exam 2
charles hockett argues that ______ and ______ were critical in the evolution of human language
blending; duality of patterning
animal forms of verbal communication are called?
call system
Pastoralists in East Africa primarily raise
cattle
When anthropologists examine language across different cultures, they find that ______.
children learn to speak at the same time in all cultures and with equal competence
Agriculture is characterized by a ______.
complex techniques of water and soil control
According to the text, the greatest source of pollution comes from ______.
consumer desires and energy needs in wealthy nations
Which of the following is an example of code-switching?
conversations in which people talk to some people in one language while talking to others in a different language
Preindustrial agriculture uses which of the following techniques?
crop rotation
A Tuareg man wears his veil at different positions on his face in different social situations. This is an example of ______.
. nonverbal communication
Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) are associated with which shift in American agricultural practice?
. raising wages for agricultural workers
Haptics refers to ______.
. the study and analysis of touch
Most humans were engaged in foraging up until about ______ years ago.
11,000
The English word cats has how many morphemes?
2 morphemes: cat-s
the case of genie shows that human children appear to be programmed to learn language instinctively before the age of?
6 years old
The Lua' practice swidden horticulture by allowing their fields to lay fallow for ______ years for every year they are planted.
9
Which of the following statements best reflects the diversity of languages spoken in the world today?
A majority of the world's languages are spoken by a minority of the world's population.
One aspect of language that appears to contradict the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is that human languages are similar in which way?
Anything that can be said in one language can be translated into every other human language.
The major areas of pastoralism are found in ______.
East Africa, Southwest Asia, and the Subarctic
Which statement is true about foraging in human history?
Foraging is characterized by hunting and gathering.
Which statement about language development is true?
Human speech must be learned through a speech community.
Why do anthropologists consider climate change to be such a profound problem for making a living?
It has a multiplier effect on existing problems in making a living.
Which of the following is a reason why language is being lost today in such great numbers today?
It is more profitable and advantageous to speak languages that are more popularly spoken
What is the most popular language in the world for people to speak as their primary language?
Mandarin Chinese
An important method comparative linguists use to draw conclusions about the relationship between two languages is ______.
determining the amount of core vocabulary they share
a linguistic capacity to describe things that are not present is called?
displacement
Which of the following terms indicates the yield per person per hour of labor invested?
efficiency
Communication among nonhuman animals can be as complex as human language.
false
Even a child brought up in isolation will automatically be able to speak the language of his or her parents.
false
Global warming has made it easier for the Inuit to hunt year-round and has therefore increased the number of Inuit living traditional lifestyles.
false
Horticulture is more expensive than agriculture.
false
Some languages do not have syntactic structure.
false
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis argues that because the human brain is similar regardless of cultures, then all language is similar as well.
false
The demand for beef in America rose dramatically in the stock boom of the 1920s.
false
The historic Pintupi subsistence strategy takes account the extreme heat of the Australian desert but would not suffice in extreme cold conditions.
false
The physical environment affects culture, but culture does not affect the physical environment.
false
The yield per person per unit of land is known as the population density.
false
There is one language spoken by the majority of the world's people.
false
The defining characteristic of horticulture is that ______.
fields are not used permanently but remain fallow for some time after being cultivated
The earliest human food-getting strategy was ______.
foraging
Which type of subsistence strategy sets restrictive limits on population growth and density?
foraging
The transition from ______ to ______ is known as the agricultural revolution.
foraging; food production
One result of the increased globalization of food is ______.
greater movement of resources, capital, and population
In Lua' horticulture, women ______.
harvest rice along with the men
Pastoral societies rely on ______ to survive and thrive.
herd growth
studies of the way in which children learn language show that?
human beings have an inborn predisposition for learning language and will speak grammatically even if not taught to do so
human speech is infinitely productive this means that
human speech is deliberate and accomplishes and specific purpose
Foraging societies in extreme environments such as the arctic or the desert rely primarily on ______ to sustain their population.
hunting
Which of the following was a critical change in rural America related to the increase in beef consumption in the late 20th century?
increasing domination by large corporate farming operations and decline of family farm
Increasing beef consumption led to changes in the meat packaging industry. These included ______.
increasing use of unskilled immigrant labor
When studying how humans make a living, anthropologists are most interested in ______.
interactions between humans and their environments
Researchers who study interpersonal space refer to three different ranges of space. They are ______.
intimate distance, personal distance, and social distance
A major characteristic of industrialism is that it ______.
