exam 2

The usual dose of activated charcoal is: 2 to 3 g/kg of body weight 3 to 4 g/kg of body weight 4 to 5 g/kg of body weight 1 to 2 g/kg of body weight

1 to 2 g/kg of body weight

In infants and children, a capillary refill time (CRT) that is greater than ______ second(s) is a sign of poor peripheral perfusion. 4 3 2 1

2

Which of the following patients is in decompensated shock? A 20-year-old female with absent radial pulses and dilated pupils A 23-year-old restless male with cool, clammy skin and tachycardia A 28-year-old female with pale skin and rapid, shallow respirations A 32-year-old male with anxiety and a systolic blood pressure of 110 mm Hg

A 20-year-old female with absent radial pulses and dilated pupils

Which of the following patients is the BEST candidate for oral glucose? A conscious patient who is showing signs of hypoglycemia An unconscious diabetic patient with a documented low blood sugar A conscious diabetic patient suspected of being hyperglycemic A semiconscious patient with signs and symptoms of low blood sugar

A conscious patient who is showing signs of hypoglycemia

Which of the following is an example of a medication that would be given as a suspension? Albuterol Nitroglycerin Neosporin Activated charcoal

Activated charcoal

Many departments throughout the United States have strict controls on when an EMT is allowed to administer medication. Which of the following is considered the CORRECT cirumstance surrounding the administration of medication? Peer-assisted medication EMT-administered medication Patient-assisted medication All of these answers are correct

All of these answers are correct

Which of the following is a basic physiologic cause of shock? Pump failure Poor vessel function Low fluid volume All of these answers are correct

All of these answers are correct

If spinal immobilization is indicated and time allows, splint individual extremity fractures during transport. This accomplishes which of the following? Minimizes pain Minimizes discomfort Prevents the broken bone ends from further damaging adjacent tissue All of these answers are correct.

All of these answers are correct.

Which of the following statements regarding medication administration is TRUE? You may administer or help to administer medications if medical control gives you a direct order. It is imperative that you not give or help patients to take medications except under certain circumstances. You may administer or help to administer medication if the local protocols include standing orders for the use of the medication. All of these answers are correct.

All of these answers are correct.

Which of the following MOST accurately describes septic shock? Widespread vasoconstriction and plasma loss due to a severe viral infection Bacterial infection of the nervous system with widespread vasodilation Bacterial damage to the vessel wall, leaking blood vessels, and vasodilation Viral infection of the blood vessels, vascular damage, and vasoconstriction

Bacterial damage to the vessel wall, leaking blood vessels, and vasodilation

Which of the following injuries would MOST likely cause obstructive shock? Spinal cord injury Liver laceration Simple pneumothorax Cardiac tamponade

Cardiac tamponade

As you approach a patient lying at the side of the roadway, you observe severe bleeding from the leg. What should your first action be? Open the airway. Check for a pulse. Administer oxygen. Control the bleeding.

Control the bleeding

Poor urinary output is a sign and symptom of which of shock? Decompensated shock Compensated shock Anaphylatic shock Obstructive shock

Decompensated shock

Which of the following is the ONLY action that can prevent eventual death from a tension pneumothorax? Rapid administration of intravenous fluids Early administration of high-flow oxygen Decompression of the injured side of the chest Positive-pressure ventilation with a bag-valve mask

Decompression of the injured side of the chest

Which of the following is a nonhemorrhagic cause of hypovolemic shock? Multi-system trauma Internal bleeding Arterial laceration Diarrhea

Diarrhea

Low fluid volume is caused by what type of shock? Cardiogenic shock Distributive shock Hypovolemic shock It can be caused by all three types.

Distributive shock

What are the three components of the "perfusion triangle"? Heart, brain, lungs Plasma, red blood cells, platelets Heart, blood vessels, blood Arteries, veins, capillaries

Heart, blood vessels, blood

In an acute injury setting, neurogenic shock is commonly accompanied by: Tachycardia. Hypovolemia. Diaphoresis. Hypothermia.

