Exam 2 (Ch 4 & 5)

________ are typical primary consumers in a temperature deciduous forest.

Deer

Regions with otters tend to host dense forests of kelp, a brown seaweed that anchors to the seafloor. Kelp forests provide a physical structure in which diverse marine communities find shelter and food. Sea otters prey on urchins, which consume kelp. According to James Estes, sea otter populations have dropped dramatically in Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. If sea otter populations in these areas continue to decline, what might happen with populations of sea urchins and kelp?

Sea urchins increase and kelp decreases.

You study beetles and wish to apply niche partitioning to your research. Why? **

To decrease competition.

Which statement is an accurate description of a keystone species?

A keystone species that is a predator controls the herbivore populations, which in turn maintains the plant populations and keeps balance.

A new non-native species has recently been discovered in your area of North America. What information about the species would suggest the need for immediate action?**

The non-native species occurs in lakes.

What potential energy-bearing compound is produced through photosynthesis and made available for consumers?

carbohydrates

_____ are secondary consumers. **

carnivores

What biome is highly seasonal, with mild, wet winters and warm, dry summers?

chaparral

External costs include ________.

environmental damage

Which of the following is a pathogen?

influenza virus

Of the following, chaparral has a climate most similar to ________.

savanna

Which list includes biomes in the correct order from those that have the lowest annual rainfall to those that have the highest?

desert, grassland, temperate deciduous forest, tropical rainforest

Herbivory is actually a type of ________.

predation

A distinguishing feature of ecological economics is the concept of ________.

steady-state economies that neither grow nor shrink

What biome is depicted in this climate graph?

temperate rainforest

A seal that just ate a clam is eaten by a shark. The shark is acting as a ______. **

tertiary consumer

Which of the following was NOT part of public policy during the early years of the United States?

the Superfund

When does the equilibrium price of a product (good or service) occur?

when the supply of the product is equal to the demand for the product

Which of the following statements would the two authors agree on?**

Many non-native species are not harmful.

It has been demonstrated that ectotherms (such as insects and reptiles) in warm climates tolerate higher temperatures than ectotherms in cooler climates. Angilletta hypothesized that urban heat islands could lead to similar differences in heat tolerance between urban and rural populations of leaf-cutter ants. He predicted that ants in urban areas would tolerate heat better than ants in nearby rural areas. Select the two best experimental designs for comparing the thermal tolerance of ants in urban areas to ants in nearby rural areas.

Measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species as a function of the distance they live from a city center. Measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species from a city center and from a rural area in the same region.

Daniel Simberloff states that non-native species are responsible for which of the following?**

Modifying fire regimes

Mark Davis argues that non-natives rarely threaten natives with extinction. Davis would further say that:**

None of the thousands of native plant species in North America has ever gone totally extinct due to a non-native species

As the price of a good increases, the quantity of that good that sellers are willing to supply to the market ________.

increases

When a human eats a steak, the human is acting as a _____.

secondary consumer

10,000 kcal of producer could support approximately _____ kcal of tertiary consumer. **

10

If the actual increase in total sea otters was 1,400 individuals between 1985 and 2005, how many new sea otters were added to the population (on average) each year?

70

The results from Angilletta's observational experiment show that urban ant populations have higher heat tolerance than rural ant populations. A reasonable explanation for this difference is that urban ants evolved higher heat tolerance over generations as individuals with lower heat tolerance died and failed to reproduce. In the urban heat island of a city, natural selection favors organisms with higher heat tolerance. Suppose you want to run a manipulative experiment to try to replicate that evolutionary process. You decide to take ants from rural populations and relocate them to several city locations. Then for the next 50 years, you measure the heat tolerance of the transplanted populations every 5 years. You predict that the thermal tolerance of the transplanted populations will increase over time. The following graphs are possible results from your experiment. Drag group 1 labels (blue) to match each description with the appropriate graph. Drag group 2 labels (pink) to indicate how well each graph supports the hypothesis that natural selection results in urban ant populations with greater heat tolerance.

1) The population became more heat tolerant over time. The hypothesis is strongly supported. 2) The population became slightly more heat tolerant over time. The hypothesis is weakly supported. 3) There was no change in the populations heat tolerance over time. The hypothesis is not supported. 4)The population became less heat tolerant over time. The hypothesis is not supported.