invariably expands beyond its own boundaries
Under most conditions, foraging requires ______.
knowledge of the local environment
A fundamental principle of language is that ______.
language always reflects the history of those who use it
According to Ferdinand de Saussure, language can best be separated into language (langue) and speech (parole). The difference between langue and parole is ______
language is an arbitrary and abstract system of signs that exists independently of any speaker; speech is the actual performance of language by an individual speaker
when learning, the human instinct is to
learn the language of the group in which you are socialized
Linguists view African American Vernacular English (AAVE) as ______.
neither superior nor inferior to SSAE
Rural cultivators who produce for the subsistence of their households but are also integrated into larger, more complex state societies are called ______.
peasants
Sociolinguistics is helpful to anthropologists in understanding culture because ______.
people's speech varies depending on their position in a social structure or social relationship
In English, bit and pit have different meanings. Thus, the /b/ and /p/ of these words are ______.
phonemes
Agriculture is marked by the use of which of the following?
plows, draft animals, and irrigation
A major characteristic of the environment which shapes aboriginal Australian survival is the ______.
shortage of water
Which of the following concepts is used to explain why signs for an object might have multiple meanings beyond the plain meaning of the object itself? For example, a flower is more than a flower; it is often taken as a sign for the arrival of spring or fertility.
signifier
Bound morphemes differ from free morphemes in which way?
The former never stand alone as complete words; the latter do.
Which of the following best illustrates transhumant pastoralism?
The male cattle pastoralists of East Africa have two settlements and move their herds between these, while the women stay in the permanent dwelling year-round.
displacement is the human ability to do which of the following?
speak about different times and places
Which of the following best characterizes the cross-cultural meaning of smilin
The meaning of a smile varies from culture to culture.
"The dog food under the table he fed" is not correct in English grammar. What kind of error does it contain?
syntax
Which concept describes a system of rules for combining words into meaningful sentences?
syntax
A critical way in which industrial production differs from other productive systems is ______.
the focus of production moves from food to other goods
In linguistic studies, phonemes are ______.
the set of sounds used in any particular language
Which of the following is a culture change that has occurred recently in Musha, Egypt?
Tractors are now used for many purposes.
Horticulture is defined as ______.
the use of simple tools in the production of plants for food
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that ______.
the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers perceive reality
The relationship between language and culture is illustrated by the fact that ______.
the vocabulary of a language emphasizes those features of the environment that are culturally most significant
when anthropologist say that human language is "conventional", they meant that ?
the world in human languages have no inherent relationship to the things they stand for
Agriculture requires more capital investment than horticulture.
true
All children, regardless of culture, go through the same basic stages and sequence for language learning.
true
In some cultures, the speech form used depends on the relative social status of the individuals speaking.
true
The actual performance of a language by an individual speaker is what Saussure called parole.
true
The change from foraging to food production was revolutionary in that it happened within a very short period of time.
true
The global food industry has led to increased poverty in rural America.
true
The vocabulary of a language reflects the culture of the people who speak it.
true
Today, only a very small percentage of the world's people live by foraging.
true
Wearing clothes with designer labels on them can be considered a form of nonverbal communication.
true
The horticultural cycle of the Lua' indicates that they ______.
use their highly effective knowledge of their environment for subsistence and cash crops
In their adaptation to their harsh environment, the foraging society of Australian aboriginals survived by ______.
using a wide variety of food sources
a study of speech norms in untied states by labor indicated that?
variation of speech patterns is most characteristic of upwardly mobile social classes
Which of the following does glottochronology examine?
vocabulary
The International Phonetic Alphabet is a means of ______.
writing all of the sounds of all human languages
Pastoralists in the central Asia primarily raise ______.
yak
A major change in Lua' subsistence patterns in the last several decades is ______.
a growing dependence on a few main crops which they sell to the market
A pidgin is ______.
a language of contact and trade that includes a mixture of other languages
a universal grammer is?
a set of principles, conditions, and rules that underlie all languages
Like most horticulturalists, the Lua' traditionally plant ______.
a variety of crops with rotating harvesting seasons
A dialect is ______.
a version of language that is used by less powerful groups in society
Which of the following terms refers to the period when humans first domesticated plants and began settling in permanent locations?
agricultural revolution
Peasants are most associated with what form of making a living?
agriculture
Which groups are expected to feel the impact of climate change?
all groups, entities, and organizations
Musha, in Upper Egypt, is a typical contemporary peasant village in that the peasants ______.
are highly constrained by government intervention
