Exam 2

Zane eats approximately 3,000 kcal daily. Based on the Acceptable Macronutrient Density Range (AMDR) for fat, Zane should consume _______ grams of fat daily.

67-117

Use the Nutrition Facts panel to determine the number of kcal provided by carbohydrates in one serving of crackers. One serving of the crackers provides _______ kcal from carbohydrates.

88 ± 3

Sydney is drinking a protein shake that contains 10 grams of fat. The fat in the protein shake provides _______ kcal

90

A _______ fatty acid is one that contains two or more double bonds as part of the hydrocarbon chain.

Saturated

Which of the following statements relative to fats is FALSE?

Saturated fats appear to help lower blood cholesterol levels

Willianne is training to run in a half-marathon (13.1 miles). She has run in 5K and 10K races before, but never in a half-marathon. To prepare, Willianne has been following a training plan for the past several months. What are some of the specific effects of endurance training on carbohydrate metabolism? Check all that apply.

Training decreases synthesis of enzymes for carbohydrate metabolism, thus conserving muscle glycogen. Training enhances the usage of fat as a fuel source during exercise. Training decreases the amount of glycogen stored in muscles Training increases VO2 max such that an athlete can work at a greater percentage of their VO2 max without fatigue.

The common function of all lipoproteins is to _______.

Transport lipids

An appropriate diet and regular physical activity are two key recommendations to prevent the development of atherosclerosis.

True

Cholesterol is an example of a sterol.

True

Some plant foods, such as nuts, seeds, and avocodos, are rich sources of fat.

True

Lactose is considered a _______.

disaccharide

All fatty acids needed by the body may be synthesized in the body.

false

An enzyme known as hormone-sensitive lipase is necessary to transport the fatty acids into the mitochondria.

false

Ketone bodies are made when carbohydrate intake is insufficient and protein is broken down to acetyl CoA and then converted into ketone bodies.

false

The _______ of a food is determined based on the effects of consuming 50 g of a particular carbohydrate food on blood glucose response over 2 hours.

glycemic index

Triglycerides are released from the adipose cells as _________.

glycerol and free fatty acids

Victoria competes in sprint speed skating events. During such high-intensity sprint events, fats are the most important fuel for the activity.

False

Which of the following is true of lipids?

Fatty acids are classified according to the number of carbon atoms and the number of double bonds

Which hormone is secreted from the pancreas as a result of low blood glucose levels?

Glucagon

View the animation below, then complete the questions to test your knowledge of the concept.

Glucose

Which lipoprotein is theorized to transport cholesterol from the periphery to the liver for excretion (reverse cholesterol transport)?

HDL

All of the following foods contain cholesterol except _______.

Peanut butter

If you were to eat one serving of this food product, how many kcal would you be consuming from added sugars?

40 kcal from added sugars

According to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, saturated fat intake should be limited to less than _______.

10 percent of total kcal

One-half of a bagel provides about 30 grams of carbohydrate. The carbohydrate in the bagel supplies about _______ kcal.

120

According to the AMDRs, fat should supply _______ percent of a healthy adult's total kcal intake.

20-35

When a person is at rest, carbohydrate supplies approximately _________ percent of the body's energy needs.

40

Following a snack or meal, blood glucose levels will rise. Which of the following are possible fates of the glucose found in the bloodstream? Check all that apply.

Blood glucose can be used for energy Blood glucose can be converted into either liver or muscle glycogen.

Which of the following foods contains the greatest percentage of fat from saturated fatty acids?

Butter

Carbohydrates are an important macronutrient for fueling muscles. During exercise, where can the body get carbohydrate? Check all that apply.

Carbohydrate can come from glycogen stored in the muscle cells. Carbohydrate can come from production by the pancreas. Carbohydrate can come from glycogen stored in the liver cells.

Which of the following foods is likely to contain the most saturated fat?

Cheese burger

Which of the following is true for exercise when fat is the energy source?