In the year 2005 there were approximately ____ more sea otters in total than in 1985.

1,400

Wetlands provide a multitude of ecological, economic, and social benefits. They provide habitat for many organisms and are nurseries for many saltwater and freshwater fishes and shellfish. Wetlands also hold and slowly release floodwater and snow melt, recharge groundwater, act as cleansing filters, recycle nutrients, and provide recreation. As of 2000, the contiguous United States was estimated to have about 105 million acres of wetlands remaining. Over the past 60 years, it has lost over 16 million acres of wetlands, and the loss continues at about 58,000 acres annually. Nearly one-third of the loss is due to urban development, with the rest being nearly equally divided between rural development, agriculture, and silviculture (predominantly logging). The southeastern United States is experiencing the greatest losses. The Emergency Wetlands Resources Act (EWRA) of 1986 requires the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to conduct status and trend studies of the nation's wetlands and to report the results to Congress each decade. The overall goal is to have no more net loss of wetlands. EWRA also established Bayou Sauvage National Wildlife Refuge along Lake Pontchartrain in New Orleans, Louisiana. According to the scenario, if the United States continues to lose wetlands at current rates, in approximately what year would the country run out of wetlands?

3800

Approximately _____% of the energy at one trophic level is passed on to the next highest trophic level. **

5-10

What will occur if the demand for a product increases but the supply of that product remains the same?

A shortage of the product will cause the price of the product to increase.

Which statement is correct concerning the process of ecological succession?

After a disturbance, the community goes through a somewhat predictable set of changes until reaching a final state.

Which statement is correct concerning international law?

An example of customary law is the idea that no nation should use its resources in ways that adversely affect its neighbors.

Recent studies have examined the relationship between a society's quality of life or "happiness", and its resource use as measured by its ecological footprint. When the values for these measures were graphed for a large number of nations on one figure, it indicated that happiness increased with increased resource use up to a certain point (the point at which people's basic life needs were met). What trend do you think appeared in these data as resource use continued to increase?

As resource use increased, happiness level leveled off

Simberloff mentions Mediterranean cheatgrass as one example of a non-native species that has affected millions of acres. If Davis were the scientist talking to reporters, how might he frame the issue?**

Cheatgrass is causing regional declines of native plant communities.

Which type of advertising assists consumers in choosing products that are grown or manufactured with environmentally friendly methods?

Ecolabeling

________ encourages more sustainable business practices.

Ecolabeling

What type of economic discipline maintains that society, like natural populations, cannot surpass environmental limitations?

Ecological economics

Pollution changes the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) How does this occur?

GDP goes up when the polluting substance is produced and again when society pays to remove the substance from the environment.

Between the years of 1985 and 2005 the total number of sea otters:

Increased by approximately 100%.

Angilletta chose to measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species from several locations in and around São Paulo. Ants were gathered from four urban locations and five rural locations, as indicated in the satellite image below. Sites 1-4 are urban, and sites 5-9 are rural. The ants from the different locations were then placed in a chamber at 42°C. Angilletta recorded the percent of ants moving every minute until all ants stopped moving. (An ant that has stopped moving is dead.) Ants that survive longer at that high temperature have a higher heat tolerance. The following graphs are possible results from Angilletta's experiment. Match each description with the appropriate graph.

Graph 1: Ants from urban locations tolerate heat (more) than ants from rural locations. Graph 2: Ants from urban locations tolerate heat (slightly more) than ants from rural locations. Graph 3: Ants from urban locations tolerate heat (slightly less) than ants from rural locations. Graph 4: Ants from urban locations tolerate heat (less) than ants from rural locations. Graph 5: There is little to no difference in the heat tolerance of ants from each type of location. Graph 6: There was a flaw in the experimental design.

You are a farmer interested in low-input agriculture. Which of the following do you do? **

Increase your use of microbes and decrease your use of chemicals.

Which of the following correctly illustrate the two ways that economic growth can occur?

Increased inputs to the economy and improvements in efficiency through technology

How does predation differ from parasitism?

Parasites rarely kill their host, while predators kill their prey.

Which of the following is the main concern of neoclassical economics?

