related to the mechanism that causes the initial change in blood pressure. Please put the following events in order

1- blood pools in lower extremities 2- venous return decreases 3- end diastolic volume decreases 4- cardiac output decreases 5- stroke volume decreases 6- blood pressure decreases

put the following events related to skeletal muscle contraction in order

1- end plate potential 2- activation of dihydropyridine receptors 3- Ca2+ binds troponin 4- myosin binds with actin ("coupling") 5- ATP binds myosin head 6- myosin dissociates from thin filament

During the diving reflex, what causes the changes in heart rate and blood pressure. Please put the following events in order:

1- signals are sent to the medulla oblongata 2- increase in sympathetic nervous system activity 3- widespread vasoconstriction 4- increase in total peripheral resistance 5- increase in blood pressure not part- increase in cardiac output

Put the following events related to hemostasis in order ultimately ending in formation of a clot (the last answer.... note: not all steps are presented)

1- vascular spasm 2- platelet plug 3- activation of factor X 4- activation of prothrombin to its active form 5- formation of a clot

Put the following events of ventricular diastole in order (Note: some events are not presented here)

1- ventricular muscle cells begin to replorarize 2- pressure in ventricles fall below pressure in the aorta 3- second heat sound occur 4- pressure in ventricles fall below pressure in atria 5- ventricles begin to fill passively 6- active filling of ventricles

put the following events of ventricular systole in order

1- ventricular muscle cells depolarize 2- calcium enters cardiac muscle cells cytoplasm through dihydrophine receptors 3- calcium enters cardiac muscle cell cytoplasm through ryanodine receptors 4- Pressur ein ventricles becomes higher than pressure in the atria 5- first heart sound occurs 6- pressure in ventricles become higher than pressure in the aorta

The picture below depicts your subject's blood typing tray. Cells clumped together in the gray shaded cells. Which of the following is/are true about your subject's blood? select all that apply A AND RH

1. Their blood cells have Rh antigens on them 2. This subject has blood type A+ 8. Their blood cells have A antigens on them

During the diving reflex, what causes the changes in heart rate and blood pressure. Please put the following events in order:

1. facial cooling and apnea 2. signals are send to medulla oblongata 3. increase in parasympathetic nervous system 4. decrease in heart rate 5. decrease in heart's oxygen demand 5. increase in blood pressure

put the following events of ventricular systole in order

1. ventricular muscle cells depolarize 2. calcium enters cardiac muscle cell cytoplasm through dihydropyridine receptors 3. calcium enters cardiac muscle cells cytoplasm through ryanodine receptors 4. pressure in ventricles becomes higher than pressure in the atria 5. pressure in ventricles becomes higher than pressure in the aorta 6. ventricles begin to eject blood

What is the approximate duration of atrial systole on the screen capture below? (no units required, sometimes you will need to use information from the X and Y axis to determine your answer)

1.08

What is the approximate duration of ventricular systole on the screen capture below? (no units required, sometimes you will need to use information from the X and Y axis to determine your answer)

1.9

What is the approximate duration of atrial diastole on the screen capture below? (no units required, sometimes you will need to use information from the X and Y axis to determine your answer)

1.98

Your subject's heart is beating once every 0.75 seconds. Their heart is pumping out 4.8 liters of blood from the heart every minute. After every beat of the heart, there is still 40 milliliters of blood left in the ventricle. The minimum pressure recorded during diastole is 77 millimeters of mercury and every time blood is ejected the pressure increases by 51 millimeters fo mercury from this point. What is this subject's rate pressure product? (no units required)

10,240

In our length tension experiment if we had an intial tension of 3.0 grams and then stretched the muscle by 3 mm and recorded a new baseline tension of 13.0 grams and an active tension of 9.6 grams, what would be the passive tension by stretching the muscle this distance? (no units required, calculate to the closest tenth).

10.0

In our length tension experiment if we had an intial tension of 2.0 grams and then stretched the muscle by 4 mm and recorded a new baseline tension of 12.1 grams and an active tension of 13.2 grams, what would be the passive tension by stretching the muscle this distance? (no units required, calculate to the closest tenth).

10.1

What is your subject's stroke volume (in ml, not L) if their heart rate is 61, their end diastolic volume is 139, and their cardiac output is 6.1

100

The following figure is from our frog skeletal muscle lab. What of the following would be the best estimate of the relaxation time for this twitch? (no units required, you may need to use information on the X and/or Y axis to come up with your answer).

100 milliseconds

your subject has a cardiac output of 12, a heart rate of 116 and a blood pressure of 167/80. What is their stroke volume in ml?

103.5 ± 2

You collected the following data from your subject cardiac output is 4.9 L/min , their heart rate is 75 bpm, their blood pressure is 137/89. What is their mean arterial pressure? (no units required)

105

Your subject has a cardiac output of 12.3, a heart rate of 117, and a blood pressure of 167/72. What is their stroke volume in ml? (no units required, use ml, not L)

105.1 ± 2

Your subject has a cardiac output of 13.3, a heart rate of 126, and a blood pressure of 168/97. What is their stroke volume in ml? (no units required, use ml, not L)

105.6

if your muscle is 2.1 cm long and 0.5 cm wide, how many sarcomeres are there in series down the length of this muscle? (no units required)

10500

What is your subject's stroke volume (in ml, not L) if their heart rate is 55, their end diastolic volume is 163, and their cardiac output is 5.9

107

Your subject has a cardiac output of 12.5, a heart rate of 137, and a blood pressure of 154/84. What is their mean arterial pressure? (no units required)

107.3 ± 2

Your subject has a cardiac output of 13.2, a heart rate of 121, and a blood pressure of 143/73. What is their stroke volume in ml? (no units required, use ml, not L)

109.1 ± 2

if your muscle is 2.2 cm long and 0.6 cm wide, how many sarcomeres are there in series down the length of this muscle? (no units required)

11,000

Your subject has a cardiac output of 12.3, a heart rate of 111, and a blood pressure of 178/99. What is their stroke volume in ml? (no units required, use ml, not L)

110.8

Your subject has a cardiac output of 13.0, a heart rate of 116, and a blood pressure of 166/81. What is their stroke volume in ml? (no units required, use ml, not L)

112.1

You are taking a subject's blood pressure by the auscultatory method. When you have worked with this patient before, their blood pressure is usually around 118/74. You pump the cuff up until the pressure is 138 mmHg. You then release the pressure from the cuff, while listening for changes in sound as the pressure in the cuff gradually becomes lower. The needle on the sphygmomanometer is moving down and is at 113 mmHg when you hear a relatively loud sound, then it becomes a little softer at around 105, then a little louder again around 93, becomes muffled around 80, and then disappears at 70 mmHg. Based on this information what is their systolic blood pressure?

113

Your subject's heart is beating once every 1.00 seconds. Their heart is pumping out 6.9 liters of blood from the heart every minute. After every beat of the heart, there is still 63 milliliters of blood left in the ventricle. The minimum pressure recorded during diastole is 89 millimeters of mercury and every time blood is ejected the pressure increases by 28 millimeters fo mercury from this point. What is this subject's stroke volume in ml (not L)? (no units required)

115

Your subject has a cardiac output of 14.3, a heart rate of 132, and a blood pressure of 170/93. What is their mean arterial pressure? (no units required)

118.7 ± 2

For a subject with healthy blood pressure (neither hypo- or hypertension), M on this figure would be approximately:

120

For a subject with healthy blood pressure (neither hypo- or hypertension), R on this figure would be approximately:

120

What is a typical value for systolic blood pressure in a healthy adult human?

120

if your muscle is 1.7 cm long and 0.6 cm wide, how many fibers are there across the diameter of this muscle? (no units required)

120

Based on current (after 2017) guidelines a systolic blood pressure of __________ mmHg would be classified as elevated (more than one acceptable answer)

125 (120-130)

The following figure is from our frog skeletal muscle lab. What is the approximate duration of the latent period in milliseconds? (no units required, you may need to use information on the X and/or Y axis to come up with your answer).

13.33

Based on current (after 2017) guidelines hypertension could be diagnosed based on a systolic blood pressure __________ mmHg

130

Based on pre-2017 guidelines a systolic blood pressure of __________ mmHg would be classified as pre-hypertensive (more than one acceptable answer)

130

Current guidelines in the United States use an SBP cutoff value of greater than or equal to ____________ to diagnose hypertension. (no units required)

130

On this figure the mitral valve is laBased on pre-2017 guidelines a systolic blood pressure of __________ mmHg would be classified as pre-hypertensive (more than one acceptable answer)

130

Based on pre-2017 guidelines a systolic blood pressure of __________ mmHg would be classified as pre-hypertensive (more than one acceptable answer)

130 (120-140)

You are taking a subject's blood pressure by the auscultatory method. When you have worked with this patient before, their blood pressure is usually around 111/72 with a heart rate of 65. How high should you pump up the pressure in the cuff before you begin taking their BP?

136

Which of the following is closest to the average hemoglobin concentration for a healthy adult male?

14.9 G/DL

Based on pre-2017 guidelines hypertension could be diagnosed based on a systolic blood pressure __________ mmHg

140

if your muscle is 2.5 cm long and 0.8 cm wide, how many fibers are there across the diameter of this muscle? (no units required)

160

Your subject's heart rate is 63 bpm, their stroke volume is 61 ml/bt, their mean arterial pressure is 91 mmHg, their pulse pressure is 33 mmHg, the distance from their heart to the top of their head is 44 cm, and the distance from their heart to the bottom of their feet is 112 cm. What is the pressure at the bottom of their feet? (no units required)

177.2

Your subject's heart rate is 78 bpm, their stroke volume is 84 ml/bt, their mean arterial pressure is 86 mmHg, their pulse pressure is 39 mmHg, the distance from their heart to the top of their head is 51 cm, and the distance from their heart to the bottom of their feet is 119 cm. What is the pressure at the bottom of their feet? (no units required)

177.6

On this screen capture, what is this frog's heart rate? (no units required, somtimes it will be necessary to use information on the X or Y axis and perform simple calculations to answer these questions)

180 milliseconds

In our length tension experiment if we had a new baseline tension of 7, a passive tension of 13.9 grams aand an active tension of 5.9 grams, what would be the total tension at this length? (no units required, calculate to the closest tenth).

19.8

Put the following events related to skeletal muscle Which heart sound is associated with closing of the AV valves?

1st

In our frog heart lab we observed, or attempted to observe normal rhtyhm as well as several types of arrhythmias. What is the best description for this frog's heart rhythm?

1st degree AV block

Which heart sound is heard right at the beginning of ventricular systole?

1st heart sound

What is the approximate duration of atrial diastole on the screen capture below? (no units required, sometimes you will need to use information from the X and Y axis to determine your answer)

Possible erythrocyte count in an adult male with anemia due to malaria

2.3 million/mm3

Possible red blood cell count in an adult female with renal anemia

2.3 million/mm3

Possible red blood cell count in an adult male with pernicious anemia

2.3 million/mm3

When you are using the auscultatory method for determining blood pressure, how high do y ou pump up the pressure in the cuff?

20-30 mmHg above the expected systolic blood pressure

What is this subject's arterial oxygen content? You obtained the following data from your subject: (no units required) Variable Value SaO2% 97 % Hct 43.2 % Hb 16.0 g/dL RBC count 4.6 million/mm3 WBC count 8,200/mm3 Platelet count 282,000/mm3 body mass 164 lbs

21.6 Hb x 1.39 x SaO2 Hb x 1.39 = OCC

The following figure is from our frog skeletal muscle lab. What is the approximate duration of the relaxation time in milliseconds? (no units required, you may need to use information on the X and/or Y axis to come up with your answer).

