exam 2: Chapter 24, Chapter 23, Chapter 21, Chapter 22

Treaty of Paris (1898)

1) Cuba gets independence from Spain 2) United States gets Guam and Puerto Rico 3) United States gets Philippines for $20 million

Columbus, New Mexico

-town was attacked and burned down by Villa and his 1500 troops -Villa turned against Wilson because he was mad

William McKinley

-tries to avoid the war by getting Spain to end the policy with the military camps (Spain clearly refused)

causes of the Spanish-American War

-yellow journalism played a big role in convincing the Americans there was need for war

Platt Amendment

1) secured the right of the US to interfere in Cuban affairs 2) guaranteed US military naval base 3) Cuba couldn't make treaties

What two countries were engaged in a negotiation that the Lodge Corollary disallowed? A. Mexico and Japan B. Nicaragua and France C. Colombia and Japan D. Mexico and Spain

A

Which of the following was not a key area of focus for the Progressives? A. land reform B. democracy C. business regulation D. social justice

A

Which novel of the era satirized the conformity of the American middle class? A. This Side of Paradise B. The Sun Also Rises C. A Farewell to Arms D. Babbitt

D

18th Amendment

Prohibition

William Jennings Bryan

Secretary of State appointed by Wilson, proponent of world peace

New Nationalism

Theodore Roosevelt's 1912 campaign platform, which called for a powerful federal government to protect the American public

Rough Riders

Theodore Roosevelt's cavalry unit, fought in Cuba during the Spanish-American War, battle of San Juan Hill

Square Deal

Theodore Roosevelt's name for the kind of involved, hands-on government he felt the country needed

Harlem Hellfighters

a nickname for the decorated, all-black 369th Infantry, which served on the frontlines of France for six months, longer than any other American unit

bootlegging

a nineteenth-century term for the illegal transport of alcoholic beverages that became popular during prohibition

Election of 1920

WINNER- Warren G. Harding "return to normalcy," people were sick of hearing about the war, they loved his average-ness and people (Republicans) knew they could control him

Progressive Party

a political party started by Roosevelt and other Progressive Republicans who were unhappy with Taft and wanted Roosevelt to run for a nonconsecutive third term in 1912

Charles Lindbergh

first person to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927, flying from New York to Paris in thirty-three hours

Billy Sunday

gained fame as a baseball player, nation's most revered evangelist

John Scopes

he ACLU enlisted teacher and coach John Scopes, who suggested that he may have taught evolution while substituting for an ill biology teacher

Colonel Charles Forbes

head of the Veterans' Bureau, Colonel Charles Forbes, had absconded with most of the $250 million set aside for extravagant bureau functions, resigned and left the country (returns to country later on and gets jail time)

Emergency Immigration Act (1921)

introduced numerical limits on European immigration for the first time in U.S. history

muckrakers

investigative journalists and authors who wrote about social ills, from child labor to the corrupt business practices of big businesses, and urged the public to take action

Women's Land Army of America

known as "farmerettes," women stepped up to run farms and other agricultural enterprises

Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)

law expanded the power of the original Sherman Antitrust Act in order to allow the investigation and dismantling of more monopolies

George Dewey

led the U.S. Navy in a decisive victory, sinking all of the Spanish ships while taking almost no American losses

Revenue Act (Underwood Tariff) of 1913

lowered tariff rates across the board by approximately 15 percent and completely eliminated tariffs on several imports, including steel, iron ore, woolen products, and farm tools, brought the federal income tax

Federal Reserve Act (1919)

lowered tariff rates across the board by approximately 15 percent and completely eliminated tariffs on several imports, including steel, iron ore, woolen products, and farm tools.

National Origins Act (1924)

lowered the level to 2 percent of the 1890 census, significantly reducing the share of eligible southern and eastern Europeans

Butler Act (TN)

made it illegal "to teach any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals." -could not teach evolution

"Red Summer"

the summer of 1919, when numerous northern cities experienced bloody race riots that killed over 250 persons, including the Chicago race riot of 1919

Silent Sentinels

women protesters who picketed the White House for years to protest for women's right to vote; they went on a hunger strike after their arrest, and their force-feeding became a national scandal

Upton Sinclair

wrote "The Jungle," told of the conditions of the meatpacking industry

Election of 1928

WINNER- Herbert Hoover vs. Alfred Smith (Democrat) Great Depression begins during presidency