Hypothermia

Which of the following is NOT a sign and symptom of anaphylactic shock? Increase in blood pressure Cyanosis Wheezing and dyspnea Urticaria

Increase in blood pressure

Which of the following routes of medication administration has the FASTEST effect? Oral Intravenous Subcutaneous Intramuscular

Intravenous

Which of the following would MOST likely result in hemorrhagic shock? Severe vomiting Liver laceration Excessive sweating Repeated diarrhea

Liver laceration

Cardiac tamponade is an example of which type of shock? Cardiogenic shock Obstructive shock Hypovolemic shock Distributive shock

Obstructive shock

Which of the following statements regarding medications is FALSE? Many medications are known by different names. Some medications affect more than one body system. Over-the-counter drugs must be prescribed by a physician. EMTs should ask about any herbal remedies or vitamins that the patient may be taking.

Over-the-counter drugs must be prescribed by a physician.

What is the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures called? Pulse pressure Blood pressure Peripheral vasoconstriction Preload

Pulse pressure

A 25-year-old unrestrained female struck the steering wheel with her chest when her car hit a tree while traveling at a high rate of speed. She has signs and symptoms of shock, which you suspect are the result of intrathoracic bleeding. Which of the following interventions will provide this patient with the greatest chance for survival? Rapid transport to a trauma center Intravenous fluid administration High-flow oxygen administration Full immobilization of her spine

Rapid transport to a trauma center

A 39-year-old man presents with cool and clammy skin, a blood pressure of 88/60 mm Hg, and a fever of 104.5F (40.3C). He has been fighting a bacterial infection for 3 days. Which of the following types of shock do you suspect? Hypovolemic Septic Cardiogenic Psychogenic

Septic

Warm skin or fever, tachycardia, and low blood pressure would be signs and symptoms of which type of shock? Cardiogenic Septic Neurogenic Obstructive

Septic

Which of the following statements regarding anaphylactic shock is correct? Anaphylactic shock is caused by immune system failure due to a toxic exposure. Sensitized people will experience less severe reactions upon subsequent exposure. Anaphylactic shock occurs immediately after a person is sensitized to an allergen. Subsequent exposure after sensitization often produces a more severe reaction.

Subsequent exposure after sensitization often produces a more severe reaction

Which of the following will assume control of involuntary functions during shock? Somatic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system Sympathetic nervous system Digestive system

Sympathetic nervous system

Why is it most important to frequently reassess vital signs for a patient with possible shock? For billing purposes For documentation purposes To observe trends in the patient's condition To maintain skills proficiency

To observe trends in the patient's condition

You are on the scene of an unresponsive patient struck by a vehicle. You have completed the primary assessment. What should you do next? Begin the secondary assessment. Transport the patient. Manage secondary injuries. Complete the reassessment.

Transport the patient

Which of the following clinical signs is unique to anaphylactic shock? Pallor Wheezing Dizziness Hypotension

Wheezing

You should suspect shock if the patient has any of the following conditions, EXCEPT: a head injury. anaphylaxis. multiple severe fractures. a severe infection.

a head injury

Clinical signs of compensated shock include all of the following, EXCEPT: rapid, shallow breathing. absent peripheral pulses. cool and clammy skin. restlessness or anxiety.

absent peripheral pulses

The process by which medications travel through body tissues until they reach the bloodstream is called: adsorption. onset of action. absorption. transformation.

absorption

When assessing an 80-year-old patient in shock, it is important to remember that: the patient's cardiac output is able to increase by nearly 200% in response to the decrease in perfusion. it is common to see a more significant increase in heart rate than what would be expected in younger adults. age-related changes in the cardiovascular system may make the patient less able to compensate for decreased perfusion. in older adults, it is especially common to observe a significant decrease in heart rate in response to shock.

age-related changes in the cardiovascular system may make the patient less able to compensate for decreased perfusion.

Foods, medications, and insects are common causes of ________. anaphylactic shock neurogenic shock psychogenic shock septic shock

anaphylactic shock

Widespread vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, and bronchoconstriction are the result of ___________. anaphylactic shock massive myocardial infarction cervical spine injury tension pneumothorax

anaphylactic shock

A 20-year-old male has a large laceration to his wrist. He is holding a blood-soaked towel over the wound, but it continues to bleed rapidly. You should: administer high-flow supplemental oxygen. apply pressure to the brachial artery. apply a tourniquet proximal to the wrist. wrap the towel with pressure bandages.

apply a tourniquet proximal to the wrist

You respond to a residence for a patient with a severe leg injury following an accident with a chainsaw. When you arrive, you find the patient, a 44-year-old male, lying supine in the backyard. He has a partial amputation of his right lower leg that is actively bleeding. The patient is conscious and breathing adequately; however, he is restless and his skin is diaphoretic. You should: immediately evaluate his airway. apply direct pressure to the wound. assess the rate and quality of his pulse. administer 100% supplemental oxygen.

apply direct pressure to the wound

To perform oral administration of medication, you need to do all of the following EXCEPT: ask the patient when he or she last ate. confirm that the patient has a patent airway and is able to swallow. monitor the patient's condition. take standard precautions.

ask the patient when he or she last ate.