225

Possible hematocrit in an adult female with aplastic anemia

23%

Possible hematocrit in an adult female with long term dietary folic acid deficiency

23%

Possible hematocrit in an adult female with renal anemia

23%

Possible hematocrit in an adult male with hemolytic anemia

23%

Possible hematocrit in an adult male with reduced erythropoiten secretion due to renal failure

23%

Possible hematocrit in an adult male with sickle cell disease

23%

possible hematocrit in an adult female with aplastic anemia?

23%

The following figure is from our frog skeletal muscle lab. What is the approximate active tension createdc during this twitch? (no units required, you may need to use information on the X and/or Y axis to come up with your answer).

26 grams

Which of the following is closest to a healthy platelet count for a healthy adult male?

270,000/mm3

Which of the following is closest to a healthy thrombocyte count for a healthy adult female?

270,000/mm3

which of the following is closest to a healthy thrombocyte count for a healthy adult male?

270,000/mm3

Which heart sound is associated with closing of the semilunar valves?

2nd

In our frog heart lab we observed, or attempted to observe normal rhtyhm as well as several types of arrhythmias. What is the best description for this frog's heart rhythm?

2nd degree AV block

3. Their blood cells have A antigens on them 4. This subject has blood type AB- 11. Their blood cells have B antigens on them

3. This subject has blood type A- 4. Their blood cells have A antigens on them

What is this subject's mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration? You obtained the following data from your subject: (no units required) Variable Value SaO2% 98 % Hct 40.8 % Hb 12.6 g/dL RBC count 4.6 million/mm3 WBC count 8,200/mm3 Platelet count 282,000/mm3 body mass 186 lbs

30.9 = Hb/Hct

MCHC in a adult male

32.5 g/dl

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration in a healthy adult female

32.5 g/dl

if your patient's blood pressure were 106/70, then their pulse pressure would be _________ and their mean arterial pressure would be _____________

36, 82

if your patient's blood pressure were 106/70, then their pulse pressure would be___ and their mean arterial blood pressure would be____

36, 82

Which heart sound is heard shortly after the AV valves open?

3RD HEART SOUND

what is a typical value for cardiac output in a healthy adult human (in L)?

4-6

Which of the following is closest to a healthy erythrocyte count for a healthy adult female?

4.4 million/mm3

The following figure is from our frog skeletal muscle lab. Approximately how many grams of active tension were created by twitch B? (no units required, you may need to use information on the X and/or Y axis to come up with your answer).

4.5

The following figure is from our frog skeletal muscle lab. Approximately how many grams of active tension were produced during this twitch? (no units required, you may need to use information on the X and/or Y axis to come up with your answer).

42 grams

Which of the following is closest to the average hematocrit for a healthy adult male?

46.5%

In our length tension experiment if we had a new baseline tension of 10, a passive tension of 25.6 grams aand an active tension of 23.9 grams, what would be the total tension at this length? (no units required, calculate to the closest tenth).

49.5

What is your subject's ejection fraction, if your subject's heart rate is 89 and they have an end systolic volume of 64 and an end diastolic volume of 127? (no units required)

49.6 ± 1%

Which heart sound is heard near the end of ventricular diastole (but before the ventricles contract)?

4th

Which of the following values would likely be the cardiac output from a healthy, resting, adult human?

5 L/min

What is your subject's cardiac output (use L not ml), if your subject's heart rate is 60 and they have an end systolic volume of 48 and an end diastolic volume of 137? (no units required)

5.3 ± 1%

What is your subject's cardiac output (use L not ml), if your subject's heart rate is 75 and they have an end systolic volume of 61 and an end diastolic volume of 134? (no units required)

5.5

Which of the following is closest to a healthy erythrocyte count for a healthy adult male?

5.6 million/mm3

Which of the following is closest to a healthy red blood cell count for a healthy adult male?

5.6 million/mm3

Your subject's heart rate is 63 bpm, their stroke volume is 61 ml/bt, their mean arterial pressure is 90 mmHg, their pulse pressure is 43 mmHg, the distance from their heart to the top of their head is 50 cm, and the distance from their heart to the bottom of their feet is 117 cm. What is the pressure at the top of their head? (no units required)

51.5

What is your subject's ejection fraction, if your subject's heart rate is 78 and they have an end systolic volume of 57 and an end diastolic volume of 137? (no units required)

58.4 ± 1%

What is a typical value for stroke volume in a healthy adult human (in mL)?

59-91

What is your subject's ejection fraction, if your subject's heart rate is 79 and they have an end systolic volume of 54 and an end diastolic volume of 133? (no units required)

59.4 ± 1%

In our length tension experiment if we had an intial tension of 3.1 grams and then stretched the muscle by 3 mm and recorded a new baseline tension of 9.3 grams and an active tension of 12.9 grams, what would be the passive tension by stretching the muscle this distance? (no units required, calculate to the closest tenth).

6.2

The following figure is from our frog skeletal muscle lab. Approximately how many grams of passive tension were created by stretching the muscle by 1mm? (no units required, you may need to use information on the X and/or Y axis to come up with your answer).

6.4

A diastolic blood pressure of __________ mmHg would be suggestive of hypotension

What is your subject's ejection fraction, if your subject's heart rate is 73 and they have an end systolic volume of 59 and an end diastolic volume of 151? (no units required)

60.9 ± 1%

The following figure is from our frog skeletal muscle lab. What is the approximate duration of the contraction time for this twitch? (no units required, you may need to use information on the X and/or Y axis to come up with your answer).

67 milliseconds

If your subject's end systolic volume was 50ml and their end diastolic volume was 150ml, then their ejection fraction would approximately:

67%

if your subject's end systolic volume was 50ml and their end diastolic volume was 150ml, then their ejection fraction would approx:

67%

What is your subject's ejection fraction, if your subject's heart rate is 76 and they have an end systolic volume of 48 and an end diastolic volume of 146? (no units required)

67.1

Possible hematocrit in an adult female who has a kidney tumor that causes an increase in erythropoiten secretion

68%

Possible hematocrit in an adult female with primary polycythemia

68%

Possible hematocrit in an adult female with secondary polycythemia

68%

Possible hematocrit in an adult male who is has been monitoring climbers at Mt. Everest base camp (17,600 feet) for six weeks

68%

Possible hematocrit in an adult male who is very dehydrated

68%

Possible hematocrit in an adult male with relative polycythemia

68%

Possible hematocrit of a patient with severe obstuctive pulmonary disease whose SaO2% (even with supplemental O2) is usually around 92% the last six months

68%

neutrophils are usually close to this percent of our leukocytes

68%

possible hematocrit in an adult male who has been monitoring climbers at Mt. Everset base camp (17,600 feet) for six weeks

68%

You are taking a subject's blood pressure by the auscultatory method. When you have worked with this patient before, their blood pressure is usually around 118/74. You pump the cuff up until the pressure is 145 mmHg. You then release the pressure from the cuff, while listening for changes in sound as the pressure in the cuff gradually becomes lower. The needle on the sphygmomanometer is moving down and is at 126 mmHg when you hear a relatively loud sound, then it becomes a little softer at around 102, then a little louder again around 90, becomes muffled around 83, and then disappears at 69 mmHg. Based on this information what is their diastolic blood pressure?

Which of the following is closest to a healthy white blood cell count for a healthy adult male?

7,000/mm3

which of the following is closest to a healthy white blood cell count for a healthy adult male?

7,000/mm3

Your subject's cardiac output is 5.8 L/min , their heart rate is 62 bpm, and their blood pressure is 124/85. Estimate their heart's oxygen demand? (no units required)

7,688

7. Their blood cells have B antigens on them 11. This subject has blood type B-

What is your subject's cardiac output (use L not ml), if your subject's heart rate is 78 and they have an end systolic volume of 62 and an end diastolic volume of 155? (no units required)

7.3 ± 1%

Possible red blood cell count in an adult male with primary polycythemia

7.4 million/mm3

What is your subject's cardiac output (use L not ml), if your subject's heart rate is 69 and they have an end systolic volume of 45 and an end diastolic volume of 156? (no units required)

7.7

What is your subject's cardiac output (use L not ml), if your subject's heart rate is 95 and they have an end systolic volume of 60 and an end diastolic volume of 141? (no units required)

7.7 ± 2%

What is your subject's stroke volume (in ml, not L) if their heart rate is 88, their end diastolic volume is 149, and their cardiac output is 6.3

What is your subject's stroke volume (in ml, not L) if their heart rate is 80, their end diastolic volume is 137, and their cardiac output is 5.8

The following figure is from our frog skeletal muscle lab. Approximately how long is the contraction time? (no units required, you may need to use information on the X and/or Y axis to come up with your answer).

73.33

Your subject's heart is beating once every 0.86 seconds. Their heart is pumping out 6.3 liters of blood from the heart every minute. After every beat of the heart, there is still 51 milliliters of blood left in the ventricle. The minimum pressure recorded during diastole is 59 millimeters of mercury and every time blood is ejected the pressure increases by 45 millimeters fo mercury from this point. What is this subject's mean arterial pressure? (no units required)

What is a typical value for stroke volume in a healthy adult human (in mL)?

If your subject's end systolic volume was 50 ml and their end diastolic volume was 200 ml, then their ejection fraction would approximately:

75%

Your subject's cardiac output is 5.6 L/min, their RRinterval is 0.81 seconds long, and their blood pressure is 114/58. What is their stroke volume (use ml, not L)? (no units required)

75.6

The following figure is from our frog skeletal muscle lab. Approximately how many grams of baseline tension do you see on this figure? (no units required, you may need to use information on the X and/or Y axis to come up with your answer).

The following figure is from our frog skeletal muscle lab. Approximately what is the active tension created during the twitch on this figure? (no units required, you may need to use information on the X and/or Y axis to come up with your answer).

8.57

hemoglobin concentraiton in an adult female whose stomach no longer makes intrinsic factor

8.7 g/dl

hemoglobin concentraiton in an adult female with iron deficiency anemia due to a natural disaster-related famine in her country

8.7 g/dl

hemoglobin concentraiton in an adult male who cannot absorb vitamin B12

8.7 g/dl

Based on current (after 2017) guidelines hypertension could be diagnosed based on a diastolic blood pressure __________ mmHg

What is a typical value for diastolic blood pressure in a healthy adult human?

what is a typical value for diastolic blood pressure in a healthy adult human?

What is your subject's stroke volume (in ml, not L) if their heart rate is 71, their end diastolic volume is 142, and their cardiac output is 6

85 ± 1%

A systolic blood pressure of __________ mmHg increases the possibility of the subject experiencing syncope

85-95

if your muscle is 1.7 cm long and 0.4 cm wide, how many sarcomeres are there in series down the length of this muscle? (no units required)

8500

Your subject's heart is beating once every 0.84 seconds. Their heart is pumping out 6.5 liters of blood from the heart every minute. After every beat of the heart, there is still 54 milliliters of blood left in the ventricle. The minimum pressure recorded during diastole is 76 millimeters of mercury and every time blood is ejected the pressure increases by 31 millimeters fo mercury from this point. What is this subject's mean arterial pressure? (no units required)

86.3

What is a typical value for mean arterial pressure in a healthy adult human?

86.6-100

what's the typical mean arterial pressure in a healthy adult human?

86.6-100

In our length tension experiment if we had an intial tension of 1.4 grams and then stretched the muscle by 2 mm and recorded a new baseline tension of 10.9 grams and an active tension of 11.5 grams, what would be the passive tension by stretching the muscle this distance? (no units required, calculate to the closest tenth).

