Exam 2

The Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) receives a complaint that some of their employees who administer the road test pass a much higher percentage of test takers than other employees. In this example, what aspect of the road test is being questioned? A.) the interrater reliability of the road test B.) the internal reliability of the road test C.) the test-retest reliability of the road test D.) the measurement validity of the road test

A.) the interrater reliability of the road test FEEDBACK: This is a question of whether two observers would have similar findings. The complaint is asserting that they wouldn't, thus it is an interrater reliability question. See the section "Introducing Three Types of Reliability" in your text for more information.

Of the following validities, what would the researcher likely rank as most important? A.) Convergent validity B.) Criterion validity C.) Face validity D.) Discriminant validity

B.) Criterion validity

In psychology lab, Tetiana is conducting an experiment on depth perception using the Howard-Dolman box. Inside the box are two vertical rods and a horizontal ruler. The participant manipulates the rods until they appear to be aligned at the same distance, then the experimenter measures how far out of alignment they are. There are three conditions: left eye only, right eye only, and both eyes. Tetiana is using a repeated-measures design. The independent variable in Tetiana's design is being manipulated in which of the following ways? A.) independent groups B.) within-groups C.) concurrently D.) as a participant variable

B.) within-groups FEEDBACK: Tetiana is having each participant complete each of the conditions, so it is a within-groups study. See the section "Repeated-Measures Design" in your text for more information.

Dr. Lawrence is the director of Counseling Services at her university. She is planning to conduct a survey of 100 students at the university to see how aware they are of the counseling services that are offered at the university. She wants the proportion of first-time students and returning students in her sample to reflect the proportion in the university as a whole (15% first-time and 85% returning). Dr. Lawrence plans to stand in the Student Union and ask people to participate until she has given the survey to 15 first-time and 85 returning students. Is Dr. Lawrence collecting a representative sample? A.) Yes, because the sample includes a representative proportion of men and women. B.) Yes, because all the students in her sample match the population of interest. C.) No, because the participants are selected nonrandomly. D.) No, because 100 people are not enough for a representative sample.

C.) No, because the participants are selected nonrandomly. FEEDBACK: In quota sampling, participants are chosen nonrandomly, so it is not a representative sampling method. See the section "Quota Sampling" in your text for more information.

A study found an effect size of d=.2. You know this about the study results: A.) There is a strong effect B.) The effect is not statistically significant C.) There is considerable overlap between the groups D.) There is considerable overlap between the groups

C.) There is considerable overlap between the groups

The student government at a college is interested in determining how important intercollegiate sports are to the students there. Because all students have e-mail accounts, the student government can send a survey to all the students. About 50% of the students respond. Which is the most likely bias in this sample? A.) self-selection bias B.) convenience sampling bias C.) oversampling bias D.) random sampling bias

A.) self-selection bias FEEDBACK: There is no way to know if the 50% of the students who responded were representative of the entire student body or the reasons they chose to answer. See the section "When Is a Sample Biased?" in your text for more information.

(Chapter 7 Concept Questions) A political research center obtains a list of phone numbers for all registered voters in Texas and uses a random number generator to select 1,000 of the phone numbers to call. They ask each voter which candidate for governor they plan to vote for in the upcoming election. Which sampling method is being used? A.) simple random sampling B.) stratified random sampling C.) multistage sampling D.) systematic sampling

A.) simple random sampling

Dr. Johnson wants to investigate whether the physiological measure, heart rate variability, varies over time or whether it is a trait that stays stable within the same person over time. He records participants' heart rate variability once at the beginning of the semester and once at the end of the semester. He finds a high positive correlation (r = .65) between the first and second time points. Which type of reliability is he examining? A.) test-retest B.) interrater C.) internal D.) construct

A.) test-retest **Feedback: Dr. Johnson has measured the same set of participants on the same measure twice and found a strong positive correlation. This is a sign of strong test-retest reliability. See the section "Using the Correlation Coefficient r to Quantify Reliability" in your text for more information.