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)

- hoped to challenge the Butler Act as an infringement of the freedom of speech during the Scopes Monkey Trial

Theodore Roosevelt

-Assistant Secretary of the Navy -ordered navy ships to attack the Spanish fleet in the Philippines

Lusitania

-British passenger ship, RMS Lusitania, that was on its way from New York to Liverpool -The German Embassy in the United States had announced that this ship would be subject to attack for its cargo of ammunition but Germany still attacked -1200 civilians died, 128 Americans

Committee on Public Information

-George Creel - employed artists, speakers, writers, and filmmakers to develop a propaganda machine to encourage Americans to help with the war effort

Food Administration

-Herbert Hoover -he too encouraged volunteer rationing by invoking patriotism with Meatless Mondays, Wheatless Wednesdays, and the slogan "food will win the war"

"Cuba Libre" Movement

-Jose Marti founded this movement -Cuban fight for freedom -Some of the American view: Cubans fighting for independence, we know what that is like, yadadada

Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes

-Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote that such dissent presented a "clear and present danger" to the safety of the United States and the military (referring to Schenk vs. United States)

National Civil Liberties Bureau

-Roger Baldwin -to challenge the government's policies against wartime dissent and conscientious objection

Schenk vs. United States

-Schenk handed out leaflets telling people to avoid the draft -Supreme court rules that during wartime the First Amendment is different than during peacetime

Mexican Revolution

-U.S. first supported Victoriano Huertam, later supported Pancho Villa until reluctantly authorized official U.S. recognition of Carranza's government (because Villa does not have the troops to overthrow power) -U.S. refused to recognize Huerta because he killed off the previous president to come to power

Knox-Porter Resolution

-United States technically remained at war with Germany until July 21, 1921 until it came to a close with this treaty

Railroad Adminstration

-William McAdoo - had extraordinary war powers to control the entire railroad industry, including traffic, terminals, rates, and wages

Achduke Franz Ferdinand

-a Serbian nationalist, Gavrillo Princip, murdered him (this action was the underlying force that led to World War I) because the Serbians wanted their independence from Austria -was the next in line for the Austrian-Hungarian Empire

Progressivism

-a broad movement between 1896 and 1916 led by white, middle-class professionals for legal, scientific, managerial, and institutional solutions to the ills of urbanization, industrialization, and corruption -middle class whites trying to help the lower classes

unterseeboot

-an "undersea boat" or U-boat -Germans dispatched a fleet of these submarines around Great Britain to attack merchant and military ships -acted in direct violation of international law (they attacked without warning instead of surfacing and allowing the surrender of the crew/civilians)

William Howard Taft

-appointed civil governor of the Philippines to disengage the American military from direct confrontations with the Filipino people wanting independence -The Taft Commission continued to introduce new more modern reforms and to improve daily life

William Jennings Bryan

-argued the case for the prosecution (Scopes Trial) -known for offering $100 to anyone who would admit to being descended from an ape

"Hello Girls"

-bilingual telephone opperators in France, stationed in combat areas

U.S.S. Maine

-exploded killing over 250 American sailors -yellow journalism told the tale that the Spanish attacked, leading to..."Remember the Maine!" -event that rallied Americans into war by yellow journalism

Impact of the movies

-first "talkie" was The Jazz Singer

Boxer Rebellion

-fought to expel all western nations and their influences from China -targets= anyone in China who was foreign, killed them, -U.S., Great Britain, and Germany sent in troops to withstand the rebellion

Selective Service Act (1917)

-initially required all men aged twenty-one through thirty to register for the draft -1918: expanded to 18-45 years of age -some who opposed the draft, usually based on religious beliefs, were called conscientious objectors

Sedition Act (1918)

-prohibited any criticism or disloyal language against the federal government and its policies, the U.S. Constitution, the military uniform, or the American flag

Espionage Act (1917)

-prohibited giving aid to the enemy by spying, or espionage, as well as any public comments that opposed the American war effort

Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917

-prohibited individual trade with an enemy nation and banned the use of the postal service for disseminating any literature deemed treasonous by the postmaster general

War Industries Board

-run by Bernard Baruch, to ensure adequate military supplies -had the power to direct shipments of raw materials, as well as to control government contracts with private producers

Fuel Administration

-run by Harry Garfield, created the concept of "fuel holidays," encouraging civilian Americans to do their part for the war effort by rationing fuel on certain days -daylight savings time

Woodrow Wilson

-takes office in March 1913 -promised a less expansionist approach to American foreign policy than former presidents (this didn't exactly work out)

liberty bonds

-the name for the war bonds that the U.S. government sold, and strongly encouraged Americans to buy, as a way of raising money for the war effort -government was basically borrowing money from the Americans to pay for the war

Article X

-this agreement would basically render each nation equal in terms of power, as no member nation would be able to use its military might against a weaker member nation

anti-German feelings in the U.S.

