Exam 2- ENVSC FInal
False
- It takes more energy to make Al now more than 40 yrs ago - We expect Al emissions to double by 2050
Exergy is different from energy because it
Describes the quality of the energy
What alternative ways to make iron are the world's steel makers currently exploring?
Direct Reduced Iron, Electrolysis, Smelt Reduction
T/F: All plastics are recyclable
False
With regards to direct reduced iron, select all that apply
The immediate product is solid, not liquid, iron, it leads to less total emissions than the standard process
Which of the following is NOT a type of plastic discussed in class?
Thermobound
Choose all of the following that would help reduce the demand for paper in the future
Using lighter paper
Not a problem:
you cant convert heat transfer into electricity/ to energy (you can)
If the world were to upgrade ALL sites for Steelmaking to BAT, we could reduce emissions from steelmaking by about
10%
We expect that by 2050 our production of cement is expected to increase by 75%, but improved energy efficiency could result in the emissions increasing by only what %
18%
Approximately how much of our waste stream is paper?
20%
If we continue to operate with business as usual (BAU), we expect emissions from steel production by 2050 to increase by about
2x
In we introduce all of the process efficiency improvements we have discussed, buy 2050 we expect emissions from Al to increase by about
2x
Which of the following could be effects of a large leakage of buried CO2 from underground storage? (Select all that apply)
A. Global warming due to CO2 entering the atmosphere B. Suffocation of living animals nearby
Which of the following are barrier(s) to reduction in metal mass in structures?
A. Requirements before final use B. Repeated overdesign C. Government regulations/codes
Which material has a higher percentage of its liquid become scrap?
Aluminum
Which of the following is NOT a reason that aluminum yield losses are higher than for steel
Aluminum costs more than steel
Most likely, It is LEAST energetically favorable to use additive manufacturing over conventional manufacturing to create which of the following parts?
An aluminum cube
Which of the following methods can save >25% of global metal production, according to estimates in your book?
Applying design principles to use less metal
Which of the following are design approaches that would reduce mass?
B.Align forces along axis of component C. If bending must occur, move material away from bending axis
Aluminum is most commonly found in earth's crust as an oxide within _, which contains about 1/3rd aluminum oxide.
Bauxite
Which of the following is an ingredient of cement?
Calcium Carbonate
What other fuels could replace coke in iron production?
Charcoal, Biomass, Waste Plastics
The function of a generator is to
Convert mechanical energy into electrical energy
One of the biggest barriers to the use of CCS in steel and aluminum making is
Cost of capture
The largest use of land in the US is
Cow Pastures
Which of the following is NOT a way that energy is used in making materials?
Creates Markets for Sale
Match the strategy for life extension with the reason for replacement
Degraded- Durability Inferior- Upgrade Unsuitable- Cascade Unwanted- Design to Recycle
Which of the following methods has the largest impact on CO2 emissions for a 1% change in it, leaving all other options at the same level?
Demand reduction
Which of the following is/are true?
Energy efficiency in making steel is much less than 40 yrs ago We expect emissions from steel to almost double by 2050
Answer the following about where most scrap in the production occurs for different metals Most scrap in the production of aluminum products comes from downstream processes (those outside the aluminum mills) such as forming.
False
Because of the increase in e-readers, it is expected that paper production will decrease in the next 30 yrs
False
Deconstruction and demolition are two words for the same process
False
Looking into the future, the lack of scrap structural sections will greatly impede re-use efforts in construction
False
Per tonne of material, paper production is one of the highest of the materials we have studied (steel, cement, aluminum, plastics, paper)
False
Reducing final demand for metals is an easy path to reducing the amount of CO2 emitted due to them
False
T/F: It is easier to incorporate savings for steel than aluminum in material efficiency because of their relative prices
False
T/F: More intense use of a product will always lead to savings of emissions in the long run
False
T/F: Tax policy can be used to enforce changes in behavior
False
The generation of CO2 since the industrial revolution has been fully compensated for by natural "sinks" for carbon dioxide
False
True or False: Energy costs are > 50% of the cost to make steel and aluminum
False
True or False: It is not possible to design a beam that is as strong as a rectangular cross-section beam at < 50 of the weight of the beam
False
True or False: The novel processes for making steel discussed in class cannot reduce CO2 emissions
False
True/False: Natural gas can substitute for all of the coke in the blast furnace
False
Which of the following are barrier(s) to diversion of scrap to the production of products? Government regulations concerning deductions for charitable donations
False
With future improvements in energy efficiency, we should be able to make steel for 4 GJ/tonne
False
Which of the following are possible substitutes for Portland cement?
Ground granulated blast furnace slag, pulverized fly ash
Which In terms of extracting work, energy with what characteristic is best?
High temperature
What is the significance of cement in terms of its relationship with other components?
It binds everything else together.
Advantages of Nuclear Energy:
It does not generate CO2, no shortage of fuel available, the technology is mature
Which of the following statements best describes the global average energy required to make cement?
