Exam 2: Family Resiliency
Challenges in reconciling values of their own ethnic group with the values of the majority culture.
- Interaction with the dominant culture - Interaction with one's own culture - Internalization of ethnic and cultural values, beliefs, & traditions
Mentor Attrition
-A lack of systematic standards for training and support might help to explain the growing difficulties with volunteer retention, a particularly troubling trend given the adverse effects associated with breakdowns of relationships ▪ A major drain on staff and financial resources in mentoring programs, particularly given the effort involved in recruiting, screening, training, and matching volunteers ▪ Important to explore optimal strategies for balancing the needs of children for intensity with the time constraints and interests of volunteers.
Family Characteristics and Stressors
-Adolescents have more problematic conduct disorder and criminal problems if they have experienced inconsistent and harsh discipline from their parents. -Incarcerated and antisocial individuals are more likely to have young and single parents than do those who are not involved in the justice system -Family instability, parents who abused alcohol and drugs -History of Victimization
Military Children are vulnerable to emotional and behavioral disruptions
-Children may become anxious, avoidant, or insecure, due to frequent comings and goings of one parent. -Children may assume too much responsibility and become parentified -Others may challenge the authority of the parent at home - or the authority of the service member when he/she returns. -Acting out behaviors, school delinquency, falling grades, isolation, and depression are likely
Clarity
-Clear, consistent messages, information -Clarify ambiguous situation; truth seeking
How to Navigate Conflict
-Conflict is part of human relations • It is safe to express emotions and concerns • Respect for differences • Avoid criticism, blame and withdrawal • Avoid struggles over power and control • Be flexible • Traditional gender-based socialization and power dynamics influence negotiation processes and outcome (men are more likely to argue forcefully, women more likely to accommodate)
Collaborative Problem solving
-Creative brainstorming; resourcefulness -Share decision-making; repair conflicts; negotiation, fairness -Focusing on goals; concrete steps; build on success; learn from setbacks - Proactive stance: preparedness, planning, prevention
Collaborative problem solving
-Creative brainstorming; resourcefulness -Share decision-making; repair conflicts; negotiation, fairness -Focusing on goals; concrete steps; build on success; learn from setbacks -Proactive stance: preparedness, planning, prevention
Protective Factors of Latino Parents
-Cultural values and traditions: familismo, colectivismo, personalismo, respeto - Spirituality and Religion - Sense of community: communal suffering - A positive migration outlook
HISPANIC PARENTS AND CHILDREN
-Diverse group / Growing group - Use of Spanish and ESL - Moderately comfortable income - Family oriented and use an extensive kinship-based support. - Substandard levels of education. -Families with illegal immigration status face many additional stressors. -Religion plays a significant role in daily family life. - Traditional scripts of parenting - Variety of parenting : permissive early on, restrictive as child grows older.
Qualitative studies
-Explore active coping efforts on the part of households in response to food shortages - Urban and rural settings - Mostly women - Low-income households cycled between periods of adequate food supplies and food shortages - Low-income households use multiple strategies to cope with food insecurity
What promotes parental involvement in the face of adversity?
-Extent of own father involvement / fatherhood model - Religiosity - Extended family support - Maturation - Realistic assessment of fathering role - Alternative model of successful involvement: steeling, learning from past mistakes, perseverance.
Beliefs are socially constructed
-Families construct shared beliefs about the world and how it operates. -Beliefs can be reinforced or change over the course of the family life cycle and across generations
A Strength-Based Approach
-Families strengths, as opposed to deficits, are highlighted - Collaborative Parenting - Community engagement - Capitalize on existing family strengths: cultural identity, close-knit family values - Learning from the community = Cultural adaptation - Impact: Recognizing parenting mistakes, improving family relations, effective discipline practices, importance of culture.