A construction worker fell approximately 30 feet. He is semiconscious with rapid, shallow respirations. Further assessment reveals deformity to the thoracic region of his spine. His blood pressure is 70/50 mm Hg, his pulse is 66 beats/min and weak, and his skin is warm and dry. In addition to spinal immobilization and rapid transport, the MOST appropriate treatment for this patient includes: oxygen via nonrebreathing mask, blankets for warmth, and elevation of his head. assisted ventilation, thermal management, and elevation of the lower extremities. oxygen via nonrebreathing mask, thermal management, and elevation of his legs. assisted ventilation, preventing hyperthermia, and elevating his lower extremities.

assisted ventilation, thermal management, and elevation of the lower extremities.

Activated charcoal is indicated for patients who have ingested certain drugs and toxins because it: acts as a direct reversal agent for most medications. induces vomiting before the chemical can be digested. detoxifies the drug before it can cause harm to the patient. binds to chemicals in the stomach and delays their absorption.

binds to chemicals in the stomach and delays their absorption

When perfusion to the core of the body decreases: blood is shunted away from the skin. decreased cardiac contractility occurs. blood is diverted to the gastrointestinal tract. the voluntary nervous system releases hormones.

blood is shunted away from the skin

When assessing a patient with signs and symptoms of shock, it is MOST important to remember that: the patient's respirations are deep during the early stages of shock. blood pressure may be the last measurable factor to change in shock. multiple fractures are the most common cause of hypovolemic shock. irreversible shock often responds well to a prompt blood transfusion.

blood pressure may be the last measurable factor to change in shock

Epinephrine is given to patients with anaphylactic shock because of its effects of: bronchodilation and vasodilation. bronchodilation and vasoconstriction. vasodilation and bronchoconstriction. bronchoconstriction and vasoconstriction.

bronchodilation and vasoconstriction. The two major complications associated with anaphylactic shock are bronchoconstriction, which impairs air movement in and out of the lungs, and vasodilation, which causes a drop in blood pressure. Epinephrine reverses these processes by causing bronchodilation and vasoconstriction, thereby improving breathing and increasing the blood pressure, respectively.

In cases of poor perfusion, the transportation of __________________ out of the tissues becomes impaired, resulting in a buildup of waste products. hemoglobin plasma carbon dioxide oxygen

carbon dioxide

One of the primary waste products of normal cellular metabolism that must be removed from the body by the lungs is: lactic acid. carbon dioxide. pyruvic acid. carbon monoxide.

carbon dioxide

Cardiogenic shock develops when the heart cannot maintain sufficient _______________ to meet the demands of the body. blood vessel function fluid volume precontraction pressure cardiac output

cardiac output

A 56-year-old male is found semiconscious by his wife. Your assessment reveals that his respirations are rapid and shallow, his pulse is rapid and irregular, and his blood pressure is low. The patient's wife states that he complained of left arm pain and nausea the day before, but would not allow her to call 9-1-1. The MOST likely cause of this patient's present condition is: acute myocardial infarction. cardiogenic hypoperfusion. severe septic hypoperfusion. a ruptured aortic aneurysm.

cardiogenic hypoperfusion

Pulmonary edema and impaired ventilation occur during: anaphylactic shock. cardiogenic shock. septic shock. neurogenic shock.

cardiogenic shock

Your patient has a decreased cardiac output and poor myocardial contractility. This will likely lead to ___________. septic shock hypovolemic shock neurogenic shock cardiogenic shock

cardiogenic shock

The term "shock" is MOST accurately defined as: a decreased supply of oxygen to the brain. cardiovascular collapse leading to inadequate perfusion. decreased circulation of blood within the venous circulation. decreased function of the respiratory system leading to hypoxia.

cardiovascular collapse leading to inadequate perfusion.