RESEARCH STUDY 5.1: Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself, " Question 2 reads, " I do not have a high opinion of myself. " Question 3 reads, " I think other people think I am really special." Dr. Rodriquez is concerned about the validity of the measure of narcissism recommended by her colleague. She sends a copy of the measure to the faculty members in her psychology department to look at, and they all tell her it looks like it will measure narcissism. She now has evidence of which of the following? A.) Content Validity B.) Face Validity C.) Discriminant validity D.) Concurrent validity

B.) Face Validity

Which question would be evaluating the notetaking experiment's construct validity? A.) How large is the effect size between the laptop and handwritten groups? B.) How well did the essay test measure people's conceptual knowledge? C.) Were there any confounds in the experiment D.) Can we generalize from these college students to other types of people?

B.) How well did the essay test measure people's conceptual knowledge?

Beth is working on a research study focused on attention span in children. Among the participants, the group of 11-year-old boys is underrepresented. Beth asks her 11-year-old brother to distribute flyers about participation in the study to his male classmates and soccer team. Which type of sampling is this? A.) multistage B.) snowball C.) random D.) self-selected

B.) snowball FEEDBACK: Beth is finding a member of a group that is rare (for her sample) and asking that member to recruit others for the sample. See the section "Settling for an Unrepresentative Sample: Nonprobability Sampling Techniques" in your text for more information.

The directors of an annual community concert want to learn the musical preferences of the audience. The ushers place a survey card on every sixth seat beginning with the second seat (2 and 6 were chosen from a random number table). All the cards are returned as the audience leaves. Which type of sampling is being used? A.) cluster sampling B.) systematic sampling C.) multistage sampling D.) stratified random sampling

B.) systematic sampling FEEDBACK: This is systematic sampling because it involves sampling every 6th member of the audience, starting at a random point, where numbers 2 and 6 were chosen randomly. See the section "Obtaining a Representative Sample: Probability Sampling Techniques" in your text for more information.

What is the main reason that researchers do experiments? A.) to have a more valid study B.) to support causal claims C.) to generalize to more people D.) to collect evidence in the real world

B.) to support causal claims

Which of the following is the term used when every member of a population is studied? A.) a biased sample B.) a representative sample C.) a census D.) oversampling

C.) a census FEEDBACK: A census is when every member of a population is studied. See the section "Populations and Samples" in your text for more information.

(Chapter 7) A political research center obtains a list of phone numbers for all registered voters in Texas and uses a random number generator to select 1,000 of the phone numbers to call. They ask each voter which candidate for governor they plan to vote for in the upcoming election. To which population of interest does the research center want to generalize? A.) All Americans B.) All Texans C.) all registered voters in Texas D.) all the people likely to vote for the Republican candidate for governor

C.) all registered voters in Texas FEEDBACK: The sample will be representative of the population it was sampled from (all registered voters in Texas). See the section "Simple Random Sampling" in your text for more information.

Leigh is running a study to examine the effect of music on mood. They randomly assign participants to three conditions: rock, jazz, and country. They have the participants rate their mood with a short questionnaire, then listen to their assigned music for 20 minutes, and then fill out the mood questionnaire again. Which kind of design are they using A.) posttest only B.) pretest/posttest C.) concurrent measures D.) repeated measures

B.) pretest/posttest

Participants in a research study are given a list of words to study for 3 minutes and then, after a delay, are asked to recall the list. The length of the delay is manipulated between participants to be either 2 minutes, 5 minutes, or 10 minutes. Because different groups need different amounts of time, the first 25 participants who arrive are assigned to the 10-minute group, the next 25 are assigned to the 5-minute group, and the final 25 are assigned to the 2-minute group. Which confound does this create? A.) demand characteristic B.) selection effect C.) experimenter bias D.) carryover effect

B.) selection effect

Eric designs a study to examine drink preferences of university freshmen. He is planning to have all the freshmen who participate in his study drink a cup of coffee, then rate their enjoyment of the coffee; then drink a cup of tea and rate their enjoyment of the tea; and, finally, drink a cup of milk and rate their enjoyment of the milk. Eric tells Theresa about the plans for his study and she says she is concerned he could have a problem with order effect in his study. Eric could fix this problem by using which of the following? A.) matched groups B.) random sampling C.) counterbalancing D.) random assignment

C.) counterbalancing FEEDBACK: Eric could avoid an order effect by having participants consume and rate the drinks in varying orders. See the section "Avoiding Order Effects by Counterbalancing" in your text for more information.