A Strength-Based Approach
-Families strengths, as opposed to deficits, are highlighted - Coping Strategies that reflect agency and strength: life affirming - Informal work boost limited incomes and food budgets
Tailored Interventions
-Family interaction patterns -Child/parent relationships -Stress Patterns
Successful Reintegration
-Family members change during deployment -Getting to know each other all over again - Mental health issues: "Invisible wounds" - For children ambiguous loss: "changes in the service member" - For Spouse secondary traumatization: witnessing struggle of the love one
Resilience in Low-Income Fathers
-Fatherhood presents low-income men with an opportunity for second chances: identity, routines, behavior. - Active engagement with their children contributes to ameliorate depression - Diversity in fathering experience: complex patterns of family formation and child rearing - Outside marriage - Across households - Multiple partner fertility Father Involvement beyond provide and reside
Disproportionate burden of food insecurity among low-income AA households
-Food intake of one or more household members is reduced -Eating patterns are disrupted because of limitations in resources -Limited access to adequate food supplies
The resilient family can emerge through the crisis years of incarceration:
-Foster emotional and financial support -Guidance on best parenting practices in the context on incarceration -Encouragement to engage in positive prosocial activities
Mobilizing Resources to Promote Resilience
-Hearing other parents tell of their family's success stories can boost mothers' spirits. -Mothers report that it is uplifting to hear of other children with chronic illnesses who are coping well and getting better. -Other mothers depended on visits with counselors or therapists to discuss stress and cope with involved medical procedures
A Resilience Focus
-Help service members and their families successfully endure deployment and reintegration -Resilient families in the military utilize processes that allow them to withstand and recover from the stress of deployment. -These processes include family communication, marital/relational strength, parenting style, and a coherent guiding family belief system -Effective system of social support is key -Family Resilience Training: enhancing family cohesion, communication, coping skills, maintenance of consistent care routines in the home
Latino Parents: Risk and Protective Factors
-Lack of recognition of within-group diversity: "all Latinos are the same" - Racism and Discrimination -Poverty -Limited social support network - Educational Barriers (Highest school drop out rate in the nation) - Language barriers - Health and mental health disparities - Work Exploitation -Transnational experience -Acculturative stress - Lack of models for effective parenting
AFRICAN AMERICAN PARENTS AND CHILDREN
-Larger proportion of families headed by women / economic strain. - Effective AA parents use encouragement and shared time with children to counteract the negative influences of economic strain. - Academic success Religious values -Children are expected to become responsible and independent at an early age. - Parenting can be restrictive and obedience is expected. -Teach a positive group identity AA families place a high value on interpersonal relationships: "care for the group" family, friends, church. -Young black males are more likely than their white counterparts to be taught to cook, clean and care for babies. - Strong black woman schema: caregivers, family decision makers, wage earners, put other's needs first. - Romanticized image of strong nurturing black matriarch = unrealistic expectations.
For low income men with little work history, a criminal record, or few successes as partners, students, or parents, "being there" is an accomplishment.
-Men could not sustain involvement on sheer force of will alone. -Even if they invested in steeling and learning from past mistakes, and they returned daily to their children's lives, systemic barriers could inhibit these processes from resulting in resilient fathering. -The contexts of men's lives - especially family supports, availability of work, and opportunity structures with ample resources - could permit them to attain and retain resilience. -These environmental contexts also allowed men to "age out" of risky circumstances and behavior from their twenties. -Fathers could remain consistently involved in the face of barriers if their communities supported their continued involvement.
Successful Re-entry
-Multiple systems of external support - Family of origin/mothers - Spouse and/or parenting role -Housing -Employment and education
Open Emotional Sharing
-Painful feelings: (sadness, suffering, anger, fear, disappointment, remorse) -Positive interactions: (love, appreciation, gratitude. humor, fun, respite)
Ethnic/Racial diversity is a part of the sociocultural ecological system in which we live.
-People's values -How their familie s operate as a social system - How they teach their childrentofunctioneffectively - How resources are used to promote daily functioning.
Mobilizing Resources to Promote Resilience
-Positive Outlook - Future orientation - Social support - Hope and optimisms - Religiosity WORKING TOGETHER TO SUPPORT THE CHILD STRENGTHEN THEIR TIES
Isolation, loneliness, and involvement with criminal peers can be reduced:
-Positive family relationships Involvement in school Involvement in community groups -Strong faith affiliations Supportive relations with the home caregiver -Adequate supervision and guidance
Within Group Diversity
-Researchers examining family structure and functioning have tended to classify minority families according to the stereotypes promulgated within the larger society. -Early researchers examining Hispanic families identified the concept of machismo as the prime factor shaping the dynamics of this ethnic group's family life. -Later research refuted this and other findings as not relevant to the contemporary Hispanic family.