When treating an 80-year-old patient who is in shock, it is important to remember that: compensation from the respiratory system usually manifests with increased tidal volume. the older patient's central nervous system usually reacts more briskly to compensate for shock. medications older patients take for hypertension often cause an unusually fast heart rate. changes in gastric motility may delay gastric emptying, which increases the risk for vomiting.

changes in gastric motility may delay gastric emptying, which increases the risk for vomiting

Capillary sphincters are: under complete control of the voluntary portion of the nervous system. capable of dilating in order to increase perfusion to crucial body organs. responsible for constricting to compensate for decreased cell perfusion. circular muscular walls that regulate blood flow through the capillaries.

circular muscular walls that regulate blood flow through the capillaries.

Your patient is in shock, but the body's defense mechanisms are currently able to maintain adequate circulation. This is called ___________. irreversible shock late shock decompensated shock compensated shock

compensated shock

When applied to a patient, a metered-dose inhaler will: deliver the same dose each time it is used. be ineffective when given to patients with asthma. deliver a different dose each time it is used. Deliver the drug to the lungs over a period of 6 to 8 hours.

deliver the same dose each time it is used Drugs given via the metered-dose inhaler (MDI) act very quickly and are commonly prescribed to patients with asthma, emphysema, and other airway diseases.

You are dispatched to a residence for a 40-year-old female who fainted. Upon your arrival, the patient is conscious and alert, and states that she is fine. Her husband tells you that she fainted after receiving news that her sister was killed in a car crash. You offer oxygen to the patient, but she refuses to accept it. At this point, your primary concern should be to: provide emotional support regarding her sister. determine if she was injured when she fainted. advise her that she needs to go to the hospital. obtain baseline vital signs and a medical history.

determine if she was injured when she fainted

When should nonlifesaving interventions be performed for your multisystem trauma patient? prior to transport immediately after the injuries are discovered en route to the hospital during the primary assessment

en route to the hospital

Patients who are known to have anaphylaxis often carry kits with an intramuscular injector or auto-injector containing ________________. nitroglycerin epinephrine sodium bicarbonate atropine

epinephrine

A 33-year-old woman presents with a generalized rash, facial swelling, and hypotension approximately 10 minutes after being stung by a hornet. Her BP is 70/50 mm Hg and her heart rate is 120 beats/min. In addition to high-flow oxygen, this patient is in MOST immediate need of: epinephrine. rapid transport. an antihistamine. IV fluids.

epinephrine This patient is in anaphylactic shock—a life-threatening overexaggeration of the immune system that results in bronchoconstriction and hypotension. After ensuring adequate oxygenation and ventilation, the MOST important treatment for the patient is epinephrine, which dilates the bronchioles and constricts the vasculature, thus improving breathing and blood pressure, respectively.

With regard to pharmacology, the term "action" refers to the: ability of a drug to cause harm. ability of a drug to produce side effects. amount of time it will take the drug to work. expected effect of a drug on the patient's body.

expected effect of a drug on the patient's body.

Neurogenic shock occurs when: massive vasoconstriction occurs distal to a spinal cord injury. failure of the nervous system causes widespread vasodilation. the spinal cord is severed and causes massive hemorrhaging. there is too much blood to fill a smaller vascular container.

failure of the nervous system causes widespread vasodilation

A 27-year-old male was stabbed in the chest during a disagreement at a poker game. As you approach him, you see that a knife is impaled in his chest. Before you make physical contact with the patient, it is MOST important to: form a general impression. call for an ALS ambulance. follow standard precautions. ask bystanders what happened.

follow standard precautions.

The body's attempt to maintain balance of all systems of the body is called ________. homeostasis equilibrium perfusion automaticity

homeostasis

Shock is the result of: hypoperfusion to the cells of the body. the body's maintenance of homeostasis. temporary dysfunction of a major organ. widespread constriction of the blood vessels.

hypoperfusion to the cells of the body

A 20-year-old man was kicked numerous times in the abdomen during an assault. His abdomen is rigid and tender, his heart rate is 120 beats/min, and his respirations are 30 breaths/min. You should treat this patient for: a lacerated liver. a ruptured spleen. respiratory failure. hypovolemic shock.

hypovolemic shock The patient may have a liver laceration or ruptured spleen—both of which can cause internal blood loss. However, it is far more important to recognize that the patient is in hypovolemic shock and to treat him accordingly.