9.5

A systolic blood pressure of __________ mmHg would be suggestive of hypotension

Based on pre-2017 guidelines hypertension could be diagnosed based on a diastolic blood pressure __________ mmHg

Your subject has a cardiac output of 12.0, a heart rate of 129, and a blood pressure of 161/85. What is their stroke volume in ml? (no units required, use ml, not L)

93.0

Your subject's heart is beating once every 0.89 seconds. Their heart is pumping out 6.4 liters of blood from the heart every minute. After every beat of the heart, there is still 48 milliliters of blood left in the ventricle. The minimum pressure recorded during diastole is 64 millimeters of mercury and every time blood is ejected the pressure increases by 48 millimeters fo mercury from this point. What is this subject's stroke volume in ml (not L)? (no units required)

94.9

What is your subject's stroke volume (in ml, not L) if their heart rate is 60, their end diastolic volume is 141, and their cardiac output is 5.8

97 ± 1%

Sinus Bradycardia

<60 bpm

Sinus Tachycardia

>100 bpm

Which of the following antigens would be found in blood type A-

which of the following antigens would be found in blood type A-

Which of the following antigens would be found in blood type AB-

A B

Which of the following antigens would be found in blood type AB+

A Rh B

In the ABO and Rh antigenic systems, a blood type that could only have anti-B antibodies

A+

which of the following blood types can O- donate to?

A+ B+ O- A- O+ AB- AB+ B-

Which of the following blood types can type O+ donate to?

A+ O+ AB+ B+

which of the following blood types can A+ receive blood from?

A+ O+ O- A-

In the ABO and Rh antigenic systems, a blood type that could only have anti-B and anti-Rh antibodies

A-

In the ABO and Rh antigenic systems, a blood type that would only have A antigens

A-

Which of the following blood types can type AB- receive blood from?

A- B- AB- O-

Which of the following blood types can type AB+ receive blood from?

A- B- O- O+ AB- A+ AB+ B+

Which of the following blood types can type A- receive blood from?

A- O-

Match the immage labels with the appropriate terms: (sarcromere)

A- Z line B- width of myofibril C- A band E- length of sarcomere G- Triad

Match the cell types in this image with the most appropriate description:

A. Monocyte; enter tissues and become macrophages B. Lymphocyte; some of these can differentiate and make antibodies C. erythrocyte; filled with hemoglobin, carries a lot of oxygen

A blood type that would not have any antibodies in the ABO and Rh antigenic systems

AB+

In the ABO and Rh antigenic systems, a blood type that would have A antigens, B antigens, and Rh antigens

AB+

Which of the following blood types can type A+ donate to?

AB+ A+

which of the following blood types can type B+ donate to?

AB+ B+

In the ABO and Rh antigenic systems, a blood type that would only have A antigens and B antigens

AB-

Which of the following blood types can type A- donate to?

AB- A- AB+ A+

Which of the following blood types can type AB- donate to?

AB- AB+

Which of the following blood types can type AB+ receive blood from?

ALL

Which of the following is/are true of myocardial ischemia it can be caused by a decrease in oxygen delivery to the myocardium it can be caused by a failure to increase oxygen delivery to the heart when there is a high myocardial oxygen demand the classic symptom of myocardial ischemia is angina pectoris all of the above

ALL OF THE ABOVE

ventricular fibrillation

Abnormal conduction pathway No discemable P-waves No discernable QRS complexes Bag of worms Is really bad Doesnt look like a normal EKG at all

atrial fibrillation

Abnormal conduction pathway No discernable P-waves Bag of worms RR interval is variable fluttering

Atrial Flutter

Abnormal conduction pathway P-waves occur 304 times per QRS complex RR interval is constant from beat to beat

Muscle contraction requires a lot of energy and breaks down a lot of ATP. We also have multiple mechanisms to generate ATP to meet these energy demands. Which of the following is/are NOT true about ATP consumption in active skeletal muscle?

After Myosin ATPase, the next biggest consumer of ATP during aerobic muscular exercise is the mitochondria

Which of the following is/are NOT an event that takes place during muscle development? a. Myoblasts proliferate b. Myonuclei migrate to just below the sarcolemma as the myotube turns to a muscle fiber c. All of the above ARE events during muscle development d. As a myotube myonuclei are centrally located e. Myoblasts fuse and form a myotube

All of the above ARE events during muscle development

Muscle contraction requires a lot of energy and we break down a great deal of ATP. We also have multiple mechanisms to generate ATP to meet these energy demands. Which of the following is/are NOT true about ATP production in active skeletal muscle? Aerobic/oxidative energy systems have the greatest total capacity for generating ATP Aerobic/oxidative energy systems cannot make ATP as quickly as our other energy systems The ATP-PCr system is our fastest means of producing ATP The ATP-PCr system can only generate ATP at high rates for 5-10 seconds in most subjects All of the above ARE true

All of the above ARE true

Which of the following statements is/are NOT true regarding this figure? Phase U would be associated with ejection of blood from the ventricle Phase P would be associated with filling of the ventricle The stroke volume would be 60ml The ejection fraction would be over 50% All of the above ARE true Two of the above

All of the above ARE true

which of the following is/are NOT true about clotting? Active factor X activates prothrombin to thrombin thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin a clot is made up of a fibrin network a clot is when antibodies in the plasma bind with antigens on the cells and causes them to clump together All of the above ARE true two of the above are NOT true about clotting

All of the above ARE true

Which of the following is/are true about smooth muscle contraction: Unlike skeletal muscle, most of the Ca2+ signaling contraction comes from the ECF Phosphorylation of myosin light chains is a critical step in signaling smooth muscle contraction When calcium enters the cytoplasm it binds with Calmodulin, and these, in turn activate myosin light chain kinase All of the above are true Only two of the above are true

All of the above are true

Which of the following is/are NOT true about polycythemia? it is associated with red blood cell counts above the normal range in polycythemia, hematocrit values may be as high as 70% in relative polycythemia, the increase in red blood cell counts is associated with a loss of body fluid; such as when dehydrated primary polycythemia may occur as a result of bone marrow tumors All of these answers ARE true

All of these answers ARE true

Which of the following is/are NOT true about muscle spindle function?

Alpha-gamma coactivation is a process whereby extrafusal and intrafusal fibers contract at nearly the same time, which allows the spindles to always be sensitive to stretch. If a muscle spindle in the hamstrings was stimulated it would tend to cause hamstring muscle contraction If a muscle spindle in the hamstrings was stimulated it would tend to cause quadriceps muscles to relax They are a type of proprioreceptor that sends information to the central nervous system about the length of the muscle ARE TRUE

At what time point on this figure would the QRS complex occur?

At time point V

At what time point on this figure would the second heart sound occur?

At time point X

Which of the following drugs could be used to block the effects of epinephrine on the SA Node?

Atenolol, a type of beta1-antagonist (blocker)

Which of the following drugs could be used to block the effects of norepinephrine on the ventricles?

Atenolol, a type of beta1-antagonist (blocker)

Which of the following drugs could be used to block the effects of acetylcholine on the SA Node?

Atropine

Which of the following antigens would be found in blood type B-

In the ABO and Rh antigenic systems, a blood type that could only have anti-A antibodies

B+

In the ABO and Rh antigenic systems, a blood type that would only have B antigens and Rh antigens

B+

blood type of an optomist?

B+

in the ABO and Rh antigenic systems, a blood type that could only have anti-A antibodies

B+

in the ABO and Rh antigenic systems, a blood type that would only have B antigens and Rh antigens

B+

Which of the following blood types can type B- donate to?

B+ AB+ AB- B-

In the ABO and Rh antigenic systems, a blood type that could only have anti-A and anti-Rh antibodies

B-

In the ABO and Rh systems, a blood type that would only lack A antigens and Rh antigens

B-

If your patient' s blood pressure was 132/78, which of the following is/are true

Based on new guidelines they have hypertension

The sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitter that acts on the heart binds with ______________________________ in the SA Node

Beta-1-adrenergic receptors

The sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitter that acts on the heart binds with ______________________________ in the ventricles

Beta-1-adrenergic receptors

1st degree AV block

Conduction system block PR interval is >.2 sex long

which of the following are true about blood clots and heart attacks

a clot associated with the blood vessel wall is called a thrombus a free-floating clot is called a embolus the process by which a clot becomes free-floating and gets lodged in a blood vessel is called thromboembolism all of the above

Muscle architecture influences muscle performance. Which of the following is/are NOT true about how the arrangement of muscle fibers influences force production pennate arrangements tend to increase physiological cross sectional area (PSCA) fusiform arrangements are associated with long fibers, this arrangement is beneficial for velocity & range of motion a muscle with greater physiological cross-sectional area would be stronger than a muscle with smaller PCSA a muscle with longer fibers would be stronger than a muscle with shorter fibers three of the above

a muscle with longer fibers would be stronger than a muscle with shorter fibers

If the parasympathetic nervous system is acting on the heart, we would expect to observe which of the following?

a negative chronotropic effect

Which of the following is/are true about the ventricular ejection period? a. The T wave would start somewhere during this period b. the pressure in the atria is higher than the pressure in the vetricles c. the volume of blood in the ventricle is increasing d. the volume of blood in the ventricle is constant e. the volume of blood in the ventricle is decreasing f. the semilunar valves are closed g. the AV valves are closed h. the pressure in the aorta initially increases i. the AV valves are open j. the semilunar valves are open

a. The T wave would start somewhere during this period e. the volume of blood in the ventricle is decreasing g. the AV valves are closed h. the pressure in the aorta initially increases j. the semilunar valves are open

If the parasympathetic nervous system is acting on the heart, we would expect to observe which of the following?

a. a decrease in heart rate b. an increase in AV nodal delay

If your subject goes up to a high altitude for several weeks, which of the following are likely to occur? Select all that apply (Answer is correct only if all correct answers are selected and no incorrect answers are selected) a. an increase in hematocrit b. an increase in erythropoieten acting on bone marrow cells c. secondary polycythemia d. a decrease in resistance to blood flow e. the kidneys increase secretion of a hormone

a. an increase in hematocrit b. an increase in erythropoieten acting on bone marrow cells c. secondary polycythemia e. the kidneys increase secretion of a hormone

a. an increase in hematocrit b. secondary polycythemia c. an increase in erythropoieten acting on bone marrow cells e. the kidneys increase secretion of a hormone

Which of the following would be expected to have a positive chronotropic effect?

a. applying warm Ringer's solution to the heart b. applying epinephrine to the heart

Which of the following could cause anemia? Select all that apply a. dietary defficiency of folic acid b. lack of intrinsic factor secretion by the stomach c. dehydration d. going to a high altitude e. dietary deficiency of iron

a. dietary defficiency of folic acid b. lack of intrinsic factor secretion by the stomach e. dietary deficiency of iron

Which of the following could cause anemia? Select all that apply (Answer is correct only if all correct answers are selected and no incorrect answers are selected) a. dietary deficiency of iron b. dietary defficiency of folic acid c. going to a high altitude d. lack of intrinsic factor secretion by the stomach e. dehydration

a. dietary deficiency of iron b. dietary defficiency of folic acid d. lack of intrinsic factor secretion by the stomach

Which of the following could cause anemia? Select all that apply a. dietary deficiency of iron b. dehydration c. going to a high altitude d. lack of intrinsic factor secretion by the stomach e. dietary defficiency of folic acid

a. dietary deficiency of iron d. lack of intrinsic factor secretion by the stomach e. dietary defficiency of folic acid

Which of the following is/are true about the period of isovolumetric ventricular contraction?

a. it begins when the first heart sound occurs b. the volume of blood in the ventricle is constant c. the pressure in the ventricle is increasing f. the AV valves are closed g. the semilunar valves are closed

Which of the following is/are NOT true about the A band?

a. it is approximately 1.6 μm ; the length of the thick filament b. the M line is in the middle zone of the A band c. the thick and thin filaments overlap for a portion of the A band d. All of these answers ARE true e. In humans, the triads are near the ends of the A band where they meet the I band