Siblings
-Support from siblings resilience factor for children with chronic illnesses, as they are peers understand what the child is going through and they can be present to support their brother or sister while they are in the hospital may be a keywho can -Prayer and faith in a higher power may also be a coping tool for some children. -Distraction from the hospital environment, procedures and any pain they may be experiencing
Military Life affects Marital and Family Functioning
-The average age of the military force is fairly young, with 43% of service members 25 years old or younger -More than half are married, and 44% are parents -Nearly 40% of returning Army veterans report heightened levels of anxiety, depression, or substance abuse. -Suicide in the military is at an all-time high despite massive efforts DIVERSITY BETWEEN AND WITHIN INSTITUTIONS EXPERIENCES -Many of the military children tend to be young; more than 4 in 10 military families report having children under the age of 5
Women in the Criminal Justice System and Sexual Abuse
-The percentage of incarcerated women who have been sexually abused prior to prison has been estimated to be between 59% and 78% than the college -When a woman first discloses an abuse incident, the initial reaction of friends, family, and authorities can have a major impact on her adjustment and coping -Incarcerated women are more likely than non incarcerated college women to experienced negative reactions from the people they tell about the abuse. -Incarcerated women had more maladaptive coping strategies
Military Life affects Marital and Family Functioning 2
-The sustained stress and uncertainty experienced by spouses at home can severely tax their ability to cope. - The service member is not the only family member at risk for mental health problems and substance abuse. - Increase vulnerability for children -Younger children may struggle to understand the significance of the event and the risks involved. -Older children may wrestle with considerable fears and worries - Others may resent the deployed parent out of the belief that he or she volunteered to
Military families, face significant adjustment when the family member returns from deployment
-There may be post traumatic stress to deal with, recovery from injuries -The entire family has to readjust and rebalance to find a new equilibrium -For some of the families, this adjustment cycle is repeated with redeployment and its subsequent challenges. -With every move, families must say goodbye to friends, neighbors, and co workers, pack their belongings, and move to another state or even country. -Once there, they must begin the process of assimilation again, integrating into new schools, communities, military units, and other social institutions.
Effective Problem solving within the Family
-Tolerance for open disagreement - A negative emotional tone between family members can block them from dealing successfully with adversity - Identify problem and potential resources - Consider possible solutions and constrains - Identify a plan of action, monitor efforts and evaluate
Military Life affects Marital and Family Functioning
-Worry about the safety of the family member who is deployed - Ambiguous loss: temporary loss of family member combined with constant threat for a permanent loss. -Coparenting a distance -Temporary single parent household -Repeated Deployment - Relocations -Feeling guilty and powerless - -Post-deployment mental health problems -More than 40,000 military dependent children have been affected by the injury, death or illness of a service member as a result of combat and deployment
Higher cognitive skills
-may help protect abused (and other high risk_ children later becoming incarcerated -Adaptive Systems
How do mentoring relationships promote the Identity development of youth?
1) By serving as role models and advocates 2) Possible selves
Four types of coping strategies to avoid or delay food shortages
1. Food provisoning strategies (shopping, couponing) 2. Food consumption strategies (cooking and eating practices) 3.Social network strategies: which entailed food assistance from family and non-family members 4. Institutional strategies that relied on food assistance from government food programs and community- based organizations
Parenting children with special needs
Activities of daily living: visual, auditory, speech, and motor abilities, or providing self-care - Formerly restricted to those with emotional, developmental, or intellectual disabilities that placed them at a disadvantage in their ability to function within the larger society. - The meaning has been broadened to include those with learning disorders and chronic, potentially life-threatening conditions.
Resilience unfolds over time
Adjustment may be only temporary, and responses associated with grieving may occur intermittently throughout the life of the family. -When a child has a disability, grief stages and acceptance may coexist as part of the long- term parental adjustment pattern
Staying strong for the children
Affected parents may experience heightened stress: -worry about not seeing their children grow up -inability to perform usual parenting activities -the strain of dealing with multiple roles while ill -anger or resentment at real or perceived losses The healthy parent may experience stress related to: -the need to assume, the ill parent's roles while still performing all of her or his own roles. -worry about the financial health of the family -deciding what to tell their minor children about their own or their loved one's illness and future.