During rest, most of the energy needs of the body are met by the supply of plasma FFA to the cells. Hormones, such as epinephrine, are secreted during exercise, activate HSL, and these stimulate the release of FFA into the blood. During high-intensity exercise, 75 percent of the total energy cost is derived from carbohydrates, while the other 25 percent or less is derived from fat. All of the choices are correct*

Which hormone secreted during exercise, particularly intense exercise, is the key hormone for mobilizing glucose from the liver and fatty acids from the adipose tissue to provide blood sources of energy to the muscle?

Epinephrine

Chylomicrons are made in the liver and transport lipids from the liver to tissues throughout the body.

False

Alternative sweeteners are also called artificial sweeteners. They add sweetness to a food or beverage product, but provide little or no kcal. Place the alternative sweetener term into each sentence to make it correct

In 2008, the FDA approved a sweetener derived from a South American shrub called stevia; you can purchase this sweetener as a dietary supplement called Sweet Leaf ®. The oldest alternative sweetener is saccharin, which in North America is marketed as Sweet'N Low ®. Another sweetener that is made by combining the amino acids phenylalanine and aspartic acid with methanol is called aspartame and it is marketed as Equal ®. The sweetener acesulfame-K is often combined with aspartame in soft drinks; it contains potassium and is marketed as Sunette ®. Chemically adding three chlorines to a sucrose molecule creates sucralose, and you find this artificial sweetener marketed in stores and restaurants as Splenda ®.

The hormone _______ is secreted following consumption of a meal. This hormone stimulates the uptake and utilization of glucose by cells.

Insulin

Which of the following hormones is involved in reducing the amount of glucose in the blood in reaction to hyperglycemia?

Insulin

Following a meal, blood glucose levels rise and the hormone insulin is secreted. Which of the following statements about insulin is TRUE?

Insulin facilitates the uptake and utilization of glucose by tissues.

Which of the following statements about ketones is false?

Ketones are made when carbohydrates are consumed in excess.

Which of the following is true concerning the functions of lipids in the body?

Ketones are metabolic byproducts of excess fatty acid metabolism and are an important energy source during fasting and starvation

Where is the majority of glycogen found in the human body?

Liver and muscle

Your friend saw an advertisement online for a supplement containing medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs). Which of the following statements about MCTs is true?

MCTs are absorbed directly into the blood without being converted into chylomicrons

Olive oil is one of the best sources of _______ fatty acids.

Monounsatured

Alpha-linolenic acid is a/an _______ fatty acid.

OMEGA-3

Enzymatic digestion of starch begins in the mouth through the action of salivary _______.

amylase

The Food and Drug Administration, Consumer Union and other researchers have concluded that artificial sweeteners _________.

appear to be safe to use in small amounts

An enzyme complex containing ______ is necessary for transporting FFA into the mitochondria. Once in the mitochondria, the FFA can be metabolized to acetyl CoA through a process known as beta-oxidation.

carnitine

The form by which cholesterol is transported in your blood may be related to the development of atherosclerosis. In general, _________.

high levels of high-density lipoproteins, which act in a process known as reverse cholesterol transport, appear to lower the chances of developing atherosclerosis

Protein accounts for about half of the content of a ________.

high-density lipoprotein (HDL)

After eating a meal, blood sugar levels _________.

increase

Linoleic acid _________.

is an essential fatty acid that must be supplied in the diet

Which organ secretes the major enzymes for digestion of carbohydrates?

pancreas

The two major sources of fat used during exercise are ________.

plasma FFAs and intramuscular triglycerides

Fatty acids are primarily absorbed from the _______.

small intestine

Complex carbohydrates are primarily found in _________.

starchy vegetables and whole grains

The glycemic index represents _________.

the effect a particular food has on the rate and amount of increase in the blood glucose level

Nearly 98% of the fat in the typical American diet is supplied by _________.

triglycerides

Fat is a very efficient, compact means to store energy _________.

with approximately 80,000-100,000 kcal stored in the adipose tissue of the average adult male