Dr. Kamran studies domestic violence and has designed a self-report scale that is meant to assess men's negative attitudes toward women. To validate her scale, she administers it to two groups of recently incarcerated male prisoners: prisoners convicted of domestic violence and prisoners convicted of other crimes. Dr. Kamran finds a statistically significant difference in the mean scores of the two groups. Which technique is Dr. Kamran using to validate her scale? A.) test-retest technique B.) physiological measurements C.) known-groups paradigm D.) interrater reliability test

C.) known-groups paradigm **Feedback: Dr. Kamran is using two known groups of people, some who committed domestic violence and some who didn't, to test criterion validity of her scale. See the section "Known-Groups Evidence for Criterion Validity" in your text for more information.

Kathryn wants to control for intelligence in her study. She has a list of all the participants for her study and their IQ scores. She sorts the list of participants according to their IQ scores and then forms groups, making sure the groups are balanced in terms of IQ scores. Finally, she randomly assigns each group to one of the conditions of her study. Which kind of design is Kathryn using? A.) independent groups B.) concurrent measures C.) matched groups D.) within groups

C.) matched groups FEEDBACK: Matched groups will ensure no one group has a disproportionate number of participants with a particular level of one trait, such as IQ. See the section "Avoiding Selection Effects with Matched Groups" in your text for more information.

The campus safety committee has asked Professor Ibrahim to study bicycling on his campus. He trains two observers and has them observe the number of cyclists and their safety at various points around campus. He randomly selects 10 observation locations from the places bicycles can be ridden on campus and randomly selects five 1-hour spans of time for each place. He has his observers make observations at each of the 10 places for each of the five time spans. Which type of sampling is he using? A.) simple random sampling B.) stratified random sampling C.) multistage sampling D.) systematic sampling

C.) multistage sampling

In psychology lab, Tetiana is conducting an experiment on depth perception using the Howard-Dolman box. Inside the box are two vertical rods and a horizontal ruler. The participant manipulates the rods until they appear to be aligned at the same distance, then the experimenter measures how far out of alignment they are. There are three conditions: left eye only, right eye only, and both eyes. Tetiana is using a repeated-measures design. She finds d = 1.53. Which effect size is this? A.) weak B.) moderate C.) strong D.) This cannot be determined without knowing the number of participants.

C.) strong FEEDBACK: Table 10.2 indicates that when d = 0.80, the effect size is large or strong. Her findings give a d well above 0.80, so the effect size is strong. See the section "How Large Is the Effect?" in your text for more information.

Eric designs a study to examine drink preferences of university freshmen. He is planning to have all the freshmen who participate in his study drink a cup of coffee and then rate their enjoyment of the coffee; then drink a cup of tea and rate their enjoyment of the tea; and, finally, drink a cup of milk and rate their enjoyment of the milk. Which kind of design is this? A.) posttest only B.) pretest/posttest C.) concurrent measures D.) repeated measures

D.) repeated measures FEEDBACK: A repeated-measures design is a type of within-groups design in which participants are measured on a dependent variable (in this scenario, enjoyment) after exposure to each level of the independent variable (drink type). See the section "Repeated-Measures Design" in your text for more information.