Military Life
Almost 2 million children are the offspring of parents in active or reservist roles in the military. -Many of them have experienced a parent leaving for a war zone. -The period of deployment is about 15 months on average he spouses and children in these - Families are under a strain for extended periods of significant strains for extended periods of time
Culture Shapes Resilience Processes
Although researchers accept that there are universal mechanisms of resilience, such as positive attachments, agency and mastery, intelligence, meaning making and self-regulation, they caution that the ways in which these processes operate will probably be unique across cultural contexts
Parental Cancer
An estimated 23% of cancer cases occur in individuals between 21 and 55 years of age. These are prime child-bearing and parenting years Children of cancer patients must deal with: -The disruption of family roles and routines -The temporary loss of the ill parent due to disease symptoms and side effects of treatment. -The threat of permanent loss
Mentor Skills
Background characteristics of the mentor • Prior experience in helping roles or occupations • Effectiveness in addressing the developmental needs of the child • A sense of efficacy for being able to mentor young people • Ability to model relevant behaviors - skills required for job performance - refraining from substance use
Justice-Involvement Trajectory
Before, during, and after inmate imprisonment, the family is likely to be experiencing: -financial strain -marital and domestic problems -Involvement with criminal associates
Connect Mentoring with Other Youth Settings
Caring adult - youth relationships have never been the sole province of mentoring programs ▪ After-school programs, summer camps, competitive sports teams, church youth groups, and other settings represent rich contexts for the formation of strong intergenerational ties. ▪ Adults in these settings are often afforded ongoing opportunities to engage youth in the sorts of informal conversations and enjoyable activities that can give rise to close bonds
Moderators
Characteristics that buffer the effects of one event on a particular outcome.
Moderators
Characteristics that buffer the effects of stressful events on well-being
Parental Cancer
Children whose parents are diagnosed with cancer may experience problems in many domains, including emotional, social, cognitive, behavioral, and physical functioning. Distress and functioning may vary depending on: - the child's age and gender - degree of attachment with the parent who is ill - nature of the illness and treatment effects - family dynamics and family structure Common problems can include regressive behavior, anxiety, depression, somatization, and difficulties in school and other social settings Changes in parenting practices such as decreased emotional availability, supervision, and poor communication may explain these effects
demandingness and neediness
Children's demandingness and neediness for care was related more to maternal stress and accepting the child was related more to paternal stress. - with disabilities may need to devise more specialized support programs to help fathers become emotionally close to their atypical children and may need to provide more respite services for mothers
Communication/problem-solving processes
Clarity -Clear, consistent messages, information -Clarify ambiguous situation; truth seeking -Clear communication leads to shared understanding of the family's reality • Avoid " mind reading" and ambiguity that leads to "filling the blank" • Avoid secrecy in order to protect family members
Three Components of Intimacy
Closeness is the ability to let down the inner barriers that allow someone else to see you as you truly are. Communication in a truly intimate sense means that you are able to say how you feel and understand how the other person feels. Commitment means that you agree to remain attached to someone through thick and thin.
Steeling and resilient fathering
Cognitive strategy: adjust views about realistic possibilities for engagement in their children's lives Having moderately high expectations for paternal engagement was more adaptive over time than subscribing to unattainably high ideals or than setting the bar so low that disengagement was excused or expected
CBPR
Community based participatory research
Reorganization of Family Life after Cancer Diagnosis
Despite significant upheaval in family life, the families find ways to stabilize routines and maintain a sense of normalcy -Families develop and experience new routines and rituals with cancer while one parent deals treatment. -Incorporate cancer care into the formation of new family traditions, habits, and practices
Siblings can serve as protectors, helpers and companions
Despite worry and anxiety, they seem to adapt well but more research is needed!