It is almost 3x the theoretical minimum
In order to decide if incorporating methods to increase material efficiency are cost-effective, what must the company know?
Labor cost per hr, material cost per lb, number of extra labor hrs needed, amount of material saved
Which of the following is NOT a barrier to metal reduction by design?
Lack of design methods/approaches
The most effective means of reducing emissions due to cement production is
Life extension
What ingredient is part of cement, concrete and mortar?
Lime
Q: What are the 3 key inefficiencies in average primary aluminum production?
Maintaining a constant alumina concentration in the electrolysis cell; removing accumulated gasses that increase the electrical resistance of the cell; maintaining operating conditions at their optimal level
If we apply all options for energy efficiency and material efficiency EXCEPT for CCS and Demand Reduction, we can
Meet our emissions goals for steel, but not Al
Which type of steel and aluminum production should be the priority to reduce?
Primary
The use of hydrogen rather than coke in reducing iron ore to iron
Produces water
Likely the most effective way to reduce emissions from plastics manufacture is to
Reuse
False:
Standardization leads to structures that require less mass to be built Over the past 30 years, food cans have become much lighter The largest stresses placed on an undersea pipeline are during operation
Which of the following is NOT a type of enforcement?
Tax advantages for reuse of metal components
The biggest challenge for renewable energy sources to replace fossil fuels is
The amount of land needed
The reason CCS is not considered a complete solution for reduction of the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere in the time it is needed is
The difficulties of scaling up to the amount of CCS needed
Which of the following is a downside to enhanced oil recovery as a means of CCS?
There is a possibility of very little to zero net CO2 savings
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of nuclear energy
There is plenty of nuclear plants in existence or planned
Why was the CO2 captured by Shwarze Pump in 2008 released back into the atmosphere?
There was concern about liability if there was a leak during transport
Which of the following is NOT true about thermoelectric generators (TEG)?
Today's TEG are highly efficient
Answer the following about where most scrap in the production occurs for different metals Most scrap in the production of steel products comes from downstream processes (those outside the steel mills) such as forming.
True
Finding a market for reused metal represents a challenge to broader implementation
True
In most cases, material efficiency requires a greater level of cooperation between many companies involved in producing metal components because of the unified price increase.
True
In the reduction of aluminum oxide to make Al by electrolysis, CO2 is created as part of the chemical reaction
True
In the reduction of iron ore to iron in a blast furnace, CO2 is created by the chemical reactions
True
It is important to include re-use as an objective in the initial product design process to make it more effective
True
Planned obsolescence is a strategy for a seller with respect to life extension
True
Since the advent of computers, the global demand for paper has risen substantially
True
T/F: More than half of all concrete ever created has been made in the last 20 years or so
True
True or False: Age-hardened aluminum alloys REQUIRE thermal cycles AFTER casting
True
True/False: Often a product is replaced because of the failure of only one, often minor, component
True
True/False: Some of the exhaust gases from the blast furnace are combustible?
True
True/False: We can use natural gas to substitute for some of the coke used in a blast furnace
True
Using all of our options for process and material efficiencies to steel will allow us to reach the goal of a 50% reduction in CO2 emissions relative to now without using CCS or reduction in final demand, according to the estimates in your book.
True
Which of the following are barrier(s) to diversion of scrap to the production of products? Design of current waste (scrap) handling systems
True
Which of the following are barrier(s) to diversion of scrap to the production of products? Diverting scrap is better than recycling because it avoids remelting the metal which would cause increased CO2 emissions.
True
Which of the following are barrier(s) to diversion of scrap to the production of products? It is difficult to separate alloys efficiently and effectively in today's production environment
True
One way to decrease the amount of metal by design choices for reinforcing bar is to
Use stronger materials
Which of the following statements are true?
Using less metal by design would save about the same amount of emissions as the amount that can be saved by ALL of the means of making metals more efficiently taken together
Which of the following is NOT a downstream process in steel making?
basic oxygen furnace
What steps are needed for carbon sequestration?
capture, compression, transport and storage
The origin of the CO2 formed in combustion is
carbon from hydrocarbons, oxygen from oxygen gas
The biggest challenge for direct capture methods for CO2 is
energy and costs of moving a lot of air to remove a relatively small concentration of CO2
In aluminum production, increased spacing between the cathode and anode reduces wasted electrical power
false
The amount of energy needed to capture CO2 is relatively small compared to the amount of energy needed to compress and transport gas for storage
false
Which of the following are barrier(s) to diversion of scrap to the production of products? Complete absence of market for scrap
false
The Largest expense in creation of products containing materials is
labor/ people
Which of the following processes uses the most energy in making a metallic product?
making liquid metal
Embodied energy accounts for
the cumulative energy and yield losses in manufacturing a product
The basis for calculating the yield losses (i.e., our starting point) is
the mass of the liquid material
A problem with using heat transfer as a source of energy is
to get the most efficient heat transfer, the transfer has to be slow thermoelectrics are currently inefficient