RESEARCH STUDY 5.1: Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself, " Question 2 reads, " I do not have a high opinion of myself. " Question 3 reads, " I think other people think I am really special." Before using the measure in her study, Dr. Rodriquez gives the measure to a group of participants on the first day of the semester and again on the last day of the semester. Dr. Rodriquez is examining the scatterplot of the data she collected on the first day of the semester and the last day of the semester. On the scatterplot, she sees that the dots are very close to forming a diagonal line. This indicates which of the following? A.) A strong relationship B.) A non relationship C.) A valid finding D.) A negative finding

A.) A strong relationship

(Chapter 5 Concept Questions) Which scale of measurement would eye color require A.) Categorical B.) Ordinal C.) Interval D.) Ratio

A.) Categorical

A researcher finds that BDI (Beck Depression Inventory) scores (higher score = more symptoms of depression) and a survey of psychological well being (higher score = higher well being) have a correlation coefficient of -.75. What is the conclusion? A.) Evidence of good convergent validity B.) Evidence of good discriminant validity C.) Evidence of poor convergent validity D.) Evidence of poor internal reliability

A.) Evidence of good convergent validity

For her research methods class, Serena plans to interview several teachers about their attitude toward teaching children who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This is an example of what type of measurement? A.) Self-report Measurement B.) Observational Measurement C.) Physiological Measurement D.) Archival Measurement

A.) Self-report Measurement

Which sample would be most likely to represent the population of American teenagers? A.) a cluster sampling of 1,000 teenagers from around the United States B.) a snowball sampling of 1,500 teenagers from around the United States C.) a convenience sample of 1,200 U.S. teenagers D.) a purposive sample of 1,250 U.S. teenagers

A.) a cluster sampling of 1,000 teenagers from around the United States FEEDBACK: Cluster sampling will create a representative sample, which makes this the best option. To create a representative sample, the sample size is not as important as the sampling method. See Figure 7.6, "Probability and nonprobability sampling techniques" in your text for more information.

Which of the following is a simple study that uses a separate group of participants that is generally completed before conducting the study of primary interest to confirm the effectiveness of a manipulation? A.) a pilot study B.) a Latin square C.) counterbalancing D.) a manipulation check

A.) a pilot study

Josiane has found an online test that claims to measure IQ. It consists of choosing the correct definitions for a series of words. She is concerned that it doesn't include tests of other things that are part of IQ, such as problem solving or visual-spatial ability. Which type of validity is she questioning? A.) content validity B.) face validity C.) criterion validity D.) discriminant validity

A.) content validity **FEEDBACK: Josiane's concern is that the test does not capture all parts of the construct of intelligence. In her subjective judgment, parts of the construct of intelligence are not included in a vocabulary test. See the section "Face Validity and Content Validity: Does It Look Like a Good Measure?" in your text for more information.

Which of the following is considered a nonprobability sampling method? A.) convenience sampling B.) cluster sampling C.) stratified random sampling D.) multistage sampling

A.) convenience sampling FEEDBACK: A convenience sample is chosen based on who is easy to access. This is not typically representative of the entire population from whom the researchers wish to generalize. See the section "Convenience Sampling" in your text for more information.

"About 30 percent of people can detect the bitter taste of [the bitter substance 6-n-propylthiouracil—]even in very low concentrations, and in general these people find bitter taste in foods stronger and less pleasant than other people do. This sensitivity is genetically based, research has found, and is related in the number of mushroom-like structures on the tongue called fungiform papillae, on which taste buds are perched. . . . In a 2014 experiment, German and American psychologists showed that, like bitter-sensitive rats, bitter-sensitive people tended to be jumpy, meaning they reacted more strongly than other people when exposed to a loud noise." This study is A.) correlational B.) experimental

A.) correlational

Which of the following is a potential disadvantage of within-groups designs? A.) demand characteristics B.) nonequivalent groups C.) requirement of more participants D.) less statistical power

A.) demand characteristics FEEDBACK: Because participants see all levels of independent variable, they may guess the experiment's hypothesis and act accordingly. See the section "Disadvantages of Within-Groups Designs" in your text for more information.

