Exam 2: Metabolism & Nutrition, The Urinary System

In this sentence, which is the correct unit of energy from the nutrition label: This candy bar contains 150 calories. ​

'Calories​' and 'kilocalories​'

Which of the following will occur in the postabsoptive state?

'blood sugar will increase as glucagon promotes gluconeogenesis' AND 'blood sugar will increase as glucagon promotes glycogenolysis'

Who would you expect to be in a state of negative nitrogen balance?​

A patient with muscle atrophy​

The term metabolism includes which of the following: consuming foods to extract nutrients all the chemical reactions that take place in our cells using nutrients to build and repair cells and tissues using nutrients for energy All of the options are correct

All of the options are correct

Dehydrogenase enzymes such as alcohol dehydrogenase... perform reduction reactions perform oxidation reactions require the use of coenzymes such as NAD or FAD catalyze the movement of electrons between molecules All the choices are correct

All the choices are correct

Place the following intermediates in order to show the catabolism of an amino acid to expulsion as urea.​

Amino Acid is deaminated​ Amine attaches to alpha-ketoglutaric acid​ Glutamic acid travels to the liver​ Glutaric acid is deaminated​ Ammonia is converted to urea in the urea cycle Urea is processed in the kidney​

Indicate if the action will raise or lower body temperature.

Blood flows from core to shell:​ Raises body temperature​ Increase in metabolic rate:​ Raises body temperature Cutaneous vasodilation: Lowers body temperature​ Sweating: ​Lowers body temperature​ Shivering thermogenesis​: Raises body temperature​ Moving out of the hot sun and into the shade​: ​Lowers body temperature​

Place the following macronutrients in the order they will be catabolized in the absorptive state.

Carbohydrates Fats Proteins

Which of the following are macronutrients?​

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and water

Determine if the process is an example of anabolism or catabolism.​ French fries are digested in the intestine, breaking them into smaller molecules: A body builder exercises to build muscles through protein synthesis: A child eats a milkshake, which provides her with energy:

Catabolism Anabolism Catabolism

Catabolic processes include which of the following? Chewing food, and breaking it into smaller pieces during digestion​ Using glycogen stores as a fuel source during exercise​ Creating stores of glycogen from glucose monomers​ Using energy to synthesize proteins to repair damaged tissues​ Breaking down starch in the intestines​

Chewing food, and breaking it into smaller pieces during digestion​ Using glycogen stores as a fuel source during exercise​ Breaking down starch in the intestines​

Glycerol from the hydrolysis of triglycerides will enter central metabolism as PGAL. Identify this molecule in the process of glycolysis.

Cleavage: 2 PGAL

What is a physiological mechanism for achieving moderate heat loss?​

Cutaneous vasodilation​

Indicate if the pathway occurs in the cytosol or in the mitochondrion.

Cytosol: Fermentation Glycolysis Mitochondrion: Preparatory step​ Citric Acid Cycle​ Electron Transport​

Which of the following results would occur for cirrhosis, diabetes, and metabolic acidosis/alkalosis?​

Decrease in catabolic activity​

Place the steps of electron transport chain in the correct order.

Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are donated to proton pump enzymes. Electrons move along the membrane enzymes, losing some energy with each transfer. This energy is used to pump protons across the membrane. Electrons move onto O2, reducing it to form H2O and opening space for more electrons to start the process.

The long term result of decreasing glucose usage as a result of insulin decreasing would include which of the following? Exhaustion and low energy Increase in weight Difficulty sleeping due to excess energy Loss of weight

Exhaustion and low energy, loss of weight

Drag the appropriate coenzyme to its function. Please note that multiple coenzymes can be involved in the functions. High energy electron carriers allow oxidation of molecules by becoming reduced: Attaches to pyruvate to allow its entry into the mitochondrion after further oxidation:

FAD NAD, Coenzyme A

Drag the short term peptide to its role in appetite:

Feelings of hunger​:Ghrelin Feelings of satiation​: Amylin PYY​ CCK​

Place the molecules in order for lipogenesis of tryiglycerides starting with the carbohydrate glucose.​

