exam 2 Hemodynamics
A 68-year-old woman has survived multiple episodes of pulmonary thromboembolism during the past three months. On physical examination there are no abnormal findings. Which of the following is the most likely underlying condition leading to this patient's recurrent pulmonary thromboembolism? A Micronodular cirrhosis of the liver B Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas C Thrombocytopenia D Familial hypercholesterolemia E Mitral valve endocarditis F Type II diabetes mellitus
Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas
A 70-year-old healthy woman has a check of her health status. On examination her blood pressure is 125/80 mm Hg and BMI 24 kg/m2. Laboratory studies show her serum total cholesterol is 180 mg/dL with LDL cholesterol 90 mg/dL. There is a family history of cancer. Which of the following is a constitutional risk factor for atherosclerotic vascular disease in this woman? A Age B Blood pressure C Family history D Gender E Hyperlipidemia F Weight
Age
A 57-year-old woman has had episodes of abdominal pain following meals for the past year. Her BMI is 31. She has hypertension. Her total serum cholesterol is increased. Which of the following types of blood vessel is the most likely location for the pathologic abnormality causing her pain? A Artery B Arteriole C Capillary D Venule E Vein
Artery
A 49-year-old woman has experienced marked pain in her lower extremities on ambulation more than 300 meters for the past 5 months. On physical examination, her lower extremities are cool and pale, without swelling or erythema. No dorsalis pedis or posterior tibial pulses are palpable. Her body mass index is 32. She is a smoker. Which of the following abnormalities of the vasculature is most likely to account for these findings? A Lymphatic obstruction B Arteriolosclerosis C Atherosclerosis D Medial calcific sclerosis E Venous thrombosis
Atherosclerosis
A 56-year-old reports reduced exercise tolerance over the past 5 years. In the past year he has noted chest pain after ascending a flight of stairs. He smokes 2 packs of cigarettes per day. On examination he has a blood pressure of 155/95 mm Hg. His body mass index is 30. Laboratory findings include a total serum cholesterol of 245 mg/dL with an HDL cholesterol of 22 mg/dL. Which of the following vascular abnormalities is he most likely to have? A Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis B Lymphedema C Medial calcific sclerosis D Atherosclerosis E Deep venous thrombosis F Plexiform arteriopathy
Atherosclerosis
A longitudinal study is conducted to detect serum markers that predict risk for death from acute coronary syndromes. A marker is identified that is synthesized and released from the liver in response to formation of cytokines in atheromatous plaques. This marker increases endothelial adhesiveness to platelets. What is this marker most likely to be? A Prostacyclin B Immunoglobulin G C C-reative protein D Alpha-1-antitrypsin E Acetoacetate
C-reative protein
A 73-year-old woman who exercises regularly falls down the stairs and injures her right hip. A radiograph is taken of the pelvis. There is no fracture but the radiograph reveals calcification of the small muscular arteries lateral to her uterus. What is the probable vascular lesion which accounts for this calcification? A Ulcerative atherosclerosis B Calcific medial sclerosis C Metastatic calcification D Trauma E Dystrophic calcification
Calcific medial sclerosis
A 71-year-old woman experiences a transient ischemic attack (TiA). She had an acute myocardial infarction 5 years ago. Which of the following physical examination findings is most likely to be associated with her TIA? A Blood pressure 140/90 mm Hg B Carotid bruit C Heart rate of 100/minute D Leg swelling E Pulsatile abdominal mass F Radial pulse 1+
Carotid bruit
Following a meal, lipids are digested and absorbed. Lipids collect within enterocytes. Which of the following chemical components of the blood is mainly responsible for transporting exogenous (dietary) triglyceride from the intestine to the liver? A Apoprotein B Chylomicron C Lipoprotein lipase D Oxidized low density lipoprotein E High density lipoprotein
Chylomicron