In psychology lab, Tetiana is conducting an experiment on depth perception using the Howard-Dolman box. Inside the box are two vertical rods and a horizontal ruler. The participant manipulates the rods until they appear to be aligned at the same distance, then the experimenter measures how far out of alignment they are. There are three conditions: left eye only, right eye only, and both eyes. Tetiana is using a repeated-measures design. Which is the dependent variable in this experiment? A.) distance out of alignment of the rods B.) how long the participant takes to complete the experiment C.) improvement in performance by the participant D.) eye/eyes used

A.) distance out of alignment of the rods FEEDBACK: Tetiana is measuring how far out of alignment the rods are, making that the dependent variable. See the section "Independent and Dependent Variables" in your text for more information.

Manuel is the president of a California human rights organization including members from several regions of the state. He wants to survey 1,000 members of his organization about the position they want the organization to take on several political issues. He knows that members from central California make up only 15 % of his organization, but he wants to make sure their views are accurately represented. He decides to randomly sample 100 members from central California and then adjust the final results so central California members are weighted to their actual proportion in the organization. Which type of sampling is Manuel using? A.) oversampling B.) cluster sampling C.) snowball sampling D.) quota sampling

A.) oversampling

Which of the following is most important for enhancing external validity? A.) random sampling B.) random assignment C.) a large sample size D.) using measures that are valid and reliable

A.) random sampling

(Chapter 10 Concept Questions) In a business class experiment on the endowment effect, Theo is comparing the value of a coffee mug to someone who owns it and is selling it to someone who is buying it. The endowment effect describes the tendency of sellers to value something they own more than buyers do. Participants are randomly assigned to be buyers or sellers of a mug with their first name on it. Buyers select the maximum price they would pay for the mug. Sellers select the minimum price they would accept for the mug. Which is the independent variable in this experiment? A.) role of the participant B.) value selected for the mug C.) the endowment effect D.) type of mug

A.) role of the participant

RESEARCH STUDY 5.1: Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself, " Question 2 reads, " I do not have a high opinion of myself. " Question 3 reads, " I think other people think I am really special." Before using the measure in her study, Dr. Rodriquez analyzes the data she gets from her students. She looks at the relationship between each of the individual questions. She sees that participants who agree with Question 1 also agree with Question 3 and disagree with Question 2. This is a test of which of the following? A.) Interrater reliability B.) Internal reliability C.) convergent validity D.) discriminant validity

B.) Internal reliability

Which scale of measurement would degree of pain felt, as rated on a 10-point scale require? A.) Categorical B.) Ordinal C.) Interval D.) Ratio

B.) Ordinal C.) Interval

(Chapter 5) Dr. Johnson wants to investigate whether the physiological measure, heart rate variability, varies over time or whether it is a trait that stays stable within the same person over time. He records participants' heart rate variability once at the beginning of the semester and once at the end of the semester. He finds a high positive correlation (r = .55) between the first and second time points. Which of the following would a scatterplot of these results (heart rate variability at the beginning of the semester on the x-axis, heart rate variability at the end of the semester on the y-axis) look like? A.) The cloud of points would have no slope at all. B.) The cloud of points would slope upward from left to right C.) The cloud of points would slope downward from left to right D.) There isn't enough information given to determine this.

B.) The cloud of points would slope upward from left to right **Feedback: A positive correlation coefficient means that there is an upward (from left to right) slope. The higher scores on heart rate variability at the first time point correspond to higher scores on heart rate variability at the second time point. See the section "Using a Scatterplot to Quantify Reliability" in your text for more information.

RESEARCH STUDY 5.1: Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself, " Question 2 reads, " I do not have a high opinion of myself. " Question 3 reads, " I think other people think I am really special." Dr. Rodriquez is concerned whether her measure will really measure narcissism or if it will measure some other related concept. She is concerned about the scale's . A.) Operational Definition B.) Validity C.) reliability D.) convenience

B.) Validity

Manuel is the president of a California human rights organization including members from several regions of the state. He wants to survey 1,000 members of his organization about the position they want the organization to take on several political issues. He knows that members from central California make up only 15 % of his organization, but he wants to make sure their views are accurately represented. He decides to randomly sample 100 members from central California and then adjust the final results so central California members are weighted to their actual proportion in the organization. Is Manuel collecting a representative sample? A.) Yes, because 1,000 people is enough to make a representative sample. B.) Yes, because the central CA members in the final sample were sampled randomly from the population of central CA members in the organization. C.) No, because the central CA members are over-represented in the final sample D.)No, because the sample is not representative of the entire population in general.