All of the following are potential causes of impaired tissue perfusion EXCEPT: increased number of red blood cells. pump failure. low fluid volume. poor vessel function.

increased number of red blood cells An increased number of red blood cells would allow adequate oxygen and nutrients to be delivered to the cells.

Cardiogenic shock may result from all of the following, EXCEPT: heart attack. increased afterload. increased preload. poor contractility.

increased preload

All of the following conditions should make you suspect shock, EXCEPT: anaphylaxis. spinal injury. severe infection. ischemic stroke.

ischemic stroke.

Hypotension in a child with blunt or penetrating trauma is particularly significant because: it typically develops earlier in children that it does in adults. the most likely cause of the hypotension is respiratory failure. it often indicates the loss of half of his or her blood volume. most children with hypotension die in the prehospital setting.

it often indicates the loss of half of his or her blood volume.

All of the following are signs and symptoms of Beck's triad, EXCEPT: muffled heart sounds. narrowing pulse pressure. jugular vein distention. low afterload.

low afterload

Treat for shock early and aggressively by providing ____________ and keeping the patient ___________. analgesics; comfortable oxygen; warm food; oxygenated fluids; calm

oxygen; warm

Once you have assessed ______________, determine whether the patient should be treated as a high priority, whether ALS is needed, and which facility to transport to. the airway the chief complaint perfusion level of consciousness

perfusion

You suspect your patient is in shock. You note the patient's skin is pale. This is likely due to ___________. peripheral vasoconstriction hypothermia an increased heart rate peripheral vasodilation

peripheral vasoconstriction

Hypovolemic shock caused by severe burns is the result of a loss of: plasma. whole blood. platelets. red blood cells.

plasma

Anapylatic shock is caused by: low fluid volume. pump failure. poor vessel function and low fluid volume. poor vessel function.

poor vessel function

Patients develop septic shock secondary to: poor vessel function and severe volume loss. an infection that weakens cardiac contractions. failure of the blood vessels to adequately dilate. weak vessel tone caused by nervous system damage.

poor vessel function and severe volume loss.

A 59-year-old male presents with severe vomiting and diarrhea of 3 days' duration. He is confused and diaphoretic, and his radial pulses are absent. His blood pressure is 78/50 mm Hg. After applying supplemental oxygen, you should: perform a head-to-toe exam. allow him to drink plain water. obtain a repeat blood pressure in 5 minutes. prepare for immediate transport.

prepare for immediate transport.

Temporary, widespread vasodilation and syncope caused by a sudden nervous system reaction MOST accurately describes: vasovagal shock. neurogenic shock. psychogenic shock. neurologic shock.

psychogenic shock.

You are transporting a 33-year-old male who was involved in a major motor vehicle crash. You have addressed all immediate and potentially life-threatening conditions and have stabilized his condition with the appropriate treatment. With an estimated time of arrival at the hospital of 20 minutes, you should: repeat your secondary assessment. arrange for an ALS rendezvous. take his vital signs in 15 minutes. reassess his condition in 5 minutes.

reassess his condition in 5 minutes

A 19-year-old male was stung multiple times by fire ants. He is experiencing obvious signs and symptoms of anaphylactic shock. You administer high-flow oxygen and give him epinephrine via intramuscular injection. Upon reassessment, you determine that his condition has not improved. You should: transport him immediately and provide supportive care while en route. consider that he may actually be experiencing an acute asthma attack. repeat the epinephrine injection after consulting with medical control. request a paramedic unit that is stationed approximately 15 miles away.

repeat the epinephrine injection after consulting with medical control

You are managing a 62-year-old woman who complains of crushing chest pain. Her blood pressure is 84/64 mm Hg and her heart rate is 110 beats/min. Medical control advises you to assist her in taking her prescribed nitroglycerin. After receiving this order, you should: reassess the patient's heart rate and then assist with the nitroglycerin. repeat the patient's blood pressure to the physician and confirm the order. wait 10 minutes, reassess the blood pressure, and then give the nitroglycerin. administer the nitroglycerin to the patient and then reassess her blood pressure.

repeat the patient's blood pressure to the physician and confirm the order. Nitroglycerin is a vasodilator and lowers the BP; therefore, it should not be given to patients with a systolic BP less than 100 mm Hg. If you receive an order to give nitroglycerin to a patient with a systolic BP less than 100 mm Hg, you should ensure that the physician is aware of the patient's BP, then reconfirm the order.