In an experiment, a glass bead is embolized to a branch of the renal artery. A day later there is a focal area in which the renal parenchymal cells in the distribution of the occluded artery show karyolysis and karyorrhexis. The outlines of the cells are still visible, but the nuclei have lost basophilic staining and the cytoplasm is eosinophilic but pale. Which of the following types of cellular necrosis is most likely present? A Caseous B Coagulative C Fatty D Gangrenous E Liquefactive
Coagulative
A 44-year-old woman has a family history of heart disease. Her father and mother both developed myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure as a result of occlusive coronary atherosclerosis. A dietary modification to include consumption of which of the following is most likely to reduce her risk for ischemic heart disease? A 40% of total caloric intake as fat B Increased saturated fat C Foods with cholesterol D Cold water fish oil E Fat found in beef products F Hydrogenated oils with trans-fats
Cold water fish oil
A 54-year-old man with diabetes mellitus has had 3 urinary tract infections during the past year. He now sees the physician for an ulceration on his right big toe which has not healed in 2 months. Laboratory studies on each of his doctor visits over the past year show blood glucose levels below 110 mg/dL. This situation could be best explained by which of the following laboratory findings? A Elevated hemoglobin A1C level B Increased urine ketones C Elevated serum osmolarity D Decreased plasma insulin E Elevated titer of anti-insulin antibodies
Elevated hemoglobin A1C level
A 66-year-old man with Parkinson disease develops pleuritic chest pain. On exam, he has guarding over the right lower lung with dullness to percussion. A chest CT scan shows a focal, wedge-shaped pleural baesed area of hemorrhage in the right lower lobe. Which of the following is the most likely cause for his pulmonary lesion? A Embolism B Atherosclerosis C Vasculitis D Arteriolosclerosis E Thrombosis
Embolism
A study of atherogenesis is performed. There is a propensity for atheromas to form at muscular arterial branch points, such as the carotid and aortic bifurcations. Which of the following events in the arteries at these locations is most likely to initiate atherogenesis? A Collagen synthesis B Endothelial dysfunction C Lactic acidosis D Cholesterol breakdown E Hypoxemia
Endothelial dysfunction
A 25-year-old man experiences chest pain on exercise when he attempts to climb three flights of stairs. This pain is relieved by sublingual nitroglycerin. He is 178 cm tall and weighs 101 kg. His blood pressure is 130/85 mm Hg. Laboratory studies show a total serum cholesterol of 550 mg/dL with an HDL cholesterol component of 25 mg/dL. The blood glucose is 120 mg/dL. He is worried about these findings because his brother died of a myocardial infarction at age 34. Which of the following conditions is this man most likely to have? A Diabetes mellitus, type II B Hypertensive emergency C Familial hypercholesterolemia D Cushing syndrome E Morbid obesity
Familial hypercholesterolemia
An autopsy study reveals that evidence for atheroma formation can begin even in children. The gross appearances of the aortas are recorded and compared with microscopic findings of atheroma formation. Which of the following is most likely to be the first visible gross evidence for the formation of an atheroma? A Thrombus B Fatty streak C Calcification D Hemorrhage E Exudate F Ulceration
Fatty streak
A 52-year-old man has an ulcerated area on the sole of his foot that has not healed for 2 months. He is 180 cm tall, weighs 126 kg, and has continued to gain weight gradually. He has not had any major illnesses. His blood pressure is normal. Which of the following laboratory tests performed on serum from a blood sample would be most useful in elucidating the underlying cause for his problem: A Antithrombin III B Cortisol C Creatine kinase D Glucose E Carcinoembryonic antigen
Glucose
A 57-year-old woman has experienced episodes of altered mental status for the past month. On physical examination, she has bilateral carotid artery bruits. She is given folic acid supplementation. Which of the following laboratory test findings is she most likely to have? A Factor V Leiden mutation B Factor VIII deficiency C Increased carcinoembryonic antigen D Homocysteinemia E Increased HDL cholesterol
Homocysteinemia
A 57-year-old man has had blood pressure measurements in the range of 160/95 to 180/110 mm Hg for many years. He has taken no medications. A renal scan reveals kidneys of normal size for age. These findings with benign nephrosclerosis are most likely to occur with which of the following vascular changes? A Hyaline arteriolosclerosis B Monckeberg's medial calcific sclerosis C Complex calcified atherosclerosis D Arterial mural thrombosis E Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis
Hyaline arteriolosclerosis
A 70-year-old man has noted coldness and numbness of his lower left leg, increasing over the past 4 months. He also experiences pain in this extremity when he tries walking more than the distance of half a city block. On physical examination, his dorsalis pedis, posterior tibial, and popliteal artery pulses are not palpable. Which of the following laboratory test findings is he most likely to have? A Protein S deficiency B Blood culture with Staphylococcus aureus C Decreased arterial oxygen saturation D Hyperglycemia E Hypercalcemia
Hyperglycemia
A 60-year-old woman has become increasingly obtunded over the past day. She was found by her daughter in a stuporous condition and brought to the emergency department. On physical examination, she has poor skin turgor. She is afebrile. Her vital signs reveal a blood pressure of 90/40 mm Hg, respirations 15 and shallow, pulse 95, and temperature 36°C. Laboratory studies show a hemoglobin A1C of 10%. Her serum electrolytes show sodium 144 mmol/L, potassium 5 mmol/L, chloride 95 mmol/L, CO2 22 mmol/L, and glucose 940 mg/dL. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A Insulin overdose B Hyperosmolar coma C Hyperlipidemia D Ketoacidosis E Overeating
Hyperosmolar coma
A 44-year-old African-American man has had elevated blood pressure for years which has not been treated. He now has severe headaches. On physical examination his blood pressure is 275/150 mm Hg. Laboratory studies show Hgb 13.8 g/dL, serum glucose 76 mg/dL, and creatinine 3.5 mg/dL. These findings are most likely to be associated with which of the following pathologic lesions involving his kidneys? A Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis B Hyaline arteriolosclerosis C Monckeberg medial calcific sclerosis D Atherosclerosis E Thrombophlebitis
Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis
An autopsy study is conducted involving the gross appearance of the aorta of adults ranging in age from 60 to 90. In some of these patients, the aorta demonstrates atheromatous plaques covering from 70 to 95% of the intimal surface area, mainly in the abdominal portion, with ulceration and calcification. Which of the following contributing causes of death are these patients most likely to have? A Hyperparathyroidism B Hypertension C Marfan syndrome D Thrombophlebitis E Vasculitis F Colonic adenocarcinoma G Systemic lupus erythematosus
Hypertension
A 27-year-old woman had a hemoglobin A1C of 7.9% noted during a prenatal visit. She gives birth to a 4350 gm baby at 37 weeks gestation. Just after the delivery, the baby becomes irritable and displays seizure activity. Which of the following laboratory findings is most likely to be found in the baby: A Decreased hemoglobin A1C B Increased serum osmolality C Hyperlipidemia D Hypoglycemia E Ketoacidosis
Hypoglycemia
A 54-year-old previously healthy woman is hospitalized for pneumonia. On the 10th hospital day she is found to have swelling and tenderness of her right leg, which has developed over the past 48 hours. Raising the leg elicits pain. An ultrasound examination reveals findings suggestive of femoral vein thrombosis. Which of the following conditions is most likely to have contributed the most to the appearance of these findings? A Trousseau syndrome B Protein C deficiency C Immobilization D Pregnancy E Chronic alcohol abuse F Hypertension
Immobilization
In a clinical study of patients with diabetes mellitus, a group of patients is found who have had blood glucose measurements ranging from 140 to 180 mg/dL for at least 10 years. Rectal biopsies from these patients now show that there is a form of osmotic cellular injury present in arterioles. This form of injury is most likely to be manifested elsewhere in the body by which of the following complications? A Cerebral infarction B Gastric adenocarcinoma C Congestive heart failure D Impotence E Pyelonephritis
Impotence
A 30-year-old man goes to his physician for a routine health checkup. On physical examination there are no abnormal findings. Laboratory test findings include serum glucose 80 mg/dL, hemoglobin A1C 4%, total cholesterol 240 mg/dL, LDL cholesterol 180 mg/dL, and HDL cholesterol 20 mg/dL. Through which of the following mechanisms is endothelial vascular injury in this patient most likely to occur? A Accumulation of sorbitol B Insudation of lipid C Inflammation with neutrophils D Deposition of immunoglobulins E Activation of complement
