Exam 2 PY 109

Atypical antipsychotic drugs

All antipsychotics introduced in the past 10 years

Organic psychoses

They have a known physical cause.

its physiological actions closely parallel those of caffeine

A feature of theobromine is that ___________.

caffeine

The only active ingredient FDA allows in over-the-counter stimulants is ____________.

Conventional antipsychotic drugs

The phenothiazines and most of the other drug types introduced before the mid-1990s

chocolate liquor

The result of grinding the cacao kernels is a thick liquid called _____________.

respiratory depression

The typical cause of death associated with the overdose of barbiturates is _________________.

caffea robusta

They have a stronger and more bitter flavor and a higher caffeine content.

Functional psychoses

They have no obvious or known physical cause.

introduced the concept of addiction to a psychoactive substance

Through the writings indicating a negative view of alcohol, Benjamin Rush ____________________________.

the Americas

Tobacco use was remarkably widespread in __________ in the fifteenth century.

95 percent pure ethyl alcohol

Today's standard product from many large commercial distilleries is ___________________.

True

True or False. Most of the children who inhale solvents do so only occasionally and give it up and they grow older and have more access to alcohol.

older adults

Usually obtain the drugs on prescription (barbiturate use)

younger abusers

Usually obtain the drugs only to get high (barbiturate use)

The introduction of tea bags by a New York City merchant

What happened in 1904 that greatly influenced the tea industry?

-It altered the definition of safety so that the FDA could declare a product to be adulterated only if it presents a significant risk or injury. -It redefined dietary supplements to include a variety of substances such as herbs, amino acids, and concentrates and extracts of herbs.

What were the implications for the FDA as a result of the 1994 DSHEA.

acting on the temperature-regulating area of the hypothalamus

When an individual with a fever consumes aspirin, the antipyretic (fever reducing) action of the aspirin works by _____________.

Buying and selling of alcohol illegally

Which of the following is a negative consequence of Prohibition?

Cross-tolerance exists among the methylated xanthines.

Which of the following is a true statement about the effects of caffeine and other methylated xanthines on the human body?

Methylene chloride is the solvent that is most widely used for decaffeinating coffee beans.

Which of the following is true of the methods used to remove caffeine from coffee?

antidepressants

Which of the following kinds of prescription drugs is used to treat anxiety?

chewing tobacco

Which of the following smokeless tobacco products was popular in the early 1970s?

The name Coca-Cola was intended to indicate two ingredients: coca leaves and cola nuts.

Which of the following statements is true about the history of Coca-Cola?

It was the plant existing in the West Indies and eastern North America when Columbus arrived.

Which of the following statements is true of the plant species Nicotiana rustica?

stimulates oxygen-need receptors in the carotid artery

With lower doses of nicotine, respiration rate actually increases because nicotine _____________.

Beer

_______ is made by adding barley malt to other cereal grains, such as ground corn or rice.

Nitrous oxide

_________, a gaseous anesthetic, is popularly known as laughing gas.

Prostaglandins

___________ are local hormones that are manufactured and released when cell membranes are distorted or damaged - that is, injured.

Latin America

___________ had an ideal climate for coffee growing, and with the world's greatest coffee-drinking nation just up the road several thousand miles, it became the world's largest producer.

Orlistat

______________, which had been a prescription-only medicine called Xenical, was switched to over-the-counter status and is being sold as a weight-control product under the brand name alli.

Prescription drugs

contains a greater amount of active ingredients

over-the-counter drugs

contains lesser amount of active ingredients

panic disorder

episodes that consists of an abrupt surge of intense fear or discomfort

generalized anxiety disorder

excessive anxiety and worry about a number of events or activities

Specific phobia

excessive or unreasonable fear of a particular object or situation

agoraphobia

fear or anxiety about being in open spaces

social anxiety disorder

fear or anxiety about meeting people or being observed by others

analgesic-antipyretics

for temporary relief of aches and pains and fever reduction

Sharp decline in hospital admissions for alcohol dependence

identify a result of Prohibition at the beginning.

Caffea Arabica

they have a milder flavor and require a near-tropical climate to grow properly.

false

true or false. Electroconvulsive therapy, or ECT, is ineffective in treating patients with mental disorders who do not respond to medication.

false

true or false. In a hookah, the smoke is drawn down through a tube into a water reservoir, which makes the smoke stronger than cigarettes.

80 to 90 percent nicotine is modified before excretion through the kidneys

A cigar contains enough nicotine for two lethal doses, but it does not kill a person in a short period of time because ______________________.

Its symptoms persist and sometimes increase when medication is stopped.

A true statement about tardive dyskinesia, which is a complication of antipsychotic drug treatment.

sell tea in American colonies without paying tea taxes

A true statement about the American Revolution is that in 1773, the Parliament allowed the East India Company to _________________.

the Czech Republic

According to comparative statistics based on reported sales, ____________ leads the list for beet consumption.

All tobacco products will be regulated in a manner similar to drugs.

According to the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act of 2009, Identify a true statement about the regulations authorized by the FDA.

behavioral sedation by inhibiting the release of other neurotransmitters

Adenosine normally acts in several areas of the brain to produce _________________.

about a 2 percent decrease in sales of beer and liquor during the first half of the year

After Congress initiated a significant tax increase on alcoholic beverages in 1991, the total increase in cost to the consumer resulted in ____________________.

zolpidem

Among the Z-drugs, ____________ quickly became the most widely prescribed hypnotic drug on the market.

methapyrilene; scopolamine

Among the ingredients in sedatives and sleep aids, the FDA advisory panel accepted ___________ but eventually rejected __________________.