B.) Yes, because the central CA members in the final sample were sampled randomly from the population of central CA members in the organization.

The superintendent of schools in a small town in Ohio made many policy changes to the way school administration worked in his district. A researcher at a nearby university wanted to look at what teachers in his district thought about the changes. The researcher made a list of all the schools in the district and used a random number generator to select a sample of five schools from the district. Then the researcher interviewed every teacher at each of those five schools. Which sampling method did the researcher use? A.) simple random sampling B.) cluster sampling C.) systematic sampling D.) purposive sampling

B.) cluster sampling FEEDBACK: In cluster sampling, clusters of participants (in this scenario, schools) within a population of interest (the school district) are randomly selected, and then all individuals in each selected cluster are included in the study. See the section "Cluster Sampling and Multistage Sampling" in your text for more information.

Some colleges no longer require the SAT I or the ACT tests; instead, they base their admissions on other factors, such as high school GPA. A major reason they have done this is they have found a low correlation between the scores on the tests and the students' freshman-year GPA. In other words, they were concerned that college entrance exams lacked which type of validity? A.) face validity B.) criterion validity C.) discriminant validity D.) content validity

B.) criterion validity FEEDBACK: The concern is the lack of criterion validity of these tests. The test scores did not predict the freshman-year GPA. See the section "Criterion Validity: Does It Correlate with Key Behaviors?" in your text for more information.

"Imagine you've heard of a politician accepting bribes or of a student stealing library books: How harshly would you judge the offender? According to a 2011 study, that may depend on what you've just tasted: Volunteers who had just been told to take a gulp of an extremely bitter herbal tonic judged various moral transgressions as far more serious than people drinking nothing but water." This study is A.) correlational B.) experimental

B.) experimental

Dr. Nolan gives his new anxiety measure to a group of his colleagues who are anxiety experts. They agree that the questions on the measure appear to assess anxiety symptoms. This suggests that Dr. Nolan's measure has which of the following types of measurement validity? A.) content validity B.) face validity C.) criterion validity D.) discriminant validity

B.) face validity **Feedback: Face validity means that a measure appears to be a plausible or reasonable measure of the variable. See the section "Face Validity and Content Validity: Does It Look Like a Good Measure?" in your text for more information.

In a study of aggression in children, a researcher has his undergraduate research assistants watch a group of children on the playground, and record the number of instances of physical or verbal attacks. Which category of measured variable is this researcher using? A.) self-report measures B.) observational measures C.) physiological measures D.) neuropsychological measures

B.) observational measures **FEEDBACK: The researcher is recording the observable behaviors of the children by recording acts of aggression. See the section "Three Common Types of Measures" in your text for more information.

(Chapter 10) Dr. Keller wants to test the effect of a new anti-anxiety medication. He recruits a group of anxious patients and randomly assigns them to two groups. One group will receive his new medication and the other will receive a sugar pill. The second group is called which of the following? A.) treatment group B.) placebo group C.) experimental group D.) manipulation group

B.) placebo group FEEDBACK: When the control group is exposed to an inert treatment such as a sugar pill, it is called a placebo group. See the section "Control Groups, Treatment Groups, and Comparison Groups" in your text for more information.

In a business class experiment on the endowment effect, Theo is comparing the value of a coffee mug to someone who owns it and is selling it to someone who is buying it. The endowment effect describes the tendency of sellers to value something they own more than buyers do. Participants are randomly assigned to be buyers or sellers of a mug with their first name on it. Buyers select the maximum price they would pay for the mug. Sellers select the minimum price they would accept for the mug. Which is the dependent variable in this experiment? A.) role of the participant B.) value selected for the mug C.) the endowment effect D.) type of mug