Insudation of lipid
A study of pathologic findings in the islets of Langerhans is performed. It is observed that insulitis may occur in the islets. The inflammatory infiltrate is predominantly composed of T lymphocytes. Which of the following is most likely to occur as a consequence of insulitis? A Neoplasia B Malabsorption C Ketoacidosis D Obesity E Sepsis
Ketoacidosis
A 10-year-old previously healthy child has been noted by her parents to be constantly thirsty. She is consuming large amounts of soft drinks. She is urinating often. Her diet and exercise patterns have not changed, except for an increased appetite, yet she appears cachectic and has lost 7 kg over the past 4 months. On physical examination there are no abnormal findings, other than peripheral muscle wasting and weakness. Which of the following laboratory findings would you most strongly suspect is present in this girl? A Increased blood insulin B Decreased blood glucagon C Ketonuria D Increased serum osmolality E Decreased plasma H+ (alkalosis) F Decreased plasma cortisol
Ketonuria
A 29-year-old woman is involved in a motor vehicle accident that results in severe lacerations to her lower extremities, along with blunt abdominal trauma. In the emergency room she is noted to have cool, pallid skin. She has vital signs showing T 36.9°C, P 110/minute, RR 26/minute, and BP 70/30 mm Hg. She has decreased urine output. Which of the following laboratory findings on a blood sample from this patient is most likely to be present? A Hematocrit of 54% B Glucose of 181 mg/dL C PaO2 of 20 mm Hg D Lactic acid of 4.8 mmol/L E Troponin I of 4 ng/mL
Lactic acid of 4.8 mmol/L
A 53-year-old man has the sudden onset of chest pain. He is found to have a serum troponin I of 5 ng/mL. A year later he has reduced exercise tolerance. An echocardiogram reveals an akinetic segment of left ventricle, and he has reduced cardiac output, with an ejection fraction of 25%. He then experiences a transient ischemic attack (TIA). His serum troponin I is now <0.5 ng/mL. Thrombus formation involving which of the following locations is most likely to have put him at greatest risk for the TIA? A Cerebral vein B Vertebral artery C Superior vena cava D Left ventricle E Coronary artery F Saphenous vein
Left ventricle
A 62-year-old man has experienced substernal chest pain upon exertion with increasing frequency over the past 6 months. An electrocardiogram shows features consistent with ischemic heart disease. He has a total serum cholesterol of 262 mg/dL. By angiography, there is 75% narrowing of coronary arteries. In which of the following locations is a mural thrombus most likely to occur in this man? A Left atrium B Left ventricle C Right atrium D Right ventricle E Aorta F Vena cava
Left ventricle
A 63-year-old man has had insulin dependent diabetes mellitus for over two decades. The degree of control of his disease is indicated by the laboratory finding of hemoglobin A1C 10.1%. He has noted episodes of abdominal pain following meals. These episodes have worsened over the past year. On physical examination, there are no masses and no organomegaly of the abdomen, and he has no tenderness to palpation. Which of the following pathologic findings is most likely to be present in this man? A Ruptured aortic aneurysm B Hepatic infarction C Mesenteric artery occlusion D Acute pancreatitis E Chronic renal failure
Mesenteric artery occlusion
A 65-year-old man has had increasing lower leg swelling along with reduced exercise tolerance for the past 5 years. He has chest pain on exertion. He has not experienced dyspnea. He has had 4 transient ischemic attacks in the past year. He has experienced abdominal pain in the past 2 months. Vital signs show T 37°C, P 82/min, RR 16/min, and BP 130/85 mm Hg. He has pitting edema to the knees bilaterally. The lower extremities have palpable pulses, no tenderness, and no erythema. An abdominal CT scan shows dilation of the abdominal aorta to 5 cm, filled with mural thrombus. Other family members have had similar problems. Which of the following underlying conditions is the most likely risk factor for his findings? A Factor V Leiden mutation B Adenocarcinoma of the colon C Multiple blunt trauma D Vasculitis E Metabolic syndrome