Which of the following would be expected to have a negative chronotropic effect?

a. applying atenolol (a beta-1-adrenergic receptor blocker) d. applying cold Ringer's solution e. applying acetylcholine to the heart f. applying potassium to the heart

If your subject's end systolic volume was 50 ml and their end diastolic volume was 200 ml, then their ejection fraction would approximately: a. 75% b. 33% c. 25% d. 67% e. 67%

a. 75%

Which of the following fiber types would tend to have the largest twitch time (highest number if we gave it a numeric value)? a. I b. IIC c. IIx d. IIA e. IIAX

a. I

which of the following fiber types would tend to have the greater succinate dehydrogenase activity (SDH catalyzes a step in the citric acid cycle) a. I b. IIAX c. IIX d. IIC e. IIA

a. I

match the following with the appropriate parts of this figure (pressure-loop) a. isovolumeric ventricular contraction b. ventricular ejection c. ventricular filling d. end systolic volume e. stroke volume f. end diastolic volume

a. S b. U c. P d. N e. 60 f. 115

What is/are true regarding skeletal muscle twitches A and B below: a. Twitch B would need to be stimulated less frequently to achieve tetanus b. Twitch A is likely from a slow twitch fiber c. Muscle fiber A likely has more mitochondria d. Twitch B has a shorter relaxation time because it likely has more SERCAs. e. All of the above ARE true.

a. Twitch B would need to be stimulated less frequently to achieve tetanus

if the parasympathetic nervous system is acting on the heart, we would expect to observe which of the following? a. a decrease in heart rate b. none of these answers c. an increase in contractility d. an increase in heart rate e. an increase in AV nodal delay

a. a decrease in heart rate e. an increase in AV nodal delay

If the parasympathetic nervous system is acting on the heart, we would expect to observe which of the following? a. a negative inotropic effect b. none of these answers c. a positive chronotrophic effect d. a positive inotropic effect e. a negative chrontrophic effect

a. a negative chronotrophic effect

Part T on this curve: a. all of these b. only two of these c. this secondary increase in pressure comes just after closing of the semilunar valves d. is sometimes called a dicrotic notch e. is related to elastic recoil of the arteries

a. all of these

Which of the following is/are true about this figure? (frank-starling law) a. all of these are true b. only two of these are true c. if the middle, blue line represents a normal curve, then the bottom, red line depicts what happens to inotrophy in heart failure d. the X axis is EDV and the Y axis is stroke volume e. if the middle, blue line represents a normal curve, then the top, green line could be depicting what happens to inotrophy in a healthy subject with sympathetic stimulation f. it illustrates the frank-starling law of heart

a. all of these are true

If your subject goes up to a high altitude for several weeks, which of the following are likely to occur? Select all that apply (Answer is correct only if all correct answers are selected and no incorrect answers are selected) a. an increase in erythropoieten acting on bone marrow cells b. the kidneys increase secretion of a hormone c. a decrease in resistance to blood flow d. secondary polycythemia e. an increase in hematocrit

a. an increase in erythropoieten acting on bone marrow cells b. the kidneys increase secretion of a hormone d. secondary polycythemia e. an increase in hematocrit

Which of the following are mechanisms by which antibodies can eliminate foreign microbes? a. angulation & precipitation b. stimulation of natural killer cells c. acting as an opsonin (enhancing phagocytosis) d. increasing neutrophil production e. activation of cytotoxic T cells f. activation of the complement system

a. angulation & precipitation b. stimulation of natural killer cells c. acting as an opsonin (enhancing phagocytosis) f. activation of the complement system

The sympathetic nervous system can cause constriction of arteries & arterioles, and also of veins. In all cases, constriction would tend to increase blood pressure, but constriction in these different parts of the circulation increase blood pressure by different mechanisms. Constriction of ---------- would increase total peripheral resistance which would increase mean arterial pressure. a. arterioles b. venules c. veins d. vena cava e. two of the above

a. arterioles

At what time point on this figure would the QRS complex occur? a. at time point V b. at time point W c. between points W and X d. at time point Y e. at time point X

a. at time point V

the animal kingdom provides many examples of outstanding performance that can help us better understand human muscle performance. Match the descriptions below with the animal that best reflects this muscle characteristics: a. outstanding ability to use glycogen metabolism b. ability to turn muscle on and off very rapidly c. not much actin and myosin in their muscle fibers because their flight requires a lot of sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria d. maintains muscle mass and quality fairly well during prolonged inactivity e. very rapid muscle "training" gains after prolonged inactivity f. increases in locomotor speed don't require increases in VO2 because of a great ability to use elastic components of muscle

a. cheetah running muscle b. rattlesnake tail muscle c. hummingbird flight muscles d. 13 lined ground squirrel e. the eared rebels, a migratory bird f. kangaroo

when the parasympathetic nervous system is acting on the SA node it would result in which of the following changes to intracellular signals (2nd messengers)? a. decrease cAMP b. decrease IP3 c. increase cAMP d. decrease DAG e. three of these answers would happen f. increase IP3

a. decrease cAMP

the third heart sound would occur when during the cardiac cycle? a. early filling of the ventricles b. closing of the AV valves c. during late filling of the ventricles d. when there is mitral regurgitation e. closing of the semilunar valves

a. early filling of the ventricles right after the AV valves open

which of the following is NOT a property of type 1 fibers? a. high density of ryanodine receptors b. high lipid content c. all of these ARE properties of type 1 fibers d. a lot of myoglobin e. long twitch time

a. high density of ryanodine receptors

when the sympathetic nervous system is acting on the ventricles it would result in which of the following ionic/permeability changes? a. increase Ca2+ influx b. increase K+ efflux c. decrease Ca2+ influx d. three of these answers would happen e. increase Ca2+ efflux f. increase K+ influc

a. increase Ca2+ influx

at what time point on this figure would we expect to see the T wave start? a. midway between points W and X b. at time point V c. at time point X d. midways between points X and V e. between points V & W

a. midway between points W and X

Dashed line S is cloer to R than O because: a. more time is spent in diastole than systole b. we spend more time in systole than diastole c. none of these d. because most filling of the ventricles is passive e. it is in the wrong place, it should be halfway between R and O

a. more time is spent in diastole than systole

match the description with correct type of muscle: a. started, multinucleated, under voluntary control b. straited, branches, no voluntary control c. unstriated, no voluntary control

a. skeletal muscle b. cardiac muscle c. smooth muscle

Which of the following is/are true about the period of isovolumetric ventricular relaxation? a. the semilunar valves are closed b. the pressure in the ventricle is decreasing c. the AV valves are closed d. the volume of blood in the ventricles is decreasing e. it beings when the second hart sound occurs f. the volume of blood in the ventricle is constant g. the AV valves are open h. the volume of blood in the ventricle is increasing i. the semilunar valves are open j. the pressure in the ventricle is increasing

a. the semilunar valves are closed b. the pressure in the ventricle is decreasing c. the AV valves are closed e. it beings when the second hart sound occurs f. the volume of blood in the ventricle is constant

After collecting data from your subject you find that every heart beat there are about fifty milliliters of blood in the left ventricle at the end of systole, their heart is beating 100 times per minute and their heart is pumping out fifteen liters of blood per minute, which of the following is/are true: a. their ejection fraction is approximately 75% b. their end systolic volume is 100 ml c. their stroke volume is about 100 ml d. their end diastolic volume is 50 ml e. all of these ARE true

a. their ejection fraction is approximately 75%

Which of the following is/are NOT true about baroreceptors? a. they are a type of phasic receptor b. they become reset to a higher pressure in hypertension c. their firing rate is related to both the mean pressure and rate of change in pressure d. they are located in the aorta and carotid arteries e. they send information to the medulla oblongata f. three of the above are NOT true

a. they are a type of phasic receptor

the neurotransmitter released by parasympathetic postganglionic nerve fibers at the ventricles is __________________ a. this branch of the autonomic nervous system does not innervate this part of the heart b. two of these answers c. epinephrine d. norepinephrine e. acetylcholine

a. this branch of the autonomic nervous system does not innervate this part of the heart

Which of the following is/are NOT true about the zone of overlap between thick and thin filaments in a sarcomere? a. this is where we would find alpha-actinin b. there would be six thin filaments around each thick filament c. there would be three thick filaments around each thin filament d. two of these answers e. it would be in part of the A band

a. this is where we would find alpha-actinin

Sinus Arrhythmia

abnormal pacemaker function HR varies with respiration SA node is still pacemaker Normal

The neurotransmitter released by parasympatheteic postganglionic nerve fibers at the SA Node is ___________________.

acetylcholine

If observed, we would expect to hear S3 where relative to these points?

after time point Y

The sympathetic nervous system can act to increase blood pressure by: increasing HR, which increases cardiac output (Q) increasing ventricular inotropy, which increases SV and Q vasoconstriction of arterioles, which increases TPR constriction of veins, which increases venous return all of the above two of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is/are true of orthostatic hypotension? it is when blood pressure drops when changing from a seated/supine position to standing it is associated with a reduction in venous return, which leads to a decrease in blood pressure a common symptom is lightheadedness all of the above two of the above

all of the above

which of the following are true about blood clots and heart attacks a clot associated with the blood vessel wall is called a thrombus a free-floating clot is called a embolus the process by which a clot becomes free-floating and gets lodged in a blood vessel is called thromboembolism all of the above two of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is/are true about hemorrhage and blood pressure (BP)? the loss of blood during hemorrhage would decrease blood volume which would decrease venous return and ultimately BP the initial drop in BP during hemorrhage would decrease capillary BP which would decrease ultrafiltration and increase reabsorption, which would increase plasma volume in an attempt to increase BP, the medulla would increase sympathetic nervous system activity (SNS) in an attempt to increase blood pressure the SNS would constrict arterioles and veins all of the above are true only two of the above are true

all of the above are true

Part T on this curve:

all of these

If your subject was resting and relaxed, which of the following would we expect to observe if we injected them with atropine?

an increase in heart rate

If the sympathetic nervous system is acting on the heart, we would expect to observe which of the following?

an increase in heart rate an increase in contractility

Which of the following antibodies could be found in blood type O+

anti-A anti-B

Which of the following antibodies could be found in blood type B-

anti-A anti-Rh

Which of the following antibodies would be found in blood type A+

anti-B

Which of the following antibodies would be found in blood type A+ anti-A none of these anti-Rh B anti-B A Rh

anti-B

antibody that doesn't like honey?

anti-B

Which of the following antibodies could be found in blood type AB-

anti-Rh

which of the following antibodies could be found in blood type AB-

anti-Rh

Which of the following antibodies could be found in blood type B-

anti-Rh anti-A

Which of the following antibodies could be found in blood type A-

anti-Rh anti-B

Which of the following would be expected to cause a positive inotropic effect?

applying calcium to the heart applying epinephrine to the heart

Which of the following is/are correct? a. During the filling period, the left ventricular volume is decreasing b. During isovolumetric ventricular contraction, both valves are open c. During the ejection period, the left ventricular volume is decreasing d. During isovolumetric ventricular contraction, the left ventricular volume is decreasing

During the ejection period, the left ventricular volume is decreasing

People with Duchene muscular dystrophy have mutations in the gene that encodes for the protein ___________________

Dystrophin

Which of the following would be expected to decrease cardiac contractility?

applying potassium to the heart applying cold Ringer's solution to the heart

Which of the following would be expected to have a positive chronotropic effect?

applying warm Ringer's solution to the heart applying epinephrine to the heart

among the blood vessels, ______ serve as a pressure reservoir because______.