Glucose Pyruvate Acetyl-CoA​ Fatty acid​ Triglyceride

Place the steps of aerobic respiration of glucose in the correct order.​

Glycolysis will oxidize glucose, producing NADH and ATP.​ The preparatory step will decarboxylate pyruvate and add Coenzyme A, allowing it to enter the mitochondrial matrix.​ Citric Acid Cycle will produce CO2, ATP, NADH, and FADH2​ NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to the electron transport chain enzymes, which pump protons as electrons move​ The electrons are placed on the terminal electron acceptor O2 to create H2O. Simultaneously, protons move down their gradient through ATP synthase to produce ATP.​

Determine if the statement is true for glycolysis only, fermentation only, or both.​ Glycolysis Fermentation

Glycolysis: Occurs in cytosol​, Uses NAD+ to produce NADH, Produces ATP Fermentation: Occurs in cytosol​, Uses NADH to produce NAD+, Produces organic acids or alcohols

indicate if it increases or decreases metabolic rate:

Increases metabolic rate​: Increasing exercise​ Body produces thyroid hormone​ Decreases metabolic rate​: Body is in absorptive state after eating a large meal​

For each hormone, indicate which metabolic pathways it will stimulate.

Insulin: Glycolysis, Glycogenesis Glucagon: Gluconeogenesis, Glycogenolysis, Lipolysis Epinephrine: Glycogenolysis, Lipolysis Cortisol: Gluconeogenesis, Lipolysis

Where will amino acids be catabolized?

Liver

Place the Liver > Kidney > Result items listed below in the proper order.

Liver: Convert Vitamin D3 to calcidiol​ Kidneys: Convert calcidiol to calcitriol​ Result: Absorption of Calcium by the small intestine and the kidneys​ and reabsorption of bone by osteoclasts​

Match the organ or tissue with its role in metabolism: Liver Adipose Tissue Muscle

Liver: metabolic hub of the body for carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids Adipose tissue: absorbs, stores, and releases triglycerides Muscle: contains most of the body's stores of glycogen

Match the macronutrient to its role. Each nutrient may match more than one role. Major Energy Source Part of Nucleotide Structure Skin, Hair, Nails Hormones

Major Energy Source: Carbohydrates Lipids​ Part of Nucleotide Structure: Carbohydrates Skin, Hair, Nails: Proteins Hormones: Proteins and Lipids

In the anterior aspect of the diencephalon, the _________ secreting neurons are responsible for the sensation of __________

Melanocortin, satiety

Select whether the hormone activates Melanocortin-secreting neurons or NPY-secreting neurons.

Melanocortin-secreting neurons: leptin NPY-secreting neurons: Ghrelin, PYY, CCK, insulin

Match the situation to the outcome:

Metabolism slows due to lack of nutrients​ ; kidneys and GI system become stressed: cirrhosis of the liver​ Blood sugar cannot be maintained, glycolysis slows​: Diabetes Metabolism slows due to changes in enzyme structures​: Metabolic acidosis​, metabolic alkalosis​

Which coenzyme is used in redox reactions in glycolysis as well as the Krebs cycle?​

NAD

In the posterior aspect of the dienephalon, the _________-secreting neurons are responsible for the sensation of ______

NPY, hunger

Which of the following is not an expected outcome of diabetes?​ Glucagon levels will increase​ Gluconeogenesis will increase​ Blood sugar will decrease​ None of these are expected outcomes

None of these are expected outcomes

Match the situation to the pH range​:

Normal pH of blood: 7.35 to 7.45​ Metabolic alkalosis: > 7.45​ Metabolic acidosis: < 7.35​

Which of the following is not a major class of nutrients?​

Nucleic acids​

For each description, determine if it happens in... Occurs in the cytosol Occurs in the mitochondrion Produces ATP Uses NAD to produce NADH Uses NADH to create a proton gradient

Occurs in the cytosol: Glycolysis Occurs in the mitochondrion: Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Produces ATP: Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Uses NAD to produce NADH: Glycolysis Prep Step Krebs Cycle Uses NADH to create a proton gradient: Electron Transport Chain

__________ are short term regulators of appetite, whereas __________ is a long-term regulator.​

Peptide YY (PYY) and cholecystokinin (CCK); insulin​

When sucrose is catabolized into glucose and fructose, fructose will first be phosphorylated and then enter glycolysis at which step?

Priming: Fructose 6-phosphate

__________yield about 4 kcal/g when completely oxidized, whereas __________yield about 9 kcal/g.

Proteins and carbohydrates, fats

Which is not a major function of the kidney?