B.) value selected for the mug

In a business class experiment on the endowment effect, Theo is comparing the value of a coffee mug to someone who owns it and is selling it to someone who is buying it. The endowment effect describes the tendency of sellers to value something they own more than buyers do. Participants are randomly assigned to be buyers or sellers of a mug with their first name on it. Buyers select the maximum price they would pay for the mug. Sellers select the minimum price they would accept for the mug. Theo controls for selection effects in which of the following ways? A.) by using a control group B.) by using matched-groups design C.) by using random assignment of participants D.) by using a pretest/posttest design

C.) by using random assignment of participants

Dr. Lawrence is the director of Counseling Services at her university. She is planning to conduct a survey of 100 students at the university to see how aware they are of the counseling services that are offered at the university. She wants the proportion of first-time students and returning students in her sample to reflect the proportion in the university as a whole (15% first-time and 85% returning). Dr. Lawrence plans to stand in the Student Union and ask people to participate until she has given the survey to 15 first-time and 85 returning students. Which type of sampling method is Dr. Lawrence going to use? A.) cluster sampling B.) multistage sampling C.) quota sampling D.) stratified random sampling

C.) quota sampling FEEDBACK: In quota sampling, the researcher identifies subsets of the population of interest and then sets a target number for each category in the sample. See the section "Quota Sampling" in your text for more information.

Typically, in which type of claim is it most important to have a random sample? A.) association B.)causal C.)frequency D.)anecdotal

C.)frequency

Horea is studying the relationship between caffeine consumption and problem-solving ability. Which of the following is a categorical way to operationalize caffeine consumption? A.) The number of cups of coffee consumed in a day B.) The number of milligrams of caffeine consumed during C.) The frequency of buying energy drinks D.) Whether the participants drank a soda in the 24 hours prior to the study

D.) Whether the participants drank a soda in the 24 hours prior to the study

Cara is interested in looking at how caloric intake affects performance. She conducts a study in which participants drink a cup of water before completing a task, then eat small meal before completing the task again. Based on her study design, which of the following should she be concerned about? A.) random effects B.) selection effects C.) practice effects D.) carryover effects

D.) carryover effects

In psychology lab, Tetiana is conducting an experiment on depth perception using the Howard-Dolman box. Inside the box are two vertical rods and a horizontal ruler. The participant manipulates the rods until they appear to be aligned at the same distance, then the experimenter measures how far out of alignment they are. There are three conditions: left eye only, right eye only, and both eyes. Tetiana is using a repeated-measures design. Which is the independent variable in this experiment? A.) depth perception B.) number of trials C.) disparity from perfect alignment D.) eye/eyes used

D.) eye/eyes used FEEDBACK: Tetiana is manipulating whether participants use their left eyes, right eyes, or both eyes. See the section "Independent and Dependent Variables" in your text for more information.

Which of the following validities is correctly matched with the technique to address concerns regarding that validity? A.) external validity and random assignment B.) external validity and counterbalancing C.) internal validity and random sampling D.) internal validity and random assignment

D.) internal validity and random assignment

In an experiment, researchers do which of the following? A.) measure more than two variables B.) measure two variables C.) manipulate two variables D.) manipulate one variable and measure another

D.) manipulate one variable and measure another FEEDBACK: In experiments, at least one variable is manipulated and at least one variable is measured. See the section "Experimental Variables" in your text for more information.

Georgina graduated as valedictorian of her high school class because of her class ranking. What type of scale is used for the quantitative variable of class ranking? A.) nominal scale B.) interval scale C.) ratio scale D.) ordinal scale

D.) ordinal scale **Feedback: Class ranking is based on how you rank relative to the rest of the class, so this is an ordinal scale. The number of grade points between students ranked next to each other varies. See the section "Three Types of Quantitative Variables" in your text for more information.

Lorenzo is studying aggression in children. He administers a questionnaire to the children that asks them about their feelings of aggression. Which type of measure is the questionnaire? A.) ordinal scale B.) observational C.) physiological D.) self-report

D.) self-report **FEEDBACK: The questionnaire used to ask children to report their own aggression is a self-report measure. See the section "Three Common Types of Measures" in your text for more information.