-to get Americans to join the war effort, everything German was banned

How did Hay's suggestion of an open door policy in China benefit the United States over other nations? A. The United States produced goods of better quality and lower cost than other countries. B. The United States enjoyed a historically stronger relationship with the Chinese government. C. The United States was the only nation granted permission to collect taxes on the goods it traded within China's borders. D. The United States controlled more foreign ports than other countries.

A

How did Roosevelt intercede in the Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902? A. He invited strikers and workers to the White House. B. He urged the owners to negotiate a deal. C. He threatened to send in the army to work the mines. D. He ordered the National Guard to protect the strikers.

A

In 1929, Albert Fall was convicted of bribery while holding the position of ________. A. Secretary of the Interior B. head of the Veterans' Bureau C. Secretary of the Treasury D. Secretary of Commerce

A

The popularization of ________ expanded the communications and sports industries. A. radios B. talkies C. the Model T D. airplanes

A

The popularization of which psychologist's ideas encouraged the new morality of the 1920s? A. Sigmund Freud B. Alice Paul C. W. E. B. Du Bois D. Margaret Sanger

A

Why did the war not increase overall prosperity? A. because inflation made the cost of living higher B. because wages were lowered due to the war effort C. because workers had no bargaining power due to the "no-strike pledge" D. because women and African American men were paid less for the same work

A

Teapot Dome Scandal

Albert Fall leased navy reserves in Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and two other sites to oil companies without opening the bidding to other companies. Fall was convicted of accepting bribes from the oil companies; he was fined $100,000 and sentenced to a year in prison -first time a cabinet official had received a sentence -the bribery scandal involving Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall in 1923

Coolidge's presidency was characterized by ________. A. scandal and dishonesty B. silence and inactivity C. flamboyancy and extravagance D. ambition and greed

B

How did the Boxer Rebellion strengthen American ties with China? A. The United States supported the rebels and gained their support. B. The United States provided troops to fight the rebels. C. The United States sent arms and financial support to the Chinese government. D. The United States thwarted attempts by Great Britain and Germany to fortify the rebels.

B

Ida Tarbell wrote publicly about A. the need for better housing in rural America B. the sinister business practices of Standard Oil C. the need for a national temperance movement D. the women's suffrage cause in the American West

B

The Scopes Monkey Trial revolved around a law that banned teaching about ________ in public schools. A. the Bible B. Darwinism C. primates D. Protestantism

B

What was Article X in the Treaty of Versailles? A.the "war guilt clause" that France required B. the agreement that all nations in the League of Nations would be rendered equal C. the Allies' division of Germany's holdings in Asia D. the refusal to allow Bolshevik Russia membership in the League of Nations

B

Which amendment did Alice Paul promote to end gender discrimination? A. Prohibition Amendment B. Equal Rights Amendment C. Sheppard-Towner Amendment D. Free Exercise Amendment

B

Which is not one of the reasons the Anti-Imperial League gave for opposing the creation of an American empire? A. fear of competition from foreign workers B. fear that the United States would suffer a foreign invasion C. concerns about the integration of other races D. concerns that empire building ran counter to American democratic principles

B

Which of the following is not an example of social justice Progressivism? A. anti-liquor campaigns B. referendums C. workplace safety initiatives D. improvements in education

B

Which of the following was not a destabilizing factor immediately following the end of the war? A. a flu pandemic B. a women's liberation movement C. high inflation and economic uncertainty D. political paranoia

B

Which of the following was not included in the Treaty of Versailles? A. extensive German reparations to be paid to the Allies B. a curtailment of German immigration to Allied nations C. France's acquisition of disputed territory along the French-German border D. a mandate for Germany to accept responsibility for the war publicly