Regulation of blood cell size

Which conditions are needed for measuring the basal metabolic rate? Should be measured using only spirometry Should be measured when the person is awake Should be measured immediately after eating Should be measured when the person is relaxed Should be measured in a body temperature room (37C, or 98.6F)

Should be measured when the person is awake. Should be measured when the person is relaxed

Drag the expected outcome to the related situation in the liver​

Situation: Liver cannot convert ammonia to urea​: Outcome: Toxins build up in bloodstream, kidneys become stressed​ Situation: Hepatic portal vein becomes hardened​: Outcome: Nutrient rich blood cannot reach liver​, GI system becomes stressed​

Which is the most likely outcome of prolonged fasting?​ Glycolysis increases Blood sugar is decreased​ The body produces glucagon and blood sugar is decreased​ The body produces glucagon​, blood sugar is decreased​, and glycolysis increases The body produces glucagon​

The body produces glucagon and blood sugar is decreased​

Which of the following represents phosphorylation?​

The first step of glycolysis is an enzyme called hexokinase that uses ATP to attach a phosphate group to glucose. ​

A patient with diabetes cannot produce insulin, and consumes a sugary milkshake. Which of the following is a likely result?​

The patient's blood sugar will increase quickly and remain high because insulin is not produced​

True or False: Holoenzymes are complete and functional enzymes. These are made of protein components called apoenzymes as well as any required coenzymes/cofactors.

True

Determine if the vitamins are water soluble or fat soluble.​ Vitamin A Vitamin B Vitamin C Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K

Vitamin A: fat Vitamin B: water Vitamin C: water Vitamin D: fat Vitamin E: fat Vitamin K: fat

Which of the following is the water soluble vitamin used as coenzyme? ​

Vitamin B

Which vitamin is needed for bone development and can be found as an additive in milk?

Vitamin D / calcitriol

When should the basal metabolic rate be measured?​

When a person first rises in the morning​

When taking mineral supplements, it is possible to consume too many minerals?

Yes, too many minerals can cause issues just as too few can cause deficiencies

Which of the following factors affect metabolic rate? Choose all that apply: absorptive/postabsorptive state​ mental state​ temperature outside​ thyroid hormone​ physical activity​

absorptive/postabsorptive state​, mental state​, thyroid hormone​, physical activity​

Gluconeogensis is stimulated by which of the following? growth hormone cortisol glucagon epinephrine all choices are correct

all choices are correct

Thermoregulation is important because.... it affects enzyme function​ it affects enzyme structure​ if affects digestion​ it affects metabolism​ all the choices are correct

all the choices are correct

Carbohydrates function as structural components in all of the following except __________

amino acids

You are attempting to identify the highest energy content in a food, and have 1 gram of each of the following samples. Based on the primary macronutrients, which would have the highest energy content?​

bacon grease (lipid)​

As insulin production from the ______decreases, the amount of glucose entering cells will _______ , and the amount of glucose in the bloodstream will ______. The result is a/n ______of glycolysis.

beta cells, decrease, increase, decrease

Which of the following is not an expected outcome of metabolic acidosis?​ blood pH will increase​ respiration will increase​ metabolism will decrease​ hydrogen ion concentration will increase​

blood pH will increase​

When glucose is low, one way it can be formed is by...

breaking down glycogen

Metabolic rate can be measured directly by ________, or indirectly by________. The units are_________because it measures__________per unit time.

calorimetry, spirometry, kilocalories per day, energy

In the absorptive state, _________ are the primary source of energy for most cells and are catabolized first. Next, ______ are used as a secondary source, through they are primary for liver, heart, and muscle cells.__________ are typically not catabolized, but instead used for anabolism in protein synthesis.

carbohydrates, fats, proteins

Which of the following is a primary source of body heat?

catabolism of macromolecules

What process produces most of the NADH that contributes to ATP synthesis in the cell?

citric acid cycle

Which of the following pathways in carbohydrate metabolism is the most useful at generating amino acids for protein synthesis?​

citric acid cycle​

______ are regenerated after an enzymatic reaction.​

coenzymes​, cofactors​, and enzymes​

What is the common first step in catabolism of amino acids?​

deamination​

An enzyme acts on the carboxylic acid group on pyruvic acid, producing CO2 as one product. This is an example of...​

decarboxylation​

is used to generate heat directly​

decrease

Which pathway is uncoupled in brown fat to produce heat in newborns?​

electron transport chain

Cofactors are structural components that are required for the catalytic function

enzymes

The urinary system does all of the following, except that it...

excretes excess albumen molecules.

