Exam 2- Chpt. 3 &4

After an accident in which she suffered brain damage, Mary cannot detect the movement of a stimulus. Which area of her brain is likely damaged? A. "when" pathway B. visual cortex C. "what" pathway D. "where" pathway

"where" pathway

Which of the following is NOT an analogy your textbook uses to describe attention?

A key fitting into a lock

Which of the following is NOT an analogy your textbook uses to describe attention? A. A filter of information B. A key fitting into a lock C. A spotlight focused on an aspect of the environment D. A glue that binds the features of the environment together

A key fitting into a lock

Which of the following would be classified as a dual-task method? A. A subject learns a list of words, complete a distracter task, and then recalls the previously learned words B. A subject sees a list of digits, and then has to recite them backwards afterward c. A subject has to work on a Sudoku puzzle while listening to a recording and responds when ever an animal name comes up in the recording d. A subject takes a survey that is designed to evoke certain types of emotions and later has to report what sort of emotions he/she felt

A subject has to work on a Sudoku puzzle while listening to a recording and responds when ever an animal name comes up in the recording

An example of a conjunction target would be A. A green square among red squares B. A yellow circle among green squares C. A black circle among black triangles D. A purple triangle among blue triangles

A yellow circle among green squares

Participants in Simons & Levin's (1998) study did not notice when a person asking them for directions was switched with another person. This illustrates _____. A. Change blindness B. Visual blindness C. Color blindness D. Top-down processing

A. Change blindness

Which of the three approaches to perception would describe perception of a tree as more than the addition of its branches, leaves, roots, flowers, etc.? A. Gestalt B. computational C. perception/action

A. Gestalt

Noticing a red flower among a field of purple flowers illustrates _____. A. The attention capture phenomenon B. The cocktail party effec C. The bottleneck of attention D. A shadowing task

A. The attention capture phenomenon

In finding neural evidence for processing environmental information, it is theorized that the _______ is responsible for recognizing an object and the _______ is responsible for locating an object. A. Ventral pathway , Dorsal pathway B. Dorsal pathway, Ventral pathway C. Proximal pathway, Distal pathway D. Distal pathway, Proximal pathway

A. Ventral pathway , Dorsal pathway

In Treisman and Gelade's (1980) experiments on visual search for a target, the targets in the _____________ condition seemed to pop out of the displays. A. single-feature B. conjunction-feature C. change blindness D. color

A. single-feature

There is an area near the occipital lobe that has been shown to become active when motion stimuli are perceived, and when the direction of an object's movement is accurately detected. This is known as the _____. a. Visual cortex b. Area MT c. "where" pathway D. "what" pathway

Area MT

Walking is to _____ as learning a new language is to _____. A. Top-down processing; bottom-up processing B Controlled processing; automatic processing C. Automatic processing; controlled processing D. Perception; sensation

Automatic processing; controlled processing

Which of these is NOT known to influence the cocktail party effect? A. The salience of the message B. Early processes in filtering C. A person's intelligence D. Individual differences in filtering abilities

B. Early processes in filtering

If you had to turn your car wheel left to make a right turn, you would likely get confused. This illustrates _____. a. Change blindness B. The Simon effect C. The attention capture phenomenon D. The theory of unconscious inference

B. The Simon effect

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the notion that our attention is like a spotlight? A. A woman baking cookies while holding her child and talking with her friend on the phone B. Tony's focus on his video game C. A professor noting the students coming into class late while giving a lecture D. A student studying for an exam while browsing social media

B. Tony's focus on his video game

Which of the three approaches to perception would describe perception of an object in terms of the geons that make up the object? A. Gestalt B. computational C. perception/action

B. computational

Which of the three approaches to perception would describe perception of an object in terms of the geons that make up the object? a. Gestalt B. computational C. perception/action

B. computational

Not noticing a change in the environment from moment to moment is called ______. A. selective attention B. inattentional blindness C. attention capture D. visual search

B. inattentional blindness

Schneider and Shiffrin's (1977) experiments showed that when the targets and distractors were ___________, the task became automatic for the subjects. A. of different types B. of the same types C. were all numbers D. were all letters

