Exam 2 Developmental Psychology

influences on development: age graded

events that are strongly related to age and therefore fairly predictable in when they occur and how long they will last- ex: getting driver's license, graduating high school, etc.

stability vs. plasticity: stability

individuals who are high or low in a characteristic will remain so at later ages, typically stress heredity

ethical principles

informed consent required, may undermine children's faith in the trustworthiness of adults

longitudinal, cross-sectional, sequential

longitudinal: same group studied at different times cross-sectional: Differing groups studied at the same time sequential: Several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies at varying times

nature vs. nurture

mixture of both! woohoo.

psychoanalytic perspective

people move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. how these conflicts are resolved determines the person's ability to learn, to get along with others and to cope with anxiety

information processing

the human mind might also be viewed as a symbol-manipulating system through which information flows. Like a computer, steps that go into learning. From the time information is presented to the senses at input until it emerges as a behavioral response at output, information is actively coded, transformed and organized

ecological systems theory

views the person as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of surrounding environment. Micro, meso, exo, macro

ethology

concerned with the adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its evolutionary history. Focus on adaptive functions of behavior. Darwin. Lorenz-imprinting birds

developmental psychology

study of constancy and change through the lifespan

stability vs. plasticity: plasticity

that change is possible and even likely if new experiences support it.

APGAR scale

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changes in body growth

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research designs (correlation vs. experiment)

you know this scat.

US public policies and our rankings

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cultural influence

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different senses and how they are developed as a newborn

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epigenetics

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genetic-environment correlations

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growth trends

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heritability

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impact of being born premature

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impact of family

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impact of maternal stress, age, nutrition, RH factor

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influence of neighbourhoods

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neural tube development

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newborn reflexes

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newborn states of arousal

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periods of prenatal development

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reaction range

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role of SES in development

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stages of labour

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teratogens

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what happens during conception

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social learning theory

Bandura emphasizes modeling, also known as imitation or observational learning, as a powerful source of development. We learn through modeling, Kids who saw an adult being violent ended up being more violent.

Piaget's theory

Cognitive-developmental theory- children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world. Stage theory, focuses on cognitive development. active participants in environment. Encouraged the development of educational philosophies and programs that emphasize discovery and direct contact, but piaget underestimated the competencies of infants

sensitive vs. critical period

Critical period- a limited time span during which the individual is biologically prepared to acquire certain adaptive behaviors but needs the support of an appropriately stimulating environment. Sensitive period- a time that is optimal for cetain capacities to emerge in which the individual is especially responsive to environmental influences, however its boundaries are less well-defined than those of a critical period. Development can occur later, but it is harder to induce.

sex cells

Gamete- sperm and ovum

major domains of development (3)

Physical- changes in body size, proportions, appearance, functioning of body systems, motor capacities, physical health. Cognitive- changes in intellectual abilities, attention, memory, academic and everyday knowledge, imagination, creativity, and language. Emotional/Social- Changes in emotional communication, self-understanding, knowledge of other people, interpersonal skills, friendships, moral reasoning and behavior.

genetic counseling, IVF, adoption

a communication process designed to help couples understand genetic principles, genetic testing, and prevention of genetic disorders; assess their chances of giving birth to a baby with a disorder, and choose the best course of action in view of risks and family goals

discontinuous

a process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times. Infants and children have unique ways of thinking, different from adults. Stair steps.

continuous

a process of gradually augmenting the same types of skills that were there to begin with. Similar to adults, but not yet able to perform the ways of thinking, will gradually come. smooth, continuous process, gradually add more of the same types of skills as adults

theory

an orderly, integrated set of describes, predicts, and explains behaviour

influences on development: non-normative

are events that are irregular, they happen to just one person or a few people and do not follow a predictable timetable. EX: parent dies when you are young, having your child die, getting cancer

behaviourism

directly observable events- stimuli and responses and the appropriate focus of study. Heavy on the nurture side, everything is the environment. Watson- classical conditioning, albert to fear the rat with the loud sound. Skinner- operant conditioning- reinforcers to increase behavior, punishment to decrease.

influences on development: history graded

explain why people born around the same time (cohort) tend to be alike in ways that set them apart from people born at other times. EX: 911, world war 2, great recession or depression.