Exam 2 Nutrition
glucagon
A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels when they are low
Name the 2 essential fatty acids
Alpha Linolenic Acid (ALA) Linolenic Acid (LA)
The ball of chewed up cookie is swallowed and is called a ____________________.
Bolus
The mouth's main contribution to digestion of the cookie is of the nutrient _________ and this nutrient is digested by an enzyme called _________.
Carbohydrate lingual lipase
Fat is stored in "depots" around your body. When stored in the _______, it can lead to an increased risk of CVD.
Central body (abdomen)
The parts of the cookie that were not digested or absorbed in the small intestine (about 5% of carbohydrate, protein and fat) are passed into the large intestine by way of the _________________, a sphincter whose purpose is to keep bacteria and waste from getting back into the small intestine.
Ileocecal
T or F: A DEXA scan is used to measure body comp
True
T or F: Enterocytes are cells lining the small intestine that absorb nutrients
True
Type 1 diabetes vs Type 2 diabetes
Type 1 diabetes - autoimmune, no insulin produce Small percentage of people, in younger people Cannot prevent Type 2 diabetes- Happens in middle age adults Body produces some insulin just doesn't use it well genetic/ lifestyle component- obesity/sedentary
Persons doing what sort of exercise are more likely to burn fat?
Walking
Ketosis
a metabolic condition resulting from an elevation of ketone bodies in the blood
Dietary fiber is ...
a source of energy for bacteria in the large intestine
normal fasting blood glucose
70-100 mg/dL
Sterols
85% is made by our bodies least common cholesterol
Triglycerides
95% of lipids in our diet fats = solid at room temp oils = liquid at room temp
Chylomicron
a type of lipoprotein and serve as a "lipid taxi" -they enter the villus and transport lipids through the lymphatic system and eventually the bloodstream
Fats in foods help the body...
absorb fat-soluble vitamins
The most important function of the large intestine is what?
absorb water and electrolytes
_________ cells reassemble excess glycerol and fatty acids into _____________ for storage.
adipose triglycerides
Individuals with PKU cannot consume which sweetner?
aspartame
Some chylomicrons travel to ...
capillaries and others to the liver
What are lipids made up of?
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Breakdown of carbohydrate, protein, or fat to release energy is called
catabolic process
LDL is high in
cholesterol
HDL absorbs excess...
cholesterol and brings it back to the liver
LDL transports ...
cholesterol to cells
When the ball of food has been mixed and added to stomach secretions, it is now a watery substance called _______________. The food leaves the stomach through the valve called the ______________ and empties into the small intestine.
chyme Pylorus
Polysaccharides
complex carbohydrates
The liver removes ...
dietary cholesterol, fatty acids, and glycerol from chylomicrons
The liver uses ....
dietary cholesterol, fatty acids, and glycerol to make VLDL
Disaccharides
double sugars -lactose, maltose, and sucrose
Why have trans fats been removed from the food supply?
due to concerns that the trans fats contribute to heart disease
Next, the ball hits the first major valve of the GI system called the _________. This valve prevents stomach acid from going back up the digestive system causing pain known as ____________ OR ________________.
esophageal sphincter acid reflux OR gastroesophageal reflux disease
The epiglottis allows the food to continue down the _________ . This organ's main function is simply delivering the food to the ________ through muscle contractions called peristalsis
esophagus stomach
T or F: Fats with high percentage of saturated fatty acids tend to be liquid at room temp
false
Lipids are _____ in water
insoluble
Other structures that aid in increasing contact are: circular folds, which keep the mushed up cookie moving slowly and in a spiral path rather than shooting straight through, ________________, which project into the lumen of the small intestine, and the (microscopic) _____________.
intestines villi
___________ is the enzyme produced in the mouth to digest carbohydrates
lingual lipase
Bile is produced by
liver
The small intestine is also helped out along the way by three accessory organs, which includes the ________, __________, and _________.
liver, pancreas, and gallbladder
Saturated fatty acids
no double bonds
Since fats float, _______ digestion ocurs.
not much
Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) number of bonds
one double bond
The small intestine responds to the acidic food coming in from the stomach by releasing hormones which stimulate the ____________, to release 3 digestive enzymes
pancreas
The pancreas releases ______, an enzyme that causes the triglycerides in the chime to break down into __________________________(3 things).
pancreatic lipase glycerol, fatty acids, and monoglycerides
You can reduce your risk of CVD by replacing calories from added sugars and saturated fats with foods that are rich sources of ...
polyunsaturated fats
Within the Enterocytes, the triglycerides are reconstructed. Then they are coated with __________________________(3 things) to form ________________-.
protein, phospholipids, and cholesterol to form chylomicrons (lipid taxis)
The stomach primarily digests
proteins
Adipose cells
remove fatty acids and glycerol from bloodstream reassemble into triglycerides and store for future need
Monosaccharides
single sugars -glucose, fructose, and galactose
The primary site of fat digestion and absorption is the
small intestine
Used bile salts are absorbed in the ________________. After being absorbed, the used bile salts enter the __________. This organ recycles the bile salts to make new ________.
small intestine liver bile
Which of the following substances is a polysaccharide? 1. starch 2. glucagon 3. lactose 4. aspartame
starch
What does the gall bladder produce?
stores bile
What releases HDL?
the liver
The chylomicrons enter your blood stream via ...
the lymphatic system
Where do all macronutrients get dissolved and absorbed?
the small intestine
Pancreatic lipase breaks ___________ down to glycerol, fatty acids, and monoglycerides
triglycerides
3 types of lipids
triglycerides, sterols, phospholipids
What does the pancreas produce?
two hormones important in blood glucose regulation: 1. insulin (produced by beta cells) 2. glucagon (produced by alpha cells)
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)
two or more double bonds
Liquid fat generally has a high proportion of _________ fatty acids.
unsaturated
The two main substances absorbed in the colon are ___________ and __________, such as sodium and potassium. It also houses ____________ that aid in the fermentation or breakdown of some of the substances not digested in the small intestine.
water and salts bacteria
Phospholipids
water-soluble found in plants and animals make up cell membranes
Specific diseases related to fat
-atherosclerosis -cardiovascular disease -heart attack -stroke -congestive heart failure -obesity
Primary functions of lipids
-maintain cell membranes -production of certain hormones -insulate against cold temperatures -regulate blood pressure and inflammation -cushion against bumps, blows, or falls -energy storehouses
T or F: Excess fat is stored as glycogen
False
You total body fat includes "essential fat". What is that?
Fat found in every cell
Digestion of lipids
Starts in the mouth, moves to stomach, completed in the small intestine; In intestine fat interacts with bile to become emulsified so that pancreatic enzymes can break the triglycerides into two fatty acids and a monoglyceride;
In your stomach _________ is released to further digest fats.
gastric lipase
Carbs gets turned into
glucose
Which of the following is a monosaccharide: 1. glucose 2. starch 3. glycogen 4. sucrose
glucose
Which of the following substances is a primary fuel for muscles and other cells? 1. fructose 2. mannitol 3. glucose 4. glycerol
glucose, unless in ketosis
What does the liver produce?
glucose, which is stored as glycogen, and glycogen is broken down into glucose