B. of the same types

Walking is to _____ as learning a new language is to _____. A. Top-down processing; bottom-up processing B. Controlled processing; automatic processing C. Automatic processing; controlled processing D. Perception; sensation

C. Automatic processing; controlled processing

Which of the following is NOT true about controlled processing A. It is cognitively taxing B. It is based on one's intentions C. It never becomes automatic

C. It never becomes automatic

The perception of _____ likely involves a combination of processes. A. sound B. smell C. motion D. touch

C. Motion

In the online Motion Aftereffect demonstration, how long can the spiral aftereffect last? A. Up to approximately 5 seconds B. Up to approximately 20 seconds C. Up to approximately 30 seconds D. Up to approximately 1 minute

C. Up to approximately 30 seconds

Which of the three approaches to perception would describe perception of a doorway in terms of whether it can be walked through? A. Gestalt B. computational C. perception/action

C. perception/action

Which of the following parts of a sensory system is responsible for transforming stimulus energy into neural signals? A. sense organ B. brain areas C. receptor cells D. nerve conduit

C. receptor cells

Participants in Simons & Levin's (1998) study did not notice when a person asking them for directions was switched with another person. This illustrates _____. a. Change blindness b. automatic processing c. simon effect

Change blindness

Processing that is not controlled and does not tax cognitive resources is _____, whereas processing due to an intention that consumes cognitive resources is _____. A. Controlled; automatic B. Voluntary; involuntary C. Difficult; easy D. Automatic; controlled

D. Automatic; controlled

In a study, subjects are asked to perform an arithmetic task while also attempting to remember lists of words for later recall. The researchers in this study compared the performance on the memory task with and without the accompanying arithmetic task to determine if the arithmetic task interferes with one's performance on the memory task. This study used the ____________ methodology to study attention abilities. A. visual search B. conjunction search C. inattentional blindness D. dual-task

D. dual-task

In which lobe of the brain is visual information first processed? A. parietal B. frontal C. temporal D. occipital

D. occipital

An example of an affordance would be thinking that you can fly to class. a. true b. false

False

An example of an affordance would be thinking that you can fly to class. A. True B. False

False

In Simons & Chabris' (1999) study, most people noticed the gorilla walk across the scene. a. t b. f

False

n Simons & Chabris' (1999) study, most people noticed the gorilla walk across the scene. A. t B. f

False

You are a biology major but must take at least one business class in order to graduate. The fact that you tend to find biology-based courses much more entertaining than the required business class supports _____.

Kahneman's capacity model of attention

A neuropsychological discovery that provided support for the link between perception and action was the discovery of _____. a. Top-down processing b. The visual cortex c. Mirror neurons d. Perception

Mirror neurons

You are waiting at a train crossing, and you notice how the "STOP" sign appears to blink in a way that the lights rotate around the words. Using the principle of _____, you rationalize that each light must turn on and off in a pattern, rather than one light travelling around the sign. a. gestalt b. pragnanz c. computational

Pragnanz

Zaretskaya et al. (2013) found activity in the _____ during a task involving a global percept. a. right parietal cortex b. right occipital cortex c. right dorsal

Right parietal cortex

Which of the following is NOT one of the organizational principles of Gestalt perception? a. Similarity b. Good continuation c. Closure d. Simple operations

Simple operations

Noticing a red flower among a field of purple flowers illustrates _____.

The attention capture phenomenon

The two mechanisms hypothesized to underlie the Simon effect are _____ and _____. a. the referential-coding hypothesis; The attentional-movement hypothesis b. The attentional-movement hypothesis; the referential-coding hypothesis

The attentional-movement hypothesis; the referential-coding hypothesis

Which of the following theories could be discounted when taking the results of Simon's invisible gorilla study into account? a. cocktail party effect b. shadowing task c. inattention/change blindness

The cocktail party effect

Which of the following theories could be discounted when taking the results of Simon's invisible gorilla study into account? A. The cocktail party effect B. The attentional spotlight C. Feature binding model of attention D. Capacity model of attention

The cocktail party effect

According to Treisman's dictionary unit, the lower the threshold of information, _____. a. The more likely you are to become confused b. The less likely the information is attended to c. The more likely the information is attended to d. The less likely you are to understand the meaning

The more likely the information is attended to

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the notion that our attention is like a spotlight?