Metabolic syndrome
A 63-year-old man has had increasing exercise intolerance for the past 6 years so that he now becomes short of breath upon climbing a single flight of stairs. Laboratory studies have shown fasting blood glucose measurements from 145 to 210 mg/dL for the past 25 years, but he has not sought medical treatment. If he dies suddenly, which of the following is most likely to be the immediate cause of death? A Myocardial infarction B Nodular glomerulosclerosis C Cerebral hemorrhage D Hyperosmolar coma E Right lower leg gangrene
Myocardial infarction
A 72-year-old man suffered a myocardial infarction involving half the left ventricular free wall 3 months ago. He now has increasing dyspnea and orthopnea. On echocardiography his ejection fraction is 29%. On examination he has poor capillary filling in hands and feet. A chest x-ray shows pulmonary edema. Which of the following laboratory test analytes is most likely to be increased in this man at this point in time? A Sodium B Creatine kinase C Natriuretic peptide D Hematocrit E Sedimentation rate
Natriuretic peptide
Some cells demonstrate glucose uptake from the blood regardless of the plasma insulin level. In persons who have had persistent hyperglycemia for years, cellular injury can occur. Which of the following cell types is most likely to show injury from hyperglycemia? A Cardiac myocytes B Fibroblasts C Steatocytes D Neurons E Smooth muscle cells.
Neurons
During hospitalization, a 40-year-old woman develops thrombophlebitis. She recovers and is discharged. She returns to her job as an electrician. A couple of months later, which of the following terms would best describe the process seen in a femoral vein after recovery from her thrombophlebitis: A Acute inflammation B Rupture C Embolization D Organization E Propagation
Organization
A 66-year-old woman has the sudden loss of movement on part of the left side of her body. She has smoked a pack of cigarettes a day for the past 45 years. She has vital signs including T 37.1°C, P 80/minute, RR 16/minute, and BP 160/100 mm Hg. A cerebral angiogram reveals occlusion of a branch of her middle cerebral artery. Laboratory findings include a hemoglobin A1C of 9%. Which of the following components of blood lipids is most important in contributing to her disease? A Chylomicrons B Lipoprotein lipase C Oxidized LDL D VLDL E HDL cholesterol
Oxidized LDL
A 58-year-old woman has the sudden onset of severe dyspnea with chest pain and diaphoresis. A chest CT scan shows areas of decreased attenuation within the main pulmonary arteries. Her D-dimer assay is elevated. Her acute event is most likely to be a consequence of which of the following? A Placement of a hip prosthesis B Marked thrombocytopenia C Chronic alcoholism D Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus E Rheumatoid arthritis
Placement of a hip prosthesis
A 25-year-old previously healthy primigravida is in the first trimester of pregnancy. During two successive prenatal visits, she has fasting serum glucose levels of 127 and 131 mg/dL. Prior to this pregnancy, her fasting serum glucose was 80 mg/dL. A hemoglobin A1C level is 8.1% at the last visit, at 18 weeks gestation. She feels well and has no major health problems. Which of the following problems is most likely to become apparent in the latter part of her pregnancy? A Intrauterine fetal growth retardation B Ketoacidosis C Hyperosmolar coma D congenital anomalies E Placental insufficiency
Placental insufficiency
A 53-year-old woman is found on a routine physical examination to have vital signs with T 37°C, P 78/minute, RR 16/minute, and BP 165/110 mm Hg. There are no other significant findings. She has an abdominal ultrasound examination that shows the right kidney to be atrophic. Angiography reveals markedly reduced blood flow to the right renal artery from an occlusion at the orifice in the abdominal aorta. Which of the following laboratory findings is she most likely to have? A Serum sodium of 161 mmol/L B Serologic evidence of anti-cardiolipin antibody C Prothrombin time of 25 seconds D Plasma renin activity of 4.8 ng/mL/hr supine E Serum lactic acid of 5.5 mmol/L
Plasma renin activity of 4.8 ng/mL/hr supine