arteries, they have a lot of elastic tissue

if we heard lub - swish - dup it could mean that

E is insufficient

if we heard lub - swish - dup it could mean that

E is regurgitating

Match the following with the appropriate parts of this figure:

End Diastolic Volume: S Ventricular ejection: U Ventricular Filling: P End Systolic Volume: N Stroke Volume: 60 Ejection Fraction: Between 50 and 55

arterioles

On the following figure, what part of the cardiac cycle is highlighted?

atrial diastole

If your subject had an end diastolic volume of 150ml and an end systolic volume of 50ml, a blood pressure of 200/90, a QT interval of 0.33 seconds, and an RR interval of 0.5 seconds, which of the following is/are NOT true? a. Their heart rate is 120 beats per minute b. Their ejection fraction is around 33% c. Their rate pressure product is 24,000 d. Two of these answers e. Their cardiac output is 12 liters per minute

b. Their ejection fraction is around 33%

Which of the following are mechanisms by which antibodies can eliminate foreign microbes? a. activation of cytotoxic T cells b. acting as an opsonin (enhancing phagocytosis) c. activation of the complement system d. increasing neutrophil production e. stimulation of natural killer cells f. agglutination & precipitation

b. acting as an opsonin (enhancing phagocytosis) c. activation of the complement system e. stimulation of natural killer cells f. agglutination & precipitation

If your subject goes up to a high altitude for several weeks, which of the following are likely to occur? a. a decrease in resistance to blood flow b. an increase in hematocrit c. an increase in erythropoieten acting on bone marrow cells d. the kidneys increase secretion of a hormone e. secondary polycythemia

b. an increase in hematocrit c. an increase in erythropoieten acting on bone marrow cells d. the kidneys increase secretion of a hormone e. secondary polycythemia

Which of the following could cause anemia? Select all that apply a. going to a high altitude b. dietary deficiency of iron c. dietary defficiency of folic acid d. lack of intrinsic factor secretion by the stomach e. dehydration

b. dietary deficiency of iron c. dietary defficiency of folic acid d. lack of intrinsic factor secretion by the stomach

Which of the following is/are true about the period of isovolumetric ventricular contraction? a. the AV valves are open b. it begins when the first heart sound occurs c. the volume of blood in the ventricle is constant d. the semilunar valves are open e. the AV valves are closed f. the pressure in the ventricle is decreasing g. the volume of blood in the ventricle is increasing h. the pressure in the ventricle is increasing i. the volume of blood in the ventricle is decreasing j. the semilunar valves are closed

b. it begins when the first heart sound occurs c. the volume of blood in the ventricle is constant e. the AV valves are closed h. the pressure in the ventricle is increasing j. the semilunar valves are closed

Which of the following is/are true about the period of ventricular filling?

b. the AV valves are open c. the volume of blood in the ventricle is increasing d. the pressure in the aorta is decreasing g. the pressure in the atria is higher than the pressure in the ventricle i. the semilunar valves are closed j. if observed, the third heart sound occurs

If your subject goes up to a high altitude for several weeks, which of the following are likely to occur? Select all that apply (Answer is correct only if all correct answers are selected and no incorrect answers are selected) a. a decrease in resistance to blood flow b. the kidneys increase secretion of a hormone c. secondary polycythemia d. an increase in hematocrit e. an increase in erythropoieten acting on bone marrow cells

b. the kidneys increase secretion of a hormone c. secondary polycythemia d. an increase in hematocrit e. an increase in erythropoieten acting on bone marrow cells

When the sympathetic nervous system is acting on the SA Node it would result in which of the following changes to intracellular signals (2nd messengers)?

b. increase cAMP

which heart sound is heard shortly after the AV valves open? a. 4th heart sound b. 3rd heart sound c. two of these answers d. whistle e. Swiss f. 4th korotkoff sound g. 1st korotkoff sound h. 5th korotkoff sound i. 2nd heart sound j. 1st heart soudn

b. 3rd heart sound

Which of the following drugs could be used to block the effects of norepinephrine on the SA Node? a. Dobutamine, a beta adrenergic receptor agonist b. Atenolol, a type of beta1-antagonist (blocker) c. Atropine d. Butaxamine, a type of beta2-antagonist (blocker) e. Curare

b. Atenolol, a type of beta1-antagonist (blocker)

if we increased stroke volume, we would expect which of the following to increase the most? a. T b. Q c. none of these d. R e. N

b. Q

if the sympathetic nervous system is acting on the heart, we would expect to observe which of the following? a. none of these answers b. a positive chronotrophic effect c. a negative chronotrophic effect d. a positive inotropic effect e. a negative inotropic effect

b. a positive chronotrophic effect d. a positive inotropic effect

which of the following is/are NOT true about the A band? a. it is approx 1.6um; the length of the thick filament b. all of these answers ARE true c. in humans, the triads are near the end of the A band where they meet the I band d. the thick and thin filaments overlap for a portion of the A band e. the M line is in the middle zone of the A band

b. all of these answers ARE true

despite its reputation, Athens is not the highest city in the world. The highest city in the world is La rinconada in Peru, which is almost 17,000 feet above sea level. if your subjects spent a month living there, which of the following would NOT be expected? a. secondary polythemia b. all of these changes WOULD be expected c. an increased secretion of the hormone erthropoiten from the kidneys d. an increase in hematocrit e. an increase in red blood cell count f. an increase in hemoglobin concentration

b. all of these changes WOULD be expected

among the blood vessels, ______ serve as a pressure reservoir because______. a. arterioles, they have a lot of smooth muscle b. arteries, they have a lot of elastic tissue c. veins, they are very compliant d. none of the above

b. arteries, they have a lot of elastic tissue

which of the following drugs could be used to block the effects of epinephrine on the SA node? a. atropine b. atenolol, a type of beta1-antagonist (blocker) c. dobutamine, a beta adrenergic receptor agonist d. curare e. butaxamine, a type of beta2-antagonist (blocker)

b. atenolol, a type of beta1-antagonist (blocker)

the ventricles would be ejecting blood during which part of this figure? a. between points Y and V b. between points W and X c. between points V and W d. between points V and X e. between points X and Y

b. between points W and X

filling of the ventricles would take place during what part of this figure? a. between points X and Y b. between points Y and V c. between points W and X d. between points V and W e. between points V and X

b. between points Y and V

which of the following could cause anemia? a. dehydration b. dietary deficiency of folic acid c. lack of intrinsic factor secretion by the stomach d. dietary deficiency or iron e. going to a high altitude

b. dietary deficiency of folic acid c. lack of intrinsic factor secretion by the stomach d. dietary deficiency or iron

which of the following is a property of type IIX fibers? a. low SERCA density b. high LDH activity c. low myoglobin content d. low capillary density e. recruited last

b. high LDH activity

if a drug has a positive chronotrophic effect, this means that: a. it increases the strength of cardiac contraction b. it increases heart rate c. it increases the rate of relaxation d. it increases conduction velocity e. none of the above

b. it increases heart rate

Put the following events related to skeletal muscle contraction in order. Note: some events have been skipped and all events are after acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction A. Ca2+ binds troponin B. myosin binds with actin ("coupling") C. ATPase activity of myosin head breaks down ATP to ADP and Pi D. activation of dihydropyridine receptors E. ATP binds myosin head F. end plate potential

F D A B E C

The cuff pressure when the __________________________________ Korotkoff occurs is the systolic blood pressure.

FIRST

____________ are a type of proprioceptor that plays an important role in the reciprocal inhibition of antagonist muscle groups. this receptors detects changes in ____________ a. muscle spindles, tension b. muscle spindles, length of muscle c. Golgi tendon organs, tension d. Golgi tendon organs, lengths of the muscle e. none of the above

b. muscle spindles, length of muscle

According to Poicelle's law, the most important variable influencing resistance to blood flow is a. length of blood vessel b. radius of blood vessel c. viscosity of blood vessel d. the amount of blood flow e. none of the above

b. radius of blood vessel

in skeletal muscle, type 1 fibers would tend to have lower concentrations of which of the following compared to type IIX fibers a. the amount of lipid stores b. the amount of glycogen c. the amount of mitochondria d. the amount of myoglobin e. three of the above

b. the amount of glycogen

which sound do we associate with systolic blood pressure? a. the fifth korotkoff sound b. the first korotkoff sound c. the first heart sound, S1 d. the second heart sound, S2 e. none of these answers

b. the first korotkoff sound

which of the following is/are NOT true about the autonomic system and blood vessels? a. the sympathetic nervous system causes widespread vasoconstriction b. the parasympathetic nervous system causes widespread vasodilation c. norepinephrine causes vasoconstriction by binding with alpha-adrenergic receptors d. an increase in IP3 in a smooth muscle cell would cause vasoconstriction e. all of the above ARE true

b. the parasympathetic nervous system causes widespread vasodilation

Which of the following is/are true about the ventricular ejection period? a. the volume of blood in the ventricle is increasing b. the pressure in the aorta initially increases c. the volume of blood in the ventricle is decreasing d. the pressure in the atria is higher than the pressure in the vetricles e. the AV valves are closed f. the semilunar valves are closed g. the volume of blood in the ventricle is constant h. the AV valves are open i. the semilunar valves are open j. The T wave would start somewhere during this period

b. the pressure in the aorta initially increases c. the volume of blood in the ventricle is decreasing e. the AV valves are closed i. the semilunar valves are open j. The T wave would start somewhere during this period

If your subject had an end diastolic volume of 150ml and an end systolic volume of 50ml, a blood pressure of 200/90, a QT interval of 0.33 seconds, and an RR interval of 0.5 seconds, which of the following is/are NOT true? a. their heart rate is 120 beats per minute b. their ejection fraction is around 33% c. their rate pressure produce is 24,000 d. their cardiac output is 12 liters per minute e. two fo these answers

b. their ejection fraction is around 33%

baroreceptors detect change in blood pressure F. first F. first signals are sent to the medulla oblongatta C. second C. second increase in sympathetic nervous system activity E. third E. third increase in heart rate and widespread vasoconstriction B. fourth B. fourth increase in cardiac output and total peripheral resistance A. fifth A. fifth increase in blood pressure

If your subject had aortic stenosis we would hear an extra sound at what point?

between points W and X

The ventricles would be ejecting blood during what part of this figure?

between points W and X

Filling of the ventricles would take place during what part of this figure?

between points Y and V

Which of the following events is NOT part of inflammation? a. All of these ARE parts of the inflammatory processes b. Macrophages in the area phagocytose foreign invaders c. Cytotoxic T cells are attracted to the area and destroy invading bacteria by phagocytosis d. Mast cells secrete histamine e. Macrophages secrete cytokines and chemotaxins

c. Cytotoxic T cells are attracted to the area and destroy invading bacteria by phagocytosis

c. During the ejection period, the left ventricular volume is decreasing

If your subject's heart rate was 100 bpm, their EDV was 150 ml and their ESV was 50ml, then which of the following would be true? a. Only two of these answers b. Their Cardiac Output would be 10 L/min c. Only three of these answers d. Their Stroke Volume would be 100ml e. Their Ejection Fraction would be 67%

c. Only three of these answers

Which of the following is/are true about fusiform muscles? a. This fiber arrangement is associated with larger physiological cross sectional area b. This fiber arrangement is associated with high maximal shortening velocities c. Two of these d. This fiber arrangement is associated with good range of motion e. This fiber arrangement is associated with more sarcoplasmic reticulum

c. Two of these

Which of the following would be expected to cause a negative inotropic effect?

c. applying potassium to the heart d. applying cold Ringer's solution to the heart