Production

In 1991, scientist James Estes and his team observed a new trend of orcas preying on sea otters. Orcas normally prey on great whales, but those populations had been dramatically reduced by industrial whaling. Estes hypothesized that the decrease in the great whale population had caused orcas to turn to smaller prey -- sea otters. If this hypothesis is correct, predict what might happen to sea otter numbers if great whale population numbers increase.

Sea otter populations would increase.

What is the title of the book by Rachel Carson that refers to the absence of birdsongs due to the poisoning of birds by pesticides?

Silent Spring

________ involves meeting the needs of the present without sacrificing the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Sustainable development

If current trends continue, which of the following will be true? **

The use of microbes in agriculture will increase.

Which of the following is true regarding soil microbes? **

There are many species and large populations.

Which of the following best explain the "free rider" predicament?

This allows one party to "get away" with an environmental impact while other parties continue to use best environmental practices.

Which of the following appears to be critical for successful use of microbes? **

Uniting agriculture and ecology.

The ________ promotes free trade by reducing obstacles to international commerce and enforcing fairness among nations in trading practices.

WTO

The first national park in the world was ________.

Yellowstone

Zebra mussels ________.

are an invasive exotic species that clog pipes and cover boat propellers

If global climate change results in an area of temperate grassland receiving less rainfall and higher temperatures, it will ________.

begin to support more desert species

The statement, "hiking up a mountain in the southwestern United States is like walking from Mexico to Canada," is meant to demonstrate that ________ change(s) rapidly as you change altitude and latitude.

biomes

Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Measurable warming of Earth due to these gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can melt permafrost in the tundra and increase precipitation in arctic areas. Global warming also can increase sea surface temperatures, melting sea ice in the Arctic and increasing the intensity of hurricanes in temperate and tropical coastal areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species (such as flowering plants and bees) "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species. Global warming has been hypothesized to cause many plants to flower earlier. If bees and other pollinators begin the search for food earlier in response to this, this would represent ________ within the community.

coevolution

According to the figure, the basis for government policy regarding environmental issues ________.

comes from the sciences, with additional input from the public and private sectors

To control pollution, industry has been given limits and been threatened with punishment if these limits are violated. This approach is called ________.

command and control

Which of these behaviors is not involved in determining the market price of a product?

consumers seeking to maximize external costs

Which of the examples below illustrates the economic principle of a negative externality?

cost of rebuilding roads damaged by trucks heavily loaded with goods

As the price of a good increases, the quantity of that good that buyers are willing to purchase ________.

decreases

An earthworm that feeds on the remains of plants and animals is acting as a _____.

detritivore

While in the grocery store, Maria chooses to purchase the soy milk produced from non-genetically modified soybeans over the brand grown conventionally. Maria has made use of __________ for her decision.

ecolabeling

Which of the following groups advocates economies that neither grow nor shrink but remain stable?

ecological economists

The role of an administrative agency is that of _______.

enforcement and elaboration of laws passed by Congress

What costs are associated with transactions that can result in damage to the environment, human health, and property?

external costs

Which trophic level provides energy for all of the other trophic levels?

first

The World Bank was established in 1944 to ________.

fund economic development for all countries, rich and poor, including dams and irrigation in the poorest countries, for the poorest peoples

The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) _________.

gave citizens the right to see and comment on proposed government projects through the creation of environmental impact statements

Which of the following acts to discourage unsustainable activities?

green tax

A company that produces household cleaners decides to produce a "green" version of its products, even though the formulas are virtually unchanged compared to the original formulas. This is an example of __________.

greenwashing

The GPI for the United States ________.

has leveled off since 1975

Wetlands provide a multitude of ecological, economic, and social benefits. They provide habitat for many organisms and are nurseries for many saltwater and freshwater fishes and shellfish. Wetlands also hold and slowly release floodwater and snow melt, recharge groundwater, act as cleansing filters, recycle nutrients, and provide recreation. As of 2000, the contiguous United States was estimated to have about 105 million acres of wetlands remaining. Over the past 60 years, it has lost over 16 million acres of wetlands, and the loss continues at about 58,000 acres annually. Nearly one-third of the loss is due to urban development, with the rest being nearly equally divided between rural development, agriculture, and silviculture (predominantly logging). The southeastern United States is experiencing the greatest losses. The Emergency Wetlands Resources Act of 1986 requires the Fish and Wildlife Service to conduct status and trend studies of the nation's wetlands and to report the results to Congress each decade. The overall goal is to have no more net loss of wetlands. In the past 5 years, money for flood control projects in Louisiana has been cut dramatically. During that time, two simulations, one of a category 4 hurricane and one of a category 5 hurricane, indicated catastrophic damage and loss of life along the Gulf Coast. The levees were predicted to break, and massive flooding to occur, in part due to the loss of the sheltering wetlands. Wetlands in the United States ________.