A 45-year-old man dies suddenly and unexpectedly. The immediate cause of death is found to be a hemorrhage in the right basal ganglia region. On microscopic examination his renal artery branches have concentric endothelial cell proliferation which markedly narrows the lumen, resulting in focal ischemia and hemorrhage of the renal parenchyma. An elevation in which of the following substances in his blood is most likely to be associated with these findings? A Ammonia B Calcium C Cholesterol D Renin E Troponin I F Triglyceride G C-reactive protein
Renin
A 61-year-old man has the sudden onset of severe chest pain. Vital signs include T 37°C, P 102/minute, RR 20/minute, and BP 80/40 mm Hg. An electrocardiogram demonstrates changes that are consistent with myocardial ischemia involving the left lateral ventricular free wall. He is given thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) 3 hours after the onset of chest pain. However his serum creatinine kinase is found to be 450 U/L 3 hours after this therapy. Which of the following cellular events has most likely occurred? A Cellular regeneration B Drug-induced necrosis C Reperfusion injury D Increased synthesis of creatine kinase E Myofiber atrophy
Reperfusion injury
A 52-year-old woman has experienced marked substernal, crushing chest pain for the past 3 hours. Her vital signs show T 36.9°C, P 90/minute, RR 18/minute, and BP 100/60 mm Hg. Laboratory studies include a serum creatine kinase MB fraction of 10 microgm/L as well as a serum troponin I of 4.5 ng/mL. Which of the following findings is the best evidence for the presence of a coronary arterial thrombus as the etiology for her chest pain? A Total serum cholesterol of 300 mg/dL B Large size of the infarction by scintigraphic scanning C 80% coronary occlusion by angiography D Response to thrombolytic therapy E Hemoglobin A1C of 10.1%
Response to thrombolytic therapy
At autopsy, the kidneys of a 44-year-old woman who died suddenly are found to be of normal size. Their surfaces appear finely granular. There are small hemorrhages noted. The cortices appear pale. Microscopically, many small renal arteries and arterioles demonstrate concentric intimal thickening with marked luminal narrowing. These findings are most likely to be present as a result of which of the following underlying diseases? A Amyloidosis B Systemic lupus erythematosus C Scleroderma D Rheumatoid arthritis E Viral hepatitis F Diabetes mellitus
Scleroderma
A atudy of persons with essential hypertension is performed. They have blood pressures in the range of 140/90 to 160/100 mm Hg. Laboratory studies show normal serum electrolyte values. Which of the following physiologic abnormalities is most likely to account for their hypertension? A Hyperreninemia B Hyperaldosteronism C Decreased natriuretic peptide D Decreased angiotensin converting enzyem E Sodium retention F Catecholamine excess
Sodium retention
A study is performed involving persons who have a history of diabetes mellitus type 1 or type 2. These patients are found to have cellular injury that results from glycosylation end products and from sorbitol accumulation within cells. The same patients are also shown to have ischemic tissue damage from accelerated and advanced atherosclerosis. Which of the following complications is most likely to result from atherosclerosis in these patients? A Hepatic failure B Impotence C Stroke D Cataracts E Retinopathy
Stroke
A 34-year-old previously healthy woman notes that she has bruises form on her arms and legs with just minor trauma. Physical examination reveals areas of purpura from 1 to 3 cm in size over her trunk and extremities, but no swelling, warmth, or erythema. Peripheral pulses are all palpable and full. Her blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg. An ultrasound examination of her lower extremities with Doppler flow measurement reveals no evidence for thrombosis. Laboratory findings include serum urea nitrogen of 16 mg/dL, LDH 300 U/L, total protein 6.9 g/dL, albumin 5.3 g/dL, alkaline phosphatase 50 U/L, AST 40 U/L, and ALT 20 U/L. Which of the following additional laboratory findings is most likely to be present in this patient? A Hyperglycemia B Hypercholesterolemia C Lactic acidosis D Thrombocytopenia E Hypoprothrombinemia F Anemia
Thrombocytopenia
A 45-year-old man feels some crushing chest pain along with numbness in his left arm after shoveling 15 cm of snow off his driveway. Three hours later he collapses and is taken to the emergency room. Which of the following laboratory tests run on a blood specimen is most useful in this situation? A Total white blood cell count B Glucose C Platelet count D Troponin E Lipase
Troponin