Healthy Relations
Developing a healthy relation is a continual process it requires effort, a positive attitude, and realistic expectations. 1.Relationship Satisfaction 2. Commitment to Marriage 3. Friendship and Spending Time Together 4. Intimacy 5. Trust and Honesty 6. Fidelity 7. Supportiveness 8. Effective Communication 9. Effective Conflict Management 10. NonviolentInteractions
Resilient Parenting in the Face of Economic Hardship and Food Shortages
Disproportionate burden of food insecurity among low - income African American households -Food security: access by all people at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life -1/6 children in the u.s lives in a food-insecure household
Effective Mentoring Relations
Duration alone is not sufficient: a relationship could be longlasting yet participants may meet only sporadically. Regular contact over time is important, and can enhance the mentee's feelings of security and attachment in the mentoring and other important relationships
The Imprisoned Parent
Each year thousands of parents enter the US prison system • Difficult backgrounds • Many with MI and/or Addiction • Poor coping strategies • Parental Identity • Problematic relations with caretakers at home are common • Missing milestones • Depression/ guilt • Visitation settings
Family Life after Release
Employment Housing Medical care Educational opportunities Mental health services Staying Sober Shifting caregiving roles Effective parenting
True
Experiencing one or more of these risk factors in childhood does not definitively cause an individual to engage in criminal behaviors.
According to resilience framework survivors of catastrophes or individuals who endure chronic adversity should be consider resilient
False
Parenting children with special needs
Families of children with special needs face challenges that are not usually shared by other families and they experience a variety of reactions. •A child with special needs influences the family system as a whole. •The ability of families to cope with the stresses and demands of a child with special needs depends on the availability of sources of assistance and support. •Community programs and federal legislation address the needs of exceptional children and their parents. 13 % of the student population of the US
Support for Families with Exceptional Children
Federal Legislation: Children with special needs have a rightful and appropriate place in the public school system. -Respite care: provides temporary relief for the caregivers of developmentally disabled individuals who live at home and also acts as an important element in preventing institutionalization (abandonment and abuse). -Therapy -Support Groups
Communal Pathways to Resilience
For Both Hispanic and Black families, resilience follows communal pathways as emphasized by reliance on strong ethnic and racial identities, and kinship systems. Familism Afrocentric world view
Relation with child's mother
Gate - keeping - Maternal support for fathering - Prenatal involvement - Likely to end contact with their children if mothers find new partners - Communication across households - Extended family network Transitions across the life course
Hope Promotes Resilience
Hopeful individuals have a wide variety of personal and interpersonal resources to help them accomplish their goals and overcome obstacles - Achieving one's goals creates a positive feedback loop that helps individuals feel more confident at each step of planning and executing of present and future goals -Positive emotions are the consequence of successful goal pursuits, thus creating a more optimistic and future-oriented perspective with which to buffer the effects of negative life events -Facilitates positive coping
Belief Systems:
How families view their problems and their options can make the difference between coping and mastery or dysfunction.
Developmental Milestones
IDEAL PATHWAY: -Marriage - Home ownership - Fatherhood - Family supportive employment
Dimensions of Father Involvement
Interaction - Accessibility - Responsibility - Warmth and responsiveness - Control - Indirect Care
Family Stress
Isolation Depression Relationship conflict Negative societal attitudes Need for prolonged physical care Financial burdens Caregiver Burden Worries about the child's future Grief -Parental reaction to having a child with a disability seems to proceed through a sequence of stages similar to those associated with the grieving process: denial of severity, bargaining with God, anger, despair, and reconciliation.
Remember!
It is important to use ecological an developmental lenses when examining families!
Other Social and Contextual Risk Factors
Lack of community mental health care (over half of incarcerated individuals suffer from mental illness) -Problems of emotional regulation, can lead to clouded thinking and aggressive behaviors that can result in violent activities -The untreated mentally ill individual may seek the self- medication provided by the use of alcohol and illegal substances, ultimately increasing the risk of being arrested for drug- offending Youth's Social Network -Those who interact with delinquent peers are at heightened risk of engaging in criminal acts themselves -Prosocial friends serve as a protective factor Experiences at School -Dropping out -Positive school engagement serves as a protective factor = Pathway to achievement and competence
The Latino Paradox?
Latino paradox," whereby foreign born Latinos report better physical and mental health conditions than Latinos born in the US.
Effective Mentoring Relations
Long term effects? There is a need to better understand the influence of adults throughout the life span - Relationship longevity and closeness Clear expectations Focus on instrumental goals Ongoing support to volunteer mentors
Parenting children with special needs: grief and mourning
Main Concerns - Bonding - Role strain / Chronic stress -Attention to other family members -Marital Satisfaction -Many parents experience an adjustment process through which they gain an acceptance of the situation, although others experience ambivalence and even rejection of the child. For many, it is difficult to overcome the tendency to personalize this unfortunate circumstance.