Tony's focus on his video game

According to feature-integration model, we are not aware of the feature identification process because it is automatic. a. true b. false

True

Strayer & Johnston (2001) found that people have a harder time maintaining a conversation on a cell phone while driving than they do listening to the radio while driving. A. t B. f

True

The dorsal pathway of the brain processes "where" information about the environment. A. t B. F

True

The dual-task method compares performance on two simultaneous tasks to performance on one task at a time to see which scenario produces better results. a. t b. f

True

In the online Motion Aftereffect demonstration, how long can the spiral aftereffect last? A. Up to approximately 5 seconds B. Up to approximately 20 seconds c. Up to approximately 30 seconds d. Up to approximately 1 minute

Up to approximately 30 seconds

Letter targets and distractors in Schneider & Shiffrin's (1977) task is an example of a _____. a. Varied mapping condition b. Consistent mapping condition

Varied mapping condition

Talking to your friend during class while you are supposed to be listening to your professor's lecture is most similar to _____. A. salience B. a shadowing task C. the cocktail party effect D. the dual-task metho

a shadowing task

The ventral pathway is to _____ as the dorsal pathway is to _____. a. What; where b. Top-down processing; bottom-up processing c. Where; what d. Bottom-up processing; top-down processing

a. What; where

Perhaps one of the most important ways to turn a controlled task into an automatic one is _____. a. practice b. to stop worrying about it c. only try it once d. try different ways of completing

a. practice

In the ______ a subject attends to one of two competing messages in each ear. People usually can't recall the information in the unattended ear with the exception of ______. a. Cocktail party task, bottleneck effect b. Shadowing task, cocktail party effect c. Attentional task, cocktail party effect D. Bottleneck task, filtering effect

b. Shadowing task, cocktail party effect

Our attention has been said to involve a _____ that filters out everything except the information we are attending to.

bottleneck

According to Treisman's dictionary unit, the lower the threshold of information, _____. A. The more likely you are to become confused B. The less likely the information is attended to c. The more likely the information is attended to D. The less likely you are to understand the meaning

c. The more likely the information is attended to

Which of the three approaches to perception would describe perception of an object in terms of the geons that make up the object? A. Gestalt B. computational C. perception/action

computational

What would Gestalt psychologists characterize the Motion Aftereffect optical illusion as? A. Motion tracking B. proximity C. similarity D. phi phenomenon

d. phi phenomenon

Localization of function in the brain is consistent with _____. A. the dual-task method b. top-down processing c. the filter model of attention D. the feature integration theory

d. the feature integration theory

In a study, subjects are asked to perform an arithmetic task while also attempting to remember lists of words for later recall. The researchers in this study compared the performance on the memory task with and without the accompanying arithmetic task to determine if the arithmetic task interferes with one's performance on the memory task. This study used the ____________ methodology to study attention abilities. a. dual task b. stroop effect c. simon effect d. shadowing effect

dual-task

Perception/action is the only useful approach in studying motion perception processes. a. true b. false

false

Subjects generally do not improve on the Stroop task because of the amount of stress put on their ability to inhibit automatic processing. a. t b. f

false

Treisman's modified filter model of attention suggests that some information passes through, but only after it has been ranked in terms of _____. a. importance b. definition c. difficulty d. number of words

importance

Which of the three approaches to perception would describe perception of a doorway in terms of whether it can be walked through? a. Gestalt b. computational c. perception/action

perception/action

Perhaps one of the most important ways to turn a controlled task into an automatic one is _____. A. practice B. to stop worrying about it C. only try it once D. try different ways of completing it

practice

The Motion Aftereffect is often explained in terms of "fatigue" of the class of neurons encoding one motion direction A. T B. F

true

Top-down processing is a key component in Gestalt approaches to perception. a. true b. false

true