B

Why did some Central American nations object to Taft's paying off their debt to Europe with U.S. dollars? A. because American currency wasn't worth as much as local currencies B. because they felt it gave the United States too much leverage C. because they were forced to give land grants to the United States in return D. because they wanted Asian countries to pay off their debts instead

B

Why did the United States express limited interest in overseas expansion in the 1860s and 1870s? A. fear of attacks on their borders B. post-Civil War reconstruction C. the Anti-Imperialist League D. Manifest Destiny

B

Why was the German use of the unterseeboot considered to defy international law? A. because other countries did not have similar technology B. because they refused to warn their targets before firing C.because they constituted cruel and unusual methods D. because no international consensus existed to employ submarine technology

B

With the Roosevelt Corollary, Roosevelt sought to establish ________. A. the consequences for any European nation that involved itself in Latin American affairs B. the right of the United States to involve itself in Latin American affairs whenever necessary C. the idea that Latin America was free and independent from foreign intervention D. the need for further colonization efforts in the Western Hemisphere

B

Atlanta Compromise

Booker T. Washington's speech, given at the Atlanta Exposition in 1895, where he urged African Americans to work hard and get along with others in their white communities, so as to earn the goodwill of the country

In order to pursue his goal of using American influence overseas only when it was a moral imperative, Wilson put which man in the position of Secretary of State? A. Charles Hughes B. Theodore Roosevelt C. William Jennings Bryan D. John Pershing

C

What of the following was not used to control American dissent against the war effort? A. propaganda campaigns B. repressive legislation C. National Civil Liberties Bureau D. loyalty league

C

What system did the direct primary replace? A. candidate selection by secret ballots B. candidate selection by machine bosses C. candidate selection by convention delegates D. an indirect primary

C

What was the inciting event that led to the Chicago Race Riot of 1919? A. a strike at a local factory B. a protest march of black activists C. the murder of a black boy who swam too close to a white beach D. the assault of a white man on a streetcar by black youths

C

Which of the following did Mahan not believe was needed to build an American empire? A. a navy B. military bases around the world C. the reopening of the American frontier D. a canal through Central America

C

Which of the following did not influence the eventual passage of the Nineteenth Amendment? A. women's contributions to the war effort B. the dramatic tactics and harsh treatment of radical suffragists C. the passage of the Volstead Act D. the arguments of President Wilson's daughter

C

Which of the following films released in 1927 was the first successful talking motion picture? A. The Clansman B. The Great Gatsby C. The Jazz Singer D. The Birth of a Nation

C

Which of the following was not a feature of Booker T. Washington's strategy to improve the lives of African Americans? A. self-help B. accommodating/tolerating white racism C. immediate protests for equal rights D. learning new trades/skills

C

Who was the Republican presidential nominee for the 1920 election? A. Calvin Coolidge B. Woodrow Wilson C. Warren Harding D. James Cox

C

Aimee Semple McPherson

Canadian Pentecostal preacher whose Foursquare Church in Los Angeles, wore makeup and tight clothing, downfall when her love affair comes to public knowledge

Which man was both a professional baseball player and an influential evangelist during the 1920s? A. Babe Ruth B. H. L. Mencken C. Jim Thorpe D. Billy Sunday

D

How did Colombia react to the United States' proposal to construct a canal through Central America? A. They preferred to build such a canal themselves. B. They preferred that no canal be built at all. C. They agreed to sell land to the United States to build the canal, but in a less advantageous location than the Panamanians. D. They felt that Roosevelt's deal offered too little money.

D

Which of the following was a key Progressive item passed by Taft? A. the Pure Food and Drug Act B. the U.S. Forestry Service C. the Mann-Elkins Act D. the Payne-Aldrich Act

D

Which of the following was not an outcome of the Underwood Tariff Act? A. It reduced tariffs 15 percent across all imports. B. It eliminated tariffs for steel. C. It eliminated tariffs for iron ore. D. It established a federal banking system to oversee tariffs.