Beliefs that Facilitate Resilience
Making sense of our experience
INTERVENTIONS
Mental health treatment Substance abuse treatment Training and educational opportunities Social support programs
Mentoring Processes
Mentoring affects youth through three interrelated processes: (1) by enhancing youth's social relationships and emotional well-being (2) by improving their cognitive skills through instruction and conversation (3) by promoting positive identity development through serving as role models and advocates
Child Characteristics
Moodiness Irritability Demandingness Missed milestones
Family Characteristics
Mother Vs Fathers Family Cohesion Family Structure Spousal Relationship Family Support: informational, instrumental, psychological and material -Both parent characteristics and family context factors impact the parent's ability to function as a competent caregiver
Outcomes
Negative health and developmental consequences for both adults and children For adults: -Depression, anxiety, stress -Immune system -Obesity-related diseases (diabetes, high blood pressure) For Children: -Cognitive delays -Behavioral delays -Physiological delays -Iron deficits -More colds
The Latino Paradox
Once Latino children transition into adolescence, they are more likely to experience suicidal thoughts, depression, anxiety, and school drop- out than their Euro-American counterparts - Latino youth are also overrepresented among drug abusing and delinquent adolescents in the US - Latino families face considerable challenges in accessing culturally relevant mental health interventions
Functioning in the face of Adversity
Overall family members work together to provide a supportive , safe haven for the person who is ill.
Open Emotional Sharing
Painful feelings: (sadness, suffering, anger, fear, disappointment, remorse) Positive interactions: (love, appreciation, gratitude. humor, fun, respite)
The majority of children of incarcerated parents do not follow their parents in a criminal career. "Why not?"
Parental incarceration may serve as a tipping point that potentiate the effect of multiple cumulative risk
Resilience in Low-Income Fathers
Parenting role: ability to provide and reside Young Disadvantaged men - Marginalization: disconnected from work and family - Social exclusion: stereotypes - Economic adversity - Maternal "gate - keeping"
Poor fathers experience more critical transitions in and out of households, intimate relationships, father-child relationships, and employment
Poor fathers report difficulties in overcoming the appeal of street life, gang activitity and drugs - Higher likelihood for inc appeal of street life, gang activity and drugs. More difficulty coping when a long sought good job is lost, a cohabiting relationship with a partner falters, or depression sets in when money is tight. -But in spite of unstable work engagement and low quality relationships, some low income are not absent fathers . - Marriage - Home ownership -Fatherhood -Family supportive employment
Flexibility
Rebound, adaptive change to meet new challenges • Reorganize, restabilize: continuity, dependability, predictability • Strong authoritative leadership: nurture, guide, protect • Varied family forms: cooperative parenting/caregiving teams • Couple/coparent relationship: mutual respect; equal partners
Protective Factor
Receiving positive emotional and informational support when sharing the abuse incident to others may serve as a
Communication Styles
Refers to the ways in which family members exchange information, e.g: verbal, nonverbal, contextual
ADVERSITY
Regardless of one's personal position concerning the current immigration debate, the reality is that millions of Latino children and youth born in the United States do not receive the health and mental health care that they deserve and need
Mentor Skills
Relationships that are youth-centered, as opposed to being driven primarily by the interests or expectations of the mentor have been found to predict greater relationship quality and duration - A youth-driven approach, however, needs to be balanced with structure and goals. No benefits are evident for an unconditionally supportive relationship type, thus suggesting a need for mentors to be more than simply ''good friends.''
Family Resilience a Dynamic Process
Remember! family resilience describe a dynamic process through which families are a)able to adjust in healthy ways to change b) cope with stressors, c) build on strengths, d) draw on protective factors and e) modify family functioning to support optimal adaptation in the face of adverse experiences
Family functioning in the face of deployment and reintegration
Resilience?
Family Life Prior to Incarceration
Risk Factors - Cumulative Disadvantage (risk gradient) - Difficult family backgrounds - Demographic Characteristics - Adverse Youth experiences
Resilient Parenting in the Face of Economic Hardship and Food Shortages
Self- efficacycaregivers were proud of their coping efforts: Active planning Budgeting Decision- making Resource seeking. Social connections: Social ties to kin, significant others, and friends and neighbors represented an important source of social capital that buffered women from a sense of despair and promoted a sense of hopefulness.