Which of the following events is NOT part of inflammation? a. Mast cells secrete histamine b. Macrophages in the area phagocytose foreign invaders c. Cytotoxic T cells are attracted to the area and destroy invading bacteria by phagocytosis d. All of these ARE parts of the inflammatory processes e. Macrophages secrete cytokines and chemotaxins

c. Cytotoxic T cells are attracted to the area and destroy invading bacteria by phagocytosis

which of the following is/are true about polycythemia? a. in primary polycythemia, it can be caused by bone marrow tumors b. only two of these are true c. all of these are true d. Polycythemia is when there are too many circulating erythrocytes e. in relative polycythemia, there are a normal number of erythrocytes, but the subject has lost plasma (e.g. dehydration) and thus they are more concentrated f. in secondary polycythemia, it is a normal response to low pO2 in the circulation (like going to high altitude or in pulmonary diseases)

c. all of these are true

which of the following best describes the regulation of smooth muscle contraction? a. Ca2+ enters mostly from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, Ca2+ binds with calmodulin, myosin light chain phosphatase gets activated. Myosin light chains get phosphorylated, smooth muscle contracts b. Ca2+ enters mostly from sarcoplasmic reticulum, Ca2+ binds with IP3. Myosin heavy chain kinase gets activated. Myosin heady chain gets phosphorylated, smooth muscle contracts c. Ca2+ enters mostly from ECF, binds with calmodulin, myosin light chain gets activate, myosin light chain gets phosphorylated, smooth muscle contracts e. none of the above

c. Ca2+ enters mostly from ECF, binds with calmodulin, myosin light chain gets activate, myosin light chain gets phosphorylated, smooth muscle contracts

which of the following fiber types would tend to have the most myoglobin? a. IIC b. IIX c. I d. IIAX e. IIA

c. I

which of the following pressures best represents the left ventricular pressure tracing? a. L2 b. M2 c. N d. L3 e. L1 f. M1

c. N

The duration of a ventricular muscle cell action potential would be best estimated by which interval on an EKG? a. PR interval b. QRS interval c. QT interval d. RR interval e. TP interval

c. QT interval

calcium is critical for signaling contraction in all types of muscle. what is true about calcium regulation in cardiac and skeletal muscle? a. only 4 of these are true b. in skeletal muscle, the dihydrophydine receptors work as a voltage sensor c. all of these ARE true d. in skeletal muscle, essential all of the calcium signaling contraction is from the SR. in cardiac muscle, some of the calcium comes from the SR and some from the ECF

c. all of these ARE true

Which of the following is/are NOT true? a. constriction of arterioles increases TPR, which increases arterial blood pressure b. constriction of veins increases venous return, which increases arterial blood pressure c. constriction of veins increases TPR, which increases arterial blood pressure d. constriction of arterioles does not increase venous return e. the sympathetic nervous system causes constriction of both arterioles and veins f. all of the above ARE true

c. constriction of veins increases TPR, which increases arterial blood pressure

If you heard lub dup whistle, the extra, abnormal heartsound would be considered a ____________________ murmur a. good b. positive c. diastolic d. systolic

c. diastolic

if you heard lunch-whistle-dup, the extra, abnormal heartbeat would be considered a __________________ murmur a. positive b. good c. diastolic d. systolic

c. diastolic

In skeletal muscle, when an action potential spreads down the T tubles it activates ____________________, which serve as _____________; this plays an important role in the release of calcium. a. ryanodine receptors, voltage sensors b. SERCAs, calcium pumps c. dihydopyridine receptors, voltage sensors d. IP3, calcium release signal e. dihyrdopyridine receptors, calcium channels

c. dihydopyridine receptors, voltage sensors

the fourth heart sound would occur when doing the cardiac cycle? a. when there is mitral regurgitation b. early filling of the ventricles right after the AV valves open c. during late filling of the ventricles when the atria contract d. closing of the AV valves e. closing of the semilunar valves

c. during late filling of the ventricles when the atria contract

which of the following is NOT a property of type 1 fibers? a. a lot of mitochondria b. recruited first c. high glycogen content d. high SDH activity e. three of the above

c. high glycogen content

In your subject's capillaries you found the following pressures (all reported in mmHg). Capillary pressure on the arterial side of the capillary was 13. the plasma colloid osmotic pressure was 22, their interstitial fluid was zero, and their interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure was 1. Which of the following is/are true? a. an increase in histamine in this area would increase reabsorption b. there is a net ultrafiltration pressure of 12 mmHg favoring fluid movement out of the interstitial fluid into the capillary c. in the capillary there would be more ultrafiltration than reabsorption d. there is a net ultrafiltration pressure of 12 mmHg favoring fluid movement out of the capillary into the interstitial fluid

c. in the capillary there would be more ultrafiltration than reabsorption d. there is a net ultrafiltration pressure of 12 mmHg favoring fluid movement out of the capillary into the interstitial fluid

When the sympathetic nervous system is acting on the SA Node it would result in which of the following ionic/permeability changes? a. increase K+ influx b. increase Ca2+ efflux c. increase Ca2+ influx d. increase K+ efflux e. decrease Ca2+ influx f. three of these answers would happen

c. increase Ca2+ influx

which of the following is/are NOT true about the compliment system? a. complement system proteins are made by the liver b. compliment system proteins C5-C9 can form a membrane attack complex c. it is part of our adaptive immune system; it only acts on specific pathogens d. some compliment system proteins can serve as opsonins e. two of the above

c. it is part of our adaptive immune system; it only acts on specific pathogens

which of the following is NOT a property of type IIX fibers? a. low capillary density b. high LDH activity c. low myoglobin content d. recruited last e. low SERCA density

c. low myoglobin content

The neurotransmitter released by sympatheteic postganglionic nerve fibers at the ventricles is ___________________. a. acetylcholine b. two of these answers c. norepinephrine d. this branch of the autonomic nervous system does nont innervate this part of the heart e. epinephrine

c. norepinephrine

Which of the following are NOT true about Memory Cells of the immune system? a. vaccination increases the number of these cells for a specific antigen which allows for a more potent secondary response to this antigen b. they do not participate in the current immune response, but respond rapidly to produce plasma cells when exposed to the antigen a second time c. they produce antibodies upon the initial exposure to an antigen d. they are a type of B lymphocyte e. three of the above

c. they produce antibodies upon the initial exposure to an antigen

which of the following are true about clotting cascade/pathway? a. when platelets aggregate they form a clot b. prothrombin gets converted to thrombin and trombone forms a clot c. thrombin activates fibrinogen to fibrin and fibrin forms a clot d. plasminogen gets activated to plasmin which increases clot formation e. three of the above

c. thrombin activates fibrinogen to fibrin and fibrin forms a clot

in skeletal muscle, in order to stimulate muscle contraction, calcium concentration in the cytoplasm must increase. When calcium enters the cytoplasm, it binds with ________________, this is the critical step that determines whether or not skeletal muscle contracts a. actin b. ryanodine receptors c. troponin d. myosin e. tropomyosin

c. troponin

3rd degree AV block

conduction system block No association between P waves and QRS complex

2nd degree AV block (Type 1)

conduction system block PR interval is progressively lengethening and eventually QRS complex is dropped

Bundle branch block

conduction system block QRS is >.12 sec

Which of the following is/are NOT true? constriction of arterioles increases TPR, which increases arterial blood pressure constriction of veins increases venous return, which increases arterial blood pressure constriction of veins increases TPR, which increases arterial blood pressure constriction of arterioles does not increase venous return the sympathetic nervous system causes constriction of both arterioles and veins all of the above ARE true

constriction of veins increases TPR, which increases arterial blood pressure

Which of the following events is NOT part of inflammation? a. All of these ARE parts of the inflammatory processes b. Macrophages secrete cytokines and chemotaxins c. Mast cells secrete histamine d. Cytotoxic T cells are attracted to the area and destroy invading bacteria by phagocytosis e. Macrophages in the area phagocytose foreign invaders

d. Cytotoxic T cells are attracted to the area and destroy invading bacteria by phagocytosis

If the sympathetic nervous system is acting on the heart, we would expect to observe which of the following?

d. a positive inotropic effect e. a positive chronotropic effect

Calcium is critical for signaling contraction in all types of muscle. What is NOT true about calcium regulation in cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle? a. all of these answers ARE true b. in skeletal muscle, essentially all of the calcium signalling contraction is from the SR, In cardiac muscle, some of the calcium comes from the SR and some from the ECF c. in skeletal muscle calcium is released from the SR by ryanodine receptors d. in skeletal muslce, thy dihydropyridine receptors work as a calcium channels e. in cardiac muscle calcium is released from the SR by ryanodine receptors

d. in skeletal muslce, thy dihydropyridine receptors work as a calcium channels

Which of the following is/are NOT true about the complement system? a. Complement system proteins are made by the liver b. Two of these c. Some complement system proteins can serve as opsonins d. It is part of our adaptive immune system; it only acts on specific pathogens e. Complement system proteins C5-C9 can form a membrane attack complex

d. It is part of our adaptive immune system; it only acts on specific pathogens

The neurotransmitter released by parasympatheteic postganglionic nerve fibers at the ventricles is ___________________.

d. this branch of the autonomic nervous system does nont innervate this part of the heart

Which of the following is/are true about smooth muscle contraction: a. Unlike skeletal muscle, most of the Ca2+ signaling contraction comes from the ECF b. Phosphorylation of myosin light chains is a critical step in signaling smooth muscle contraction c. When calcium enters the cytoplasm it binds with Calmodulin, and these, in turn activate myosin light chain kinase d. All of the above are true e. Only two of the above are true

d. All of the above are true

myosin heavy chain IIA would be the predominate type of myosin in which fiber type? a. IIC b. I c. IIAX d. IIA e. IIX

d. IIA

Which of the following fiber types would tend to have the least myoglobin? a. IIAX b. I c. IIC d. IIX e. IIA

d. IIX

the part of the EKF that could best be used to determine heart rate is the _______________________? a. QT interval b. TP interval c. QRS interval d. RR interval e. PR interval

d. RR interval

If your subjectâ s blood pressure was 130/70, what would be true of their blood pressures: a. Their pulse pressure would be 70 mmHg b. Their pulse pressure would be 200 mmHg c. Their mean arterial blood pressure would be 100 mmHg d. Their mean arterial blood pressure would be 90 mmHg e. Two of the above

d. Their mean arterial blood pressure would be 90 mmHg

In which parts of a sarcomere would we find the least amount of actin? Assume the muscle and sarcomere are at optimal, resting length.

H ZONE

What is this subject's oxygen carrying capacity? You obtained the following data from your subject: (no units required) Variable Value SaO2% 96 % Hct 42.1 % Hb 14.7 g/dL RBC count 4.6 million/mm3 WBC count 8,200/mm3 Platelet count 282,000/mm3 body mass 174 lbs

Hb x 1.39 = 20.433

Which of the following is NOT a property of type I fibers?

High density of ryanodine receptors

Which of the following fiber types would be most resistant to fatigue?

Which of the following fiber types would have the lowest frequency required to achevie tetanus? Which of the following fiber types would be most resistant to fatigue?

Which of the following fiber types would tend to have the greatest capillary density?

Which of the following fiber types would tend to have the greatest mitochondrial volume?

Which of the following fiber types would tend to store the least glycogen? Which of the following fiber types would tend to have the lowest amount of SERCAs?

In which parts of a sarcomere would we find the least amount of myosin? Assume the muscle and sarcomere are at optimal, resting length.

I band

Myosin heavy chain IIA would be the predominant type of myosin in which fiber type?

IIA

Myosin heavy chain IIX would be the predominant type of myosin in which fiber type?

IIX

Which of the following fiber types would tend to have the least myoglobin?

IIX

Which of the following fiber types would tend to store the least intramuscular triglycerides (lipids)? Which of the following fiber types would tend to have the greatest lactate dehydrogenase activity?