D

Which of the following was not enacted in order to secure men and materials for the war effort? A. the Food Administration B. the Selective Service Act C. the War Industries Board D. the Sedition Act

D

Who was the first person to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean? A. Orville Wright B. Jim Thorpe C. Charlie Chaplin D. Charles Lindbergh

D

Who were the "Silent Sentinels"? A. a group of progressive African Americans who drafted the Declaration of Principles B. anti-suffrage women C. an offshoot of the Industrial Workers of the World D. suffragists who protested outside the White House

D

U.S. Forestry Service

Gifford Pinchot, carved out several nature habitats on federal land in order to preserve the nation's environmental beauty and protect it from development or commercial use

National American Women's Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

Leaders: Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony

Theodore Roosevelt

PROGRESSIVE, becomes president after McKinley is shot in 1901

Emilio Aguinaldo

Philippine president, captured and forced to sign agreement not to rebel

Election of 1916

Republicans nominee- Charles Evans Hughes vs Woodrow Wilson -Wilson won this re-election but his neutrality campaign would be hard to continue

Irreconcilables

Republicans who opposed the Treaty of Versailles on all grounds

reservationists

Republicans who would support the Treaty of Versailles if sufficient amendments were introduced that could eliminate Article X

"Speak softly, and carry a big stick"

Roosevelt's foreign policy approach, when diplomacy doesn't work then you use the military

Election of 1912

Roosevelt- forms his own party (Progressives), gave the Democrats the win by splitting the Republican party Republican: Taft Democrat: Wilson

Election of 1920

Senator Warren G. Harding vs. James Cox -Harding won because he promised to return to normality (a candidate around whom they could mold their policies of low taxes, immigration restriction, and noninterference in world affairs)

Alice Paul

Separated from NAWSA and formed the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage [later named the National Women's Party] (NAWSA had to slow of a pace of change)

dollar diplomacy

Taft's foreign policy, which involved using American economic power to push for favorable foreign policies

What was the role of the Taft Commission?

The Taft Commission introduced reforms to modernize and improve daily life in the Philippines. Many of these reforms were legislative in nature, impacting the structure and composition of local governments. In exchange for the support of resistance leaders, for example, the commission offered them political appointments.

Election of 1924

WINNER- Calvin Coolidge -became president after Harding died -no scandals, small time American, pro-business, re-elected because of his honest and calm reputation -Coolidge won easily over the divided Democratic party

Election of 1908

William Howard Taft vs. William Jennings Bryan -Taft comes out with the win

19th Amendment

Womens' suffrage

New Freedom

Woodrow Wilson's campaign platform for the 1912 election that called for a small federal government to protect public interests from the evils associated with bad businesses

League of Nations

Woodrow Wilson's idea for a group of countries that would promote a new world order and territorial integrity through open discussions, rather than intimidation and war

nuetrality

Woodrow Wilson's policy of maintaining commercial ties with all belligerents and insisting on open markets throughout Europe during World War I -Wilson wanted to win the re-election so he tried to stay neutral

Fourteen Points

Woodrow Wilson's postwar peace plan, which called for openness in all matters of diplomacy, including free trade, freedom of the seas, and an end to secret treaties and negotiations, among others

Niagara Movement

a campaign led by W. E. B. Du Bois and other prominent African American reformers that departed from Booker T. Washington's model of accommodation and advocated for a "Declaration of Principles" that called for immediate political, social, and economic equality for African Americans

Anti-Imperialist League

a group of diverse and prominent Americans who banded together in 1898 to protest the idea of American empire building -Reasons of the league: goes against democracy, foreign workers coming into US affecting jobs because of immigrants, didn't want other races coming into the country

Lost Generation

a group of writers who came of age during World War I and expressed their disillusionment with the era

moving assembling line

a manufacturing process that allowed workers to stay in one place as the work came to them

Wobblies

a nickname for the Industrial Workers of the World, a radical Progressive group that grew out of the earlier labor movement and desired an industrial union model of labor organization

direct primary

a political reform that allowed for the nomination of candidates through a direct vote by party members, rather than by the choice of delegates at conventions; in the South, this strengthened all-white solidarity within the Democratic Party

Wisconsin Idea

a political system created by Robert La Follette, governor of Wisconsin, that embodied many progressive ideals; La Follette hired experts to advise him on improving conditions in his state

referendum

a process that allows voters to counteract legislation by putting an existing law on the ballot for voters to either affirm or reject

initiative

a proposed law placed on the ballot by public petition

Hollywood

a small town north of Los Angeles, California, whose reliable sunshine and cheaper production costs attracted filmmakers and producers starting in the 1910s; by the 1920s, Hollywood was the center of American movie production with five movie studios dominating the industry

Roosevelt Corollary

a statement by Theodore Roosevelt that the United States would use military force to act as an international police power and correct any chronic wrongdoing by any Latin American nation threatening the stability of the region