Life for Families at Home
Sharing Parent's punishment -Frequency and Length of incarceration -Financial and emotional setbacks -Increase caregiver stress/vulnerability -Future delinquent and criminal activity -Attachment: abandonment, uncertainty? -Challenges in multiple ecological contexts -Benefits?
Successful Re-entry
Social Stigma Exclusionary Practices Unhealthy social network Recidivism - Problems with mental illness, substance abuse, and other health problems complicate
Military
The deployed parent in a military Support networks of the military and the social cohesiveness of military families contribute to their emotional resilience. During deployment, they share some of the stressors and family may have to coparent from a distance challenges with families who function as single-parent units
Parenting children with special needs: grief and mourning
The discovery that a child has special needs represents a loss for most parents, in particular, the loss of future normal developmental progress for the affected child. • Parents experience a variety of reactions (sadness, fear shame, guilt, denial) • These reactions may vary according to: - The nature of the exceptionality and the degree of impairment. - The socioeconomic status of the family system. - The availability of professional assistance - The financial resources available -The presence of unimpaired children in the family
Risk and Resilience Among Latino Families
The largest ethnic minority group in the US Majority of children US citizen by birth Economic hardship Discrimination Unhealthy working conditions Health disparities Before migration: - Unstable democracies - Poverty - Corruption - Weak law enforcement - Civil war - Lack of educational /professional opportunities
How do mentoring relationships promote the cognitive development of youth?
These relations provide: (1) (2) (3) exposure to new opportunities for learning provision of intellectual challenge and guidance promotion of academic success
How do mentoring relationships promote the social and emotional well-being of youth?
These relations provide: (1) opportunities for fun and escape from daily stresses (2) corrective emotional experiences that may generalize to and improve youths' other social relationships (3) assistance with emotion regulation
Siblings
They may worry about health outcomes for their brother or sister who is ill, contributing to their feelings of stress and anxiety -They can also feel jealousy or feel need of parental attention, when parents have to focus their support and attention on the child with an illness, especially when he or she is hospitalized -Positive sibling adjustment may be related to being involved in the care of a brother or sister and gaining an understanding -Siblings may feel very positively about of what is happening with their brother or sister's illness protecting and helping their brother or sister who has a chronic illness
COORDINATED SERVICES
To lessen stress related to child behaviors and characteristics, interventions should be directed at collaborations with parents to facilitate child competencies and self management.
Families tend to resist change
True
Resilient individuals engage in active efforts to withstand conflict and to negotiate difficulties?
True
Family Characteristics and Stressors
Uncertainty Anxiety and depression Invasive / painful procedures Lifestyle limitations Loss of employment Financial burden Lack of information about condition Stigma Families with invisible diseases not receiving as much support
incarceration
Upon release, as a result of their imprisonment , incarcerated parents are subject to social stigma and many exclusionary practices bringing further troubles to their families
Variation in mentoring relationships
Variation among mentoring relationships is influenced by - program characteristics - relationship duration and quality - mentor skills - age and circumstance of the youth
True
When children are abused, they are less likely to engage in criminal activities in adulthood if they have had a positive relationship parents or other significant adults who have provided stable and responsible monitoring of their activities
Communication
When promoting resilience among families dealing with adversity, it is important to increase their ability to clarify the situation, to express and to respond to each other's feelings, and concerns, and to negotiate approaches to problem solving. -Transition of values - Expression of emotions -Problem solving strategies
Fostering Resilience
While facing adversity it important to sustain predictable and consistent rules, roles, and patterns of interaction - Family rituals and routines maintain a sense of continuity through disruption They provide a sense of connection
Are negotiation processes are crucial for optimal couple and family functioning
Yes
Influence of Mentorship
Youth with mentors report higher self-esteem engaging in fewer problem behaviors and having more positive attitudes toward school.