The EMT must be familiar with the six general steps of administering any medication. These steps are the six rights of medication administration. The six rights include the right patient, right dose, right route, right time, right documentation, and: right medical history. right medication. right medical supplies. right medical condition.

right medication

A 70-year-old female was recently discharged from the hospital following a total hip replacement. Today, she presents with restlessness, tachycardia, and a blood pressure of 100/64 mm Hg. Her skin is hot and moist. You should be MOST suspicious that she is experiencing: septic shock. pump failure. a local infection. decompensated shock.

septic shock

Shock due to severe infection is called ________. anaphylactic shock neurogenic shock hypovolemic shock septic shock

septic shock

A 60-year-old woman presents with a BP of 80/60 mm Hg, a pulse rate of 110 beats/min, mottled skin, and a temperature of 103.9°F. She is MOST likely experiencing: septic shock. neurogenic shock. profound heart failure. a severe viral infection.

septic shock In septic shock, bacterial toxins damage the blood vessel walls, causing them to leak and rendering them unable to constrict. Widespread dilation of the vessels, in combination with plasma loss through the injured vessel walls, results in shock. A high fever commonly accompanies a bacterial infection.

Potential causes of cardiogenic shock include all of the following, EXCEPT: inadequate heart function. disease of muscle tissue. severe bacterial infection. impaired electrical system.

severe bacterial infection Cardiogenic shock is caused by inadequate function of the heart, or pump failure. Within certain limits, the heart can adapt to these problems. If too much muscular damage occurs, however, as sometimes happens after a heart attack, the heart no longer functions well. Other causes include disease, injury, and an impaired electrical system.

Inadequate circulation of blood throughout the body is called ________. perfusion hypotension hypoxia shock

shock

When treating a trauma patient who is in shock, LOWEST priority should be given to: spinal protection. thermal management. splinting fractures. notifying the hospital.

splinting fractures

Pharmacology is defined as the: study of cells and tissues. study of drugs and medications. effects of medications in the lungs. distribution of drugs to the body's tissues.

study of drugs and medications

All of the following conditions would make you suspect shock, EXCEPT: anaphylaxis. heart attack. severe infection. tachycardia.

tachycardia

When the body senses a state of hypoperfusion, the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine, the effects of which include: tachypnea. tachycardia. vasodilation. restlessness.

tachycardia

A patient with neurogenic shock would be LEAST likely to present with: tachypnea. hypotension. tachycardia. altered mentation.

tachycardia In neurogenic shock, the nerves that control the sympathetic nervous system are compromised. The nervous system is responsible for secreting the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine, which increase the patient's heart rate, constrict the peripheral vasculature, and shunt blood to the body's vital organs. Without the release of these hormones, the compensatory effects of tachycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction are absent.

To protect vital organs, the body compensates by directing blood flow away from organs that are more tolerant of low flow, such as: the lungs. the heart. the brain. the skin.

the skin

In order to recognize and treat early shock, the EMT must ___________. wait until the patient's blood pressure falls request ALS assistance for all trauma patients contact medical direction understand the pathophysiology of shock

understand the pathophysiology of shock

Anaphylactic shock is typically associated with: urticaria. bradycardia. localized welts. a severe headache.

urticaria Urticaria (hives) is typically associated with allergic reactions—mild, moderate, and severe. They are caused by the release of histamines from the immune system. In anaphylactic shock, urticaria is also accompanied by cool, clammy skin; tachycardia; severe respiratory distress; and hypotension.

Signs of compensated shock include all of the following, EXCEPT: pale, cool, clammy skin. restlessness or anxiety. weak or absent peripheral pulses. a feeling of impending doom.

weak or absent peripheral pulses

Signs of compensated shock include all of the following, EXCEPT: restlessness or anxiety. pale, cool, clammy skin. a feeling of impending doom. weak or absent peripheral pulses.

weak or absent peripheral pulses. In compensated shock, the body is able to maintain perfusion to the vital organs of the body via the autonomic nervous system.

Distributive shock occurs when: an injury causes restriction of the heart muscle and impairs its pumping function. severe bleeding causes tachycardia in order to distribute blood to the organs faster. temporary but severe vasodilation causes a decrease in blood supply to the brain. widespread dilation of the blood vessels causes blood to pool in the vascular beds.

widespread dilation of the blood vessels causes blood to pool in the vascular beds