IIX

Regarding bulk flow, ultrafiltration, and reabsorption in capillaries, which of the following is NOT true a. Ultrafiltration occurs in the proximal end of the capillary mostly because the capillary blood pressure (Pc) is higher than the plasma colloid osmotic pressure (Ï p) b. Reabsorption occurs in the distal end of the capillary mostly because the capillary blood pressure (Pc) is lower than the plasma colloid osmotic pressure (Ï p) c. Ankle edema is a potential symptom of heart failure and it occurs when the venous pressure increases, which increases the capillary blood pressure, which can increase ultrafiltration and reduce reabsorption d. Ultrafiltration is referring to the movement of water into the capillary from the interstitial fluid e. Two of these answers are NOT true

d. Ultrafiltration is referring to the movement of water into the capillary from the interstitial fluid

Muscle architecture influences muscle performance. Which of the following is/are NOT true about how the arrangement of muscle fibers influences force production a. pennate arrangement tends to increase physiological cross sectional area (PSCA) b. fusiform arrangements are associated with long fibers, this arrangement is beneficial for velocity and range of motion c. a muscle with greater physiological cross-sectional area would be stronger than a muscle with small PCSA d. a muscle with longer fibers would be stronger than a muscle with shorter fibers e. three of above

d. a muscle with longer fibers would be stronger than a muscle with shorter fibers

Which of the following is/are true of myocardial ischemia a. it can be caused by a decrease in oxygen delivery to the myocardium b. it can be caused by a failure to increase oxygen delivery to the heart when there is a high myocardial oxygen demand c. the classic symptom of myocardial ischemia is angina pectoris d. all of the above e. only two of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following is/are true of orthostatic hypotension? a. it is when blood pressure drops when changing from a seated/supine position to standing b. it is associated with a reduction in venous return, which leads to a decrease in blood pressure c. a common symptom is lightheadedness d. all of the above e. two of the above

d. all of the above

blood flow to a tissue could be enchained by (for example, how we could increase blood flow to exercising muscle) a. increasing blood pressure b. decreasing resistance c. increasing blood vessel radius d. all of the above e. only two of the above

d. all of the above

if your subject's heart rate was 100 bpm, their EDV was 150 ml and their ESV was 50ml, then which of the following would be true? a. their stroke volume would be 100ml b. their ejection fraction would be 67% c. their cardiac output would be 10 L/min d. all of the above e. only two of the above

d. all of the above

Several of the experiments we did in the cardiac lab are similar to experiments we did in the frog skeletal muscle lab. These experiments help to illustrate differences between skeletal and cardiac muscle. Which of the following findings is/are NOT true about similarities and/or differences between cardiac and skeletal muscle? select the single best answer

In cardiac muscle stimulating with increasing freqeuncies fails to cause tetanus because of gap junctions

Which of the following depicts a lymphocyte?

In our recent lectures we discussed several aspects of muscle performance including force, velocity, power, and muscle length. Which of the following figures best depicts the force-velocity curve during concentric and eccentric actions?

Which of the following depicts a neutrophil?

Which of the following images depicts a monocyte?

in our recent lectures we discussed several aspects of muscle performance including force, velocity, power and muscle length. Which of the following figure best depicts the active tension curve?

Which of the following pressures best represents the left atrial pressure tracing?

Which of the following is/are true about the following figure?

Muscle M likely has long fibers

In our recent lectures we discussed several aspects of muscle performance including force, velocity, power, and muscle length. Which of the following figures best depicts the passive length tension curve?

On this figure the mitral valve is labbelled __

On this figure the tricuspid valve is labbelled __

Which of the following depicts a monocyte?

Which of the following depicts an eosinophil?

Which of the following pressures best represents the left ventricular pressure tracing?

If we heard lub -swish - dup when listening to heart sounds it could mean that

N is insufficient

Which of the following depicts a basophil?

Which of the following images depicts a neutrophil?

In the ABO and Rh antigenic systems, a blood type that could only have anti-A and anti-B antibodies

O+

In the ABO and Rh antigenic systems, a blood type that would only have Rh antigens

O+

Which of the following blood types can type B+ receive blood from?

O+ B+

Put the following blood types in order of most common to least common

O+ O- A- B-

A blood type that would not have any antigens in the ABO and Rh antigenic systems,

O-

In the ABO and Rh antigenic systems , a blood type that could have anti-A, Anti-B, and anti-Rh antibodies

O-

Which of the following blood types can type O- receive blood from?

O-

Put the following blood types in order of most common to least common

O- A- B- AB-

Which of the following blood types can type A+ receive blood from?

O- A- O+ A+

Which of the following blood types can type B- receive blood from?

O- B-

Which of the following blood types can type O+ receive blood from?

O- O+

which of the following are true about blood clots and heart attacks? a. a clot associated with the blood vessel wall is called a thrombus b. a free-floating clot is called an embolus c. the process by which a clot becomes free-floating and gets lodged in a blood vessel is called thromboembolism d. all of the above e. two of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following is/are true about the immune response to viral infection? a. interferon is secreted by infected cells and precent viral replication in other cells b. natural killer cells nonspecifically lyse virus infected cells c. cytotoxic cells specifically lyse virus infected cells d. all of the above ARE true e. only two of the above are true

d. all of the above ARE true

If your subject's heart rate was 100 bpm, their EDV was 150 ml and their ESV was 50ml, then which of the following would be true? a. Their Cardiac Output would be 10 L/min b. Their Stroke Volume would be 100ml c. Their Ejection Fraction would be 67% d. Only three of these answers e. Only two of these answers

Only three of these answers

Which of the following depicts an erythrocyte?

Which of the following images depicts an erythrocyte?

In our frog heart lab we observed, or attempted to observe normal rhtyhm as well as several types of arrhythmias. What is the best description for this frog's heart rhythm?

PVC, premature ventricular contraction

Platelet Plug Activation of factor X activation of prothrombin to its active form thrombin activating fibrinogen to its active form formation of a clot

If we increased stroke volume, we would expect which of the following to increase the most?

Which of the following images depicts an eosinophil?

Point R on this figure is the ___ Point O on this figure is the ___ Q on this figure is the ___ Dashed line S is cloer to R than O because: For a subject with healthy blood pressure (neither hypo- or hypertension), M on this figure would be approximately:

R: diastolic blood pressure O: systolic blood pressure Q: pulse pressure more time is spent in diastole than systole 120

Which of the following antigens would be found in blood type O+

Which of the following antigens would be found in blood type O+ anti-A anti-B B Rh A none of these anti-Rh

which of the following antigens would be found in blood O+?

Which of the following antigens would be found in blood type A+

Rh A

Which of the following antigens would be found in blood type B+

Rh B

Which of the following labels (M-X) and terms are mis-matched x-stroke volume S-isovolumetric ventricular relaxation v-end diastolic volume w-end systolic volume r-closing of AV valves t-opening of the semilunar valves all of the above ARE true three of the above

S-isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

Which heart sound is associated with closing of the semilunar valves?

SECOND

The second heart sound would occur when

Te pressure in A falls below the pressure in D

Which of the following is/are NOT true about how our nervous system (NS) can vary force production by the muscle? The NS can vary the number of active motor units; using multiple motor unit summation, which allows for 20-25x variation in force production by a muscle The NS can vary the frequency of firing of motor units by twitch summation, which allows for a 3-5x variation in force production by the muscle The NS can vary the number of individual muscle fibers being stimulated, which allows for ~1,000 fold variation in force production by a muscle All of the above ARE true None of the above

The NS can vary the number of individual muscle fibers being stimulated, which allows for ~1,000 fold variation in force production by a muscle

which of the following is/are NOT true about passive tension? a. it is created by stretching the elastic components of the muscle b. it contributes to muscle force production during locomotion but does not cost any ATP c. elastin, found in the connective tissue associated with muscle, is an important contributor to the passive tension d. all of the above ARE true e. A & C

d. all of the above ARE true

which of the following is/are true about smooth muscle contraction? a. unlike skeletal muscle, most of the Ca2+ signaling contraction comes from the ECF b. phosphorylation of myosin light chain is a critical step in signaling smooth muscle contraction c. when calcium enters the cytoplasm it binds with calmodulin, and these, in turns activate myosin light chain kinase d. all of the above are true e. only two fo the above are true

d. all of the above are true

which of the following is/are correct? a. during isovolumeric ventricular contraction, both valves are open b. during isovolumeric contraction, the left ventriclular volume is decreasing c. during the filling period, the left ventricular volume is decreasing d. during the ejection period, the left ventricular volume is decreasing

d. during the ejection period, the left ventricular volume is decreasing

What does the 5th Korotkoff sound sound like? a. none of these answers b. somewhat loud clicking c. muffled tapping d. no sound e. somewhat loud tapping

d. no sound

which heart sound is associated with closing of the semilunar valves? a. fourth b. third c. fifth d. second e. first

d. second

If a muscle were performing a concentric action, we would expect the following to decrease in length EXCEPT: a. the distance between z-lines b. the H zone c. the I band d. the A band e. two of the above

d. the A band

which of the following is/are true about pennate muscles? a. this fiber arrangement is associated with good range of motion b. two of these c. this fiber arrangement is associated with more sarcoplasmic reticulum d. this fiber arrangement is associated with larger physiological cross sectional area e. this fiber arrangement is associated with high maximal shortening velocities

d. this fiber arrangement is associated with larger physiological cross sectional area

When the parasympathetic nervous system is acting on the AV Node it would result in which of the following changes to intracellular signals (2nd messengers)?

decrease cAMP

The fourth heart sound would occur when during the cardiac cycle?

during late filling of the ventricle when the atria contract

Which heart sound is heard right at the end of the ventricular ejection period? a. 1st korotkoff sound b. 5th korotkoff sound c. 1st heart hound d. 4th heart sound e. 2nd heart sound f. whistle g. two of these answers h. 4th korotkoff sound i. 3rd heart sound j. swish

e. 2nd heart sound

which heart sound is heard near the end of ventricular diastole (but before the ventricles contract)? a. 3rd heart sound b. 4th korotkoff sound c. 1st heart sound d. swish e. 4th heart sound f. 1st korotkoff sound g. 2nd heart sound h. two of these answers i. 5th korotkoff sound j. whistle

e. 4th heart sound

which of the following is/are true about the PR interval? a. it is normally .12-.20 seconds in duration b. an AV block would likely cause it to be longer than .20 seconds c. it is normally .8-.12 seconds in duration d. a bundle branch block is possible reason for it to be longer than .12 seconds e. A & B f. B & C

e. A & B

The size principle is a critical concept for understanding muscle and exercise physiology. Which of the following is/are NOT true related to the size principle? a. the largest motor units would only be stimulated at high intensities (when we need to produce a lot of force) b. we would mostly be using type I fibers at low intensities c. to produce only a little force we would tend to stimulate the smallest motor units d. to produce only a little force, only the lowest threshold motor neurons would be stimulated e. All of the above ARE true f. three of the above

e. All of the above ARE true

Which of the following is/are NOT true about polycythemia? a. it is associated with red blood cell counts above the normal range b. in polycythemia, hematocrit values may be as high as 70% c. in relative polycythemia, the increase in red blood cell counts is associated with a loss of body fluid; such as when dehydrated d. primary polycythemia may occur as a result of bone marrow tumors e. All of these answers ARE true

e. All of these answers ARE true

if _________________ receptors (a type of proprioceptors) are active, they would tend to inhibit the contraction of the muscle where they are located. a. pacinian corpuscles b. Ruffini endings c. group III and IV afferents d. muscle spindles e. Golgi tendon organs

e. Golgi tendon organs

in which parts of a sarcomere would we find the least amount of myosin? Assume the muscle and sarcomere are at optimal, resting length? a. between the H zone and Z line b. A band c. H zone d. two of these answers e. I band

e. I band

which of the following fiber types would be easiest to fatigue? a. IIC b. I c. IIAX d. IIA e. IIX

e. IIX

Which of the following is/are true about nitric oxide? a. It is secreted by endothelial cells b. It results in vasoconstriction c. It increases cyclic GMP in smooth muscle cells d. All of the above e. Two of the above

e. Two of the above

the neurotransmitter released by parasympathetic postganglionic nerve fibers at the SA node is ___________________. a. this branch of the autonomic nervous system does not innervate this part of the heart b. norepinephrine c. epinephrine d. two of these answers e. acetylcholine

e. acetylcholine

The sympathetic nervous system can act to increase blood pressure by: a. increasing HR, which increases cardiac output (Q) b. increasing ventricular inotropy, which increases SV and Q c. vasoconstriction of arterioles, which increases TPR d. constriction of veins, which increases venous return e. all of the above f. two of the above

e. all of the above

Which sound do we associate with systolic blood pressure?