Flexibility is important in order
adapt to both normative and non normative demands
Four primary risk factors for incarceration
age, race, gender, and economic status
Family beliefs systems
allow members to make sense of crisis situations
The ability to positively cope with adverse events
allows resilient families to adapt to significant life changes and, consequently, function better as they are able to emerge from a challenge stronger and wiser
Services research model
approach aimed at integrating research methodologies and the provision of direct services with "real world" utility and impact
Individualistic cultures
are more likely to have an independent view of themselves (they see themselves as separate from others, define themselves based on their personal traits, and see their characteristics as relatively stable and unchanging).
collectivistic cultures
are more likely to have an interdependent view of themselves (they see themselves as connected to others, define themselves in terms of relationships with others, and see their characteristics as more likely to change across different contexts)
Cognitive strategies
are used to see the hospital stay as positive for the child or to accept what had to occur as having the possibility of improving the child's life
A unidimensional view of acculturation
as a person acculturates, her or his heritage culture is replaced with the host society's culture.
A family systems perspective broadens
attention to resources for individual resilience throughout the family network of relationships
Causal and explanatory beliefs:
attributions, multidetermined vs blaming
Future expectations
beliefs may lead to behaviors that fulfill our prophecies. Self-defeating cognitive distortions
How do we cope with crisis?
by making meaning of our experience
Interventions
can foster Agency and active coping strategies
Multifinality
children can start from the same point and eventually function in very different ways.
Equifinality
children can start out from very different places and yet function in similar ways.
Hope and resilience
closely aligned constructs, as they both include a tendency towards maintaining an optimistic outlook in the face of adversity.
Rules
common ground regarding which behaviors are appropriate within the family system
The Four Horseman of the Apocalypse
criticism, contempt, defensiveness, stonewalling
Strong predictors of marital dissolution
criticism, defensiveness, contempt and stonewalling during conversations about conflict
Sense of Coherence (SOC)
demands are manageable, mastery, self efficacy
Hope & Optimism:
envision the possibility of a better future. Psychological Immunization
Relational view of resilience
facing adversity as a shared challenge
Low socioeconomic status (SES)
families have less income, may be less likely to receive family support, and may experience increased stress and emotional problems in rearing atypical children than high SES families
To effectively deal with adversity
families need to mobilize their resources, buffer stresses and reorganize to fit changing conditions.
Roles
family members fulfil particular functions, there are rules regarding appropriate behavior for an individual in a particular role, e.g: good mother
A positive Migration Outlook
gratitude for life in the US in comparison to even worse living conditions in the family's home country - protective factor
acculturation
has become a helpful predictor variable to understand within-in group variability among racial and ethnic minorities, such as individuals' coping styles, mental health outcomes and patterns of problem behavior (e.g. substance use)
High Resilience
helps individuals positively cope with uncertainty, conflict, and failure.
Chronic illness:
illnesses or impairments that are expected to last for an extended period of time and require medical attention and care that is beyond what is normally expected for an individual of the same age. - Families are resilient and adjust positively in the face of stressors, using several behavioral and cognitive strategies = Coping
Facilitative Beliefs
increase options for problem resolution, healing and growth.
Stress
is often cited as a major issue for families with children with disabilities, although this stress does not inevitably result in family pathology or maladaptive coping strategies
Family organizational patterns
maintained by external and internal norms, influenced by cultural and family belief systems. -We influence each other's beliefs
Mediators
mechanisms or pathways through which stressful events affect well-being.
Mediators:
mechanisms or pathways through which stressful events affect well-being.
Acculturation
often defined as the array of behavioral and psychological changes that occurs when members of a minority group adapt into a mainstream group.
Constraining beliefs
perpetuate problems and restrict options.
Individuals who report high levels of resilience
portray an optimistic outlook, positive emotionality, curiosity, and openness to new experiences. -typically lead to constructive attitudes and behaviors.
Affirming strengths
reinforce sense of pride and confidence "can do spirit"
Patterns
serve to regulate the behavior of family members and allow them to anticipate each other's behavior.
Well-functioning families
share a congruent set of beliefs while remaining open to different points of view.
A bidimensional view of acculturation
takes into account the possibility that a person can retain her or his heritage culture while simultaneously acquiring the host society's culture.
Hope
the combination of two interdependent cognitive factors essential to obtaining one's goals: agency and pathways. - the combination of perceiving that one has the ability to achieve goals (i.e., agency) and the ability to identify multiple pathways to overcome important obstacles along the way -can be a potential mechanism whereby resilience is attained
According to Gottman ,
the issue is not having conflict. But how couples "engage" during conflict.
Positive world view:
trust is key to achieve open communication, closeness and collaboration.