Taylorism

a system named for Fredrick Winslow Taylor, aimed at improving factory efficiency rates through the principle of standardization; Taylor's model limited workers to repetitive tasks, reducing human contact and opportunities to think or collaborate

flapper

a young, modern woman who embraced the new morality and fashions of the Jazz Age

Lodge Corallary

an addendum to the Roosevelt Corollary, stating that no foreign corporation—other than American ones—could obtain strategic lands in the Western Hemisphere

Frontier Thesis

an idea proposed by Fredrick Jackson Turner, which stated that the encounter of European traditions and a native wilderness was integral to the development of American democracy, individualism, and innovative character

"Smoked Yankees"

black soldiers in the Spanish-American War

Elkins Act (1903) & Hepburn Act (1906)

both strengthened the position of the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate railroad prices, extended the Commission's authority to regulate interstate transportation on bridges, ferries, and even oil pipelines

Henry Cabot Lodge

chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee that oversaw ratification proceedings -issued a list of fourteen reservations he had regarding the treaty (most of which centered on the creation of a League of Nations)

Foraker Act (1900)

established Puerto Rico as an American territory with its own civil government

Meat Inspection Act of 1906

established a system of government inspection for meat products, including grading the meat based on its quality

Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

required labels on all food and drug products that clearly stated the materials in the product, also prohibited any "adulterated" products, a measure aimed at some specific, unhealthy food preservatives

yellow journalism

sensationalist newspapers who sought to manufacture news stories in order to sell more papers

John Pershing

sent after Villa 300 miles into Mexico before an angry Carranza ordered U.S. troops to withdraw from the nation

expatriate

someone who lives outside of their home country

Scopes Monkey Trial

the 1925 trial of John Scopes for teaching evolution in a public school; the trial highlighted the conflict between rural traditionalists and modern urbanites

NAACP

the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, a civil rights organization formed in 1909 by an interracial coalition including W. E. B. Du Bois and Florence Kelley

prohibition

the campaign for a ban on the sale and manufacturing of alcoholic beverages, which came to fruition during the war, bolstered by anti-German sentiment and a call to preserve resources for the war effort

return to normalcy

the campaign promise made by Warren Harding in the presidential election of 1920

Open Door Notes

the circular notes sent by Secretary of State Hay claiming that there should be "open doors" in China, allowing all countries equal and total access to all markets, ports, and railroads without any special considerations from the Chinese authorities; while ostensibly leveling the playing field, this strategy greatly benefited the United States

"clear and present danger"

the expression used by Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes in the case of Schenck v. United States to characterize public dissent during wartime, akin to shouting "fire!" in a crowded theater

Model T

the first car produced by the Ford Motor Company that took advantage of the economies of scale provided by assembly-line production and was therefore affordable to a large segment of the population

sphere of influence

the goal of foreign countries such as Japan, Russia, France, and Germany to carve out an area of the Chinese market that they could exploit through tariff and transportation agreements

new morality

the more permissive mores adopted my many young people in the 1920s

Negro nationalism

the notion that African Americans had a distinct and separate national heritage that should inspire pride and a sense of community

Seward's Folly

the pejorative name given by the press to Secretary of State Seward's acquisition of Alaska in 1867

natvisim

the rejection of outside influences in favor of local or native customs

Zimmermann telegram

the telegram sent from German foreign minister Arthur Zimmermann to the German ambassador in Mexico, which invited Mexico to fight alongside Germany should the United States enter World War I on the side of the Allies -changed American view on the war

Red Scare

the term used to describe the fear that Americans felt about the possibility of a Bolshevik revolution in the United States; fear over Communist infiltrators led Americans to restrict and discriminate against any forms of radical dissent, whether Communist or not

Progressive Era

time of wide-ranging causes and varied movements, where reformers from diverse backgrounds and with very different agendas pursued the goal of a better America

photojournalism

to capture the dismal and dangerous living conditions in working-class tenements in New York City

recall

to remove a public official from office by virtue of a petition and vote process

Second Ku Klux Klan

unlike the secret terror group of the Reconstruction Era, the Second Ku Klux Klan was a nationwide movement that expressed racism, nativism, anti-Semitism, and anti-Catholicism

Palmer Raids

went after anyone with a Russian sounding last name, tried to deport them