The first Korotkoff sound

Muscle contraction requires a lot of energy and we break down a great deal of ATP. We also have multiple mechanisms to generate ATP to meet these energy demands. Which of the following is/are NOT true about ATP production in active skeletal muscle? a. aerobic/oxidative energy systems have the greatest total capacity for generating ATP b. aerobic/oxidative energy systems cannot make ATP as quickly as out other energy systems c. the ATP-PCr system is out fastest means of producing ATP d. the ATP-PCr system can only generate ATP at high rates for 5-10 seconds in most subjects e. all of the above ARE true

e. all of the above ARE true

The size principle is a critical concept for understanding muscle and exercise physiology. Which of the following is/are NOT true related to the size principle? a. the largest motor units would only be stimulated at high intensities (when you need to produce a lot of force) b. we would mostly be using type 1 fibers at low intensities c. to produce only a little force we would tend to stimulate the smallest motor units d. to produce only a little force, only the lowest threshold motor neurons would be stimulated e. all of the above ARE true f. three of the above

e. all of the above ARE true

which of the following is/are NOT true about clotting? a. active factor X activates prothrombin to thrombin b. thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin c. a clot is made up of a fibrin network d. a clot is when antibodies in the plasma bind with antigens on the cells and cause them to clump together e. all of the above ARE true f. two of the above are NOT true about clotting

e. all of the above ARE true

which of the following statements is/are NOT true regarding this figure? a. phase U would be associated with ejection of blood from the ventricle b. phase P would be associated with filling of the ventricle c. the stroke volume would be over 50% d. the ejection fraction would be over 50% e. all of the above ARE true f. two of the above

e. all of the above ARE true

which of the following is/are true about hemorrhage and blood pressure (BP)? a. the loss of blood during hemorrhage would decrease blood volume which would decrease venous return and ultimately BP b. the initial drop in BP during hemorrhage would decrease capillary BP which would decrease ultrafiltration and increase reabsorption, which would increase plasma volume c. in an attempt to increase BP, the medulla would increase sympathetic nervous system activity (SNS) d. in an attempt to increase blood pressure the SNS would constrict arterioles and veins e. all of the above are true f. only two of the above are true

e. all of the above are true

which of the following is/are true about polycythemia? a. Polycythemia is when there are too many circulating erythrocytes b. in primary polycythemia, it can be caused by bone marrow tumors c. in secondary polycythemia, it is a normal response to low pO2 in the circulation (like going to high altitude or in pulmonary diseases) d. in relative polycythemia, there are a normal number of erythrocytes, but the subject has lost plasma (e.g. dehydration) and thus they are more concentrated e. all of the above are true f. only two of the above are true

e. all of the above are true

which of the following is/are NOT related to the refractory period in cardiac muscle? a. the refractory period is much longer than in nerve tissue and skeletal muscle b. the long refractory period in cardiac muscle means that we will not be able to stimulate an extra systole during the beginning or middle of ventricular contraction in our experiment c. the long refractory period means that we cannot observe twitch summation and tetanus in cardiac muscle d. the long refractory period is due to the very long action potential in cardiac muscles e. all of these ARE related to cardiac muscle refractory period

e. all of these ARE related to cardiac muscle refractory period

at what time point on this figure would the second heart sound occur? a. at time point W b. between points W and X c. at time point Y d. at time point V e. at time point X

e. at time point X

which of the following is/are NOT true about AB blood? a. their blood cells would have both A and B antigens b. they would have both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in their plasma c. they could receive blood from types A,B,O and AB donors d. a&c e. b&d

e. b&d

if your patient's blood pressure was 132/78, which of the following is/are true a. based on new guidelines they have elevated blood pressure b. two of these c. based on new guideline they have normal blood pressure d. based on old guidelines (pre-NOv 2017) they have hypertension e. based on new guidelines they have hypertension

e. based on new guidelines they have hypertension

Which of the following is/are NOT true about the autonomic nervous system and blood vessels? The sympathetic nervous system causes widespread vasoconstriction The parasympathetic nervous system causes widespread vasodilation norepinephrine causes vasoconstriction by binding with alpha-adrenergic receptors an increase in IP3 in a smooth muscle cell would cause vasoconstriction activating myosin light chain kinase would cause vasoconstriction

The parasympathetic nervous system causes widespread vasodilation

The sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitter that acts on the heart binds with ______________________________ in the SA Node a. nicotinic receptors b. beta-2 adrenergic receptors c. muscarinic receptors d. alpha-adrenergic receptors e. beta-1 adrenergic receptors

e. beta-1 adrenergic receptors

if your subject had aortic stenosis we would hear an extra sound at which point? a. between points X and V b. between points V and W c. at time point X d. at time point W e. between points W and X

e. between points W and X

when an action potential spreads down the T tubule it activates ________________, which serve as calcium channels in the t-tubule of the cardiac muscle cells; this plays an important role in the release of calcium a. ryanodine receptors b. NMDA receptors c. SERCAs d. IP3 e. dihydropyridine receptors

e. dihydrophyridine receptors

The second heart sound would occur when

The pressure in D falls below the pressure in H

which of the following events occur when the pressure in the atria is higher than the pressure in the ventricles? a. the period of isovolumeric relaxation b. the ventricular ejection period c. the mitral valve is closed d. two of these answers e. filling of the ventricles f. the aortic valve is open

e. filling of the ventricles

which of the following is/are true about the second heart sound? a. it is caused by closing of the AV valves b. it is associated with the beginning of the ejection period c. all of these answers d. only two of these answers e. it occurs when the pressure in the ventricle falls below the pressure in the aorta f. it would be the first sound right after/during the QRS complex

e. it occurs when the pressure in the ventricle falls below the pressure in the aorta

Their blood cells have B antigens on them Their blood cells have A antigens on them Their blood cells have Rh antigens on them This subject has blood type AB+

Their blood cells have B antigens on them This subject has blood type B-

the parasympathetic nervous system neurotransmitter that acts on the heart binds with __________________ in the SA node a. nicotinic receptors b. beta-2-adrenergic receptors c. beta-1-adrenergic receptors d. alpha-adrenergic receptors e. muscarinic receptors

e. muscarinic receptors

if observed, when does the 4th heart sound occur relative to out other heart sounds? a. just before S3 b. between S1 and S2 c. shortly after S2 d. shortly before S2 e. shortly before S1

e. shortly before S1

After collecting data from your subject you find that every heart beat there are about fifty milliliters of blood in the left ventricle at the end of systole, their heart is beating 100 times per minute and their heart is pumping out fifteen liters of blood per minute, which of the following is/are true: a. Their end diastolic volume is 50ml b. Their ejection fraction is approximately 75% c. Their stroke volume is about 100 ml d. All of these ARE true e. Their end systolic volume is 100 ml

Their ejection fraction is approximately 75%

If your subjectâ s blood pressure was 130/70, what would be true of their blood pressures:

Their mean arterial blood pressure would be 90 mmHg

If your subjectâ s blood pressure was 130/70, what would be true of their blood pressures: Their pulse pressure would be 70 mmHg Their pulse pressure would be 200 mmHg Their mean arterial blood pressure would be 100 mmHg Their mean arterial blood pressure would be 90 mmHg Two of the above

Their mean arterial blood pressure would be 90 mmHg

Which of the following are NOT true about Memory Cells of the immune system? a. Three of these b. They are a type of B lymphocyte c. They produce antibodies upon the initial exposure to an antigen d. They do not participate in the current immune response, but respond rapidly to produce plasma cells when exposed to the antigen a second time e. Vaccination increases the number of these cells for a specific antigen which allows for a more potent secondary response to this antigen

They produce antibodies upon the initial exposure to an antigen

Which of the following are NOT true about Memory Cells of the immune system? a. They do not participate in the current immune response, but respond rapidly to produce plasma cells when exposed to the antigen a second time b. They are a type of B lymphocyte c. Three of these d. They produce antibodies upon the initial exposure to an antigen e. Vaccination increases the number of these cells for a specific antigen which allows for a more potent secondary response to this antigen

They produce antibodies upon the initial exposure to an antigen

Point O on this figure is the _________ a. diastolic blood pressure b. pulse pressure c. filling of the ventricles d. opening of the AV valves e. systolic blood pressure f. mean arterial pressure g. closing of the AV valves h. 80 mmHg i. dicrotic notch

e. systolic blood pressure

which of the following is/are true about fusiform muscles? a. this fiber arrangement is associated with good range of motion b. this fiber arrangement is associated with high maximal shortening velocities c. this fiber arrangement is associated with larger physiological cross sectional area d. this fiber is associated with more sarcoplasmic reticulum e. two of the above

e. two of the above

The third heart sound would occur when during the cardiac cycle?

early filling of the ventricles right after the AV valves open

Multifocal PVC

ectopic Foci Premature QRS >.12s No P-wave precedes weird QRS Different shape QRS

Unifocal PVCs

ectopic Foci are premature QRS complex >.12s No P-wave precedes weird QRS Same shape QRS

Which of the following is/are true about this figure? a. If the middle, blue line represents a normal curve, then the bottom, red line depicts what happens to inotropy in heart failure b. only two of the above are true c. If the middle, blue, line represents a normal curve, then top, green line could be depeicting what happens to inotropy in a healthy subject with sympathetic stimulation d. The X axis is EDV and the Y axis is Stroke Volume e. It illustrates the Frank-Starling Law of the heart f. all of these are true

f. all of these are true

for a subject with healthy blood pressure (neither hypo-or hypertension), M on this figure would be approximately: a. 80 b. none of these answers c. 90 d. 100 e. >140 f. 120 g. <60

f. 120

There is a brief delay between atrial depolarization and ventricular depolarization. This is important to allow the ventricle to finish filling prior to contracting and ejecting. The ___________________________ is the part of the heart's electrical conduction system that conducts slowly and thus allows for this brief delay. a. SA node b. purkinje fibers c. left and right bundle branches d. common bundle e. interracial pathway f. AV node

f. AV node

This subject has blood type B+ Their blood cells have Rh antigens on them Their blood cells have B antigens on them

The picture below depicts your subject's blood typing tray. Cells clumped together in the gray shaded cells (there was no clumping on this slide). Which of the following is/are true about your subject's blood? select all that apply

This subject has blood type O-

Which of the following are true about clotting and/or the clotting cascade/pathway? a. Plasminogen gets activated to plasmin, which increases clot formation b. Three of these c. Thrombin activates fibrinogen to fibrin and fibrin forms a clot d. When platelets aggregate they form a clot e. Prothrombin gets converted to thrombin and thrombin forms a clot

Thrombin activates fibrinogen to fibrin and fibrin forms a clot

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