have decreased due to human development

Many plants have developed complicated defenses to protect themselves against __________.

herbivory

A community may undergo a regime shift or a phase shift if ________.

it loses a keystone species or suffers a major climatic change

If you were to randomly visit a specific area on Earth, what two factors would you need to know to determine the type of biome you will visit?

its annual rainfall and temperature

Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Measurable warming of Earth due to these gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can melt permafrost in the tundra and increase precipitation in arctic areas. Global warming also can increase sea surface temperatures, melting sea ice in the Arctic and increasing the intensity of hurricanes in temperate and tropical coastal areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species. Which of the following might be first to populate an area after glaciers melt in response to global climate change?

lichens

Use the figure above to answer the following question.In recent decades, a great deal of scientific research and observation has been funded and published by commercial and corporate interests. Since this science may not have to pass the peer review process and the researchers may have motives for biased reporting, such science could be included in the diagram as ________.

lobbying by the private sector

Ecologists researching Mount Saint Helens after the 1979 eruption determined that ________.

many species in the blast zone survived the eruption

Temperate deciduous forests are characterized by ________.

moderate temperatures and moderate amounts of precipitation

Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Measurable warming of Earth due to these gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can melt permafrost in the tundra and increase precipitation in arctic areas. Global warming also can increase sea surface temperatures, melting sea ice in the Arctic and increasing the intensity of hurricanes in temperate and tropical coastal areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species (such as flowering plants and bees) "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species. The relationship between flowering plants and bees is best described as ________.

mutualism

Many wild orchids cannot be successfully dug up and transplanted because they need the native mycorrhizae (a fungus) in the soil to survive. What kind of interaction is this?

mutualism

"If domestic gas prices rise to $5 per gallon, growth will slow significantly and our quality of life will decline." This view is consistent with ________ economics.

neoclassical

The principle that "internal costs," which are the costs and benefits borne by the buyer and seller alone, represent the true and full economics of all transactions is a principle of ________.

neoclassical economics

Secondary succession ________.

occurs after a fire or flood

A cow eating grass is an example of a _____.**

primary consumer

Grazing animals such as deer are ________.

primary consumers

Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Measurable warming of Earth due to these gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can melt permafrost in the tundra and increase precipitation in arctic areas. Global warming also can increase sea surface temperatures, melting sea ice in the Arctic and increasing the intensity of hurricanes in temperate and tropical coastal areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species. If the climate warms significantly, glaciers may melt, exposing underlying rock. This may lead to ________ in the community.

primary succession

In an ecosystem, phytoplankton are _____.

producers

Environmental policy aims to ________.

promote human welfare and protect natural systems by regulating resource use and reducing pollution

The social changes in the United States in the 20th century gave rise to environmental laws concerned primarily with ________.

reducing pollution caused by industry

The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) ________.

required environmental impact statements for any projects funded by the U.S. government

Two species of lizard live on the same tree and consume the same sorts of food. Regardless, neither species is in direct competition with the other. The key to this scenario is that one of the species is nocturnal; the other is diurnal. What is this called?

resource partitioning

Ecological restoration tries to __________.

return ecosystems to a more "natural" state, often what they were like before industrial civilization altered them

Fish that eat zooplankton would be considered ________.

secondary consumers

Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Measurable warming of Earth due to these gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can melt permafrost in the tundra and increase precipitation in arctic areas. Global warming also can increase sea surface temperatures, melting sea ice in the Arctic and increasing the intensity of hurricanes in temperate and tropical coastal areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species. Some models of climate change for North America predict that the grassland regions of the prairie states will become warmer and drier. This would result in ________.

the need to develop varieties of agricultural crops that tolerate desert conditions

What does the y-axis show?

the price of a good or service

What does the blue graph line represent?

the supply of a good or service

Gross domestic product (GDP) is ________.

the total monetary value of goods and services produced by a country