Which of the following are part of anaerobic fermentation? fermentation​ Krebs cycle​ glycolysis​ electron transport chain​ preparatory step​

fermentation​, glycolysis​

Insulin inhibits ______ and promotes _______

gluconeogenesis, glycolysis​

There is a large amount of ATP available, and a large amount of glucose. The process that will most likely occur under these circumstances is...

glycogenesis

Which of the following pathways will store glucose for later use?​

glycogenesis​

Proteins function as structural components in all of the following except __________.​

glycolipids

The absorptive state is mostly regulated by ______ which will stimulate _______

insulin, glycosis

Brown fat​...

is used to generate heat directly​

If a nutrient is considered "essential", this means:​

it is required to consume​

Which of the following pathways will NOT be used in the post-absorptive (fasted) state? glycogenolysis lipogenesis beta-oxidation lipolysis gluconeogenesis

lipogenesis

Which of the following organ systems is not involved in thermoregulation? circulatory brain thyroid gland lymphatic system skin

lymphatic system

Which prefix would be used to indicate a nutrient that is needed in large amounts?​

macronutrient​

Match the description to the term.​ : any ingested chemical that is absorbed and used by the body​ : an ingested chemical that must be consumed​ : an ingested chemical that can be synthesized by the body if it is not consumed

nutrient essential nutrient nonessential nutrient

Match the process to its purpose oxidizes glucose to make pyruvate, some ATP, and NADH​ uses electrons from NADH and FADH2 to makes gradient to produce ATP produces CO2 from acetyl-CoA, and NADH and FADH2​ decarboxylates pyruvate to make acetyl-CoA​

oxidizes glucose to make pyruvate, some ATP, and NADH​: Glycolysis uses electrons from NADH and FADH2 to makes gradient to produce ATP: Electron Transport Chain produces CO2 from acetyl-CoA, and NADH and FADH2​: Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) decarboxylates pyruvate to make acetyl-CoA​: Oxidation of pyruvate (Prep Step)

The liver performs all of the following functions except __________.​ producing insulin and glucagon​ converting ammonia to urea​ synthesizing glucose from fats and amino acids​ carrying out most beta oxidation​

producing insulin and glucagon​

Lipids function as structural components in all of the following except __________.​

protein hormones

Enzymes are primarily made of the macromolecule

proteins

The primary sources of the nitrogenous wastes that are eliminated by the kidneys are:

proteins

Which of the following do humans consume as part of a balanced diet? (Select all that apply.​) proteins​ nucleic acids water​ carbohydrates​ lipids (fats)​

proteins​ water​ carbohydrates​ lipids (fats)​

Each of the following organs is part of the urinary system, except the...

rectum

Which minerals are used for fluid and electrolyte balance? (Select all that apply.) sodium fluoride zinc iron potassium

sodium, potassium

In the absorptive state, additional glucose consumed will be...

stored for later

The body is experiencing hyperthermia. Which mechanisms will help to return the body to its normal temperature? Choose all that apply, as more than one answer may be correct. shivering thermogenesis​ vasoconstriction​ heat promotion center activates sweating​ heat loss center activates​

sweating​, heat loss center activates​

Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by

the ureters

The nitrogenous waste ammonia is usually converted to a less toxic substance known as:

urea

Which of the following is not an expected outcome of cirrhosis?​ glycolysis will decrease​ nutrient levels in the liver will decrease​ blood pressure will increase​ urea concentrations will increase​

urea concentrations will increase​

When a person consumes more protein than is excreted, this is... (Select all that apply.) negative nitrogen balance used for growth and development used as an indication of muscle atrophy positive nitrogen balance

used for growth and development, positive nitrogen balance

Both metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis​...

will decrease the speed of metabolic enzymes​.

Rank the following processes by the amount of ATP produced per substrate, from most ATP to least (top-most being the highest).​

​ Electron Transport Chain Glycolysis (from one glucose) Krebs Cycle (from one Acetyl-CoA) Fermentation (from one pyruvate)