Cyanide poisoning

Amyl Nitrite is used as an emergency medication for?

converted to salicylic acid in the bloodstream or in the gastrointestinal tract

An accurate statement about aspirin is that it is ___________.

1. Congress required cigarette packages to include the surgeon general's warning. 2. All television and radio advertising of cigarettes was banned. 3. Smoking was banned on interstate buses and domestic airline flights.

Arrange the events that were part of regulating tobacco use during the period of 1965 to 1990 in the correct order of occurrence.

duration of action

Barbiturates are grouped according to their __________ which also happens to correspond to how quickly they act after being taken by mouth.

Generics

Chablis, Burgundy, and Rhine (American wine)

Varietals

Chardonnay, merlot, and zinfandel (American wine)

hand-to-hand contact with infected individuals or from contaminated surfaces

Common cold usually spreads by ________________________.

muscle cramps, impaired memory, and anxiety

Common side effects of chronic use of benzodiazepines

Oolong tea

Consists of partially oxidized tea leaves

Premier

Contains catalytic crystals coated with a tobacco extract

Eclipse

Contains tobacco but is not burned

Ativan and Valium

Examples of anxiolytics include

Antihistamines

For the temporary relief of runny nose and sneezing

sympathomimetic nasal decongestants

For the temporary relief of swollen membranes in the nasal passages

cataplexy

Gamma hydroxybutyric acid, or GHB, reduces the frequency of _________ or muscular weakness, which is a common symptom of narcolepsy.

psychomotor agitation or retardation

Identify a DSM-V diagnostic criterion for major depressive disorder.

Theophylline

Identify a chemical that is found in tea.

Cigarettes and other forms of tobacco are addicting.

Identify a conclusion of the 1988 surgeon general's report on dependence-producing properties of nicotine.

Seizures

Identify a consequence of abrupt withdrawal of anticonvulsant medications.

High blood pressure

Identify a consequence of consuming foods with a highly tyramine content while taking monoamine oxidase, or MAO, inhibitors.

It accelerated the movement of patients out of mental hospitals.

Identify a consequence of the 1963 Community Mental Health Act.

A bad reputation as a potentially lethal drug

Identify a factor that slowed the acceptance of lithium in the United States.

It combines with the hemoglobin in the blood so that it can no longer carry oxygen.

Identify a physiological effect of carbo monoxide present in tobacco smoke.

It produces profound intoxication in combination with alcohol

Identify a true statement about Rohypnol, or flunitrazepam, which is a depressant drug.

They are referred to as nonbenzodiazepines

Identify a true statement about Z-drugs, which is a class of depressant drugs.

It refers to anticipation of unrealistic potential threats and dangers.

Identify a true statement about anxiety.

They are present only in small amounts in the liquor.

Identify a true statement about congeners.

It has more rapid effect than that found with current antidepressant drugs.

Identify a true statement about electroconvulsive shock therapy, or ECT, which is used in the treatment of a depressed patient.

They contain about 10 percent less alcohol than strong beers.

Identify a true statement about light beers.

They are similar in some ways to fortified wines.

Identify a true statement about liqueurs, or cordials.

It acts as a mood-normalizing agent in individuals with bipolar illness.

Identify a true statement about lithium, which is used in treating mental disorders.

It has been largely replaced by benzodiazepines.

Identify a true statement about meprobamate as a depressant drug.

Profit from the China tea trade colonized India and induced the English to switch from coffee to tea.

Identify a true statement about tea consumption in Britain during the 17th and 18th centuries.

There is a higher percentage of alcohol in the distillate than there was in the original solution.

Identify a true statement about the distillation process to obtain alcohol.

Caffeine acts directly on the vascular muscles to cause dilation.

Identify a true statement about the physiological effects of caffeine.

Nicotine first stimulates and then blocks the acetylcholine receptor.

Identify a true statement about the physiological effects of nicotine.

They are effective in making depressive episodes less severe.

Identify a true statement about tricyclic antidepressants.

It was marketed as a more selective antianxiety agent that produced less drowsiness than barbiturates.

Identify an accurate statement about Librium, a depressant drug.

It is safer than the tricyclic antidepressants in that it is less likely to lead to overdose deaths.

Identify an accurate statement about Prozac.

They are methylated xanthines.

Identify an accurate statement about the three xanthines of primary importance - caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine.

It is unlikely to cause lung cancer.

Identify an advantage of smokeless tobacco over smoking.

Aripiprazole

Identify an atypical antipsychotic drug.

Slurred speech

Identify an effect of high-dose exposure to fumes of substances containing volatile solvents.

The Great Depression

Identify an event in the United States that made people consider the value of tax revenue from alcohol sale.

Ibuprofen

Identify an example of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID).

The market for weight-control products has shifted largely from over-the-counter drugs to the less well regulated dietary supplement category.

Identify the impact of the removal of phenylpropanolamine and ephedra from the market on the over-the-counter products promoted for weight loss.

-NoDoz -Vivarin

Identify the over-the-counter drugs that contain 200 mg of caffeine in one caplet.

- Most cold viruses enter the body through the nostrils and eyes. -Up to 100 times as many viruses are produced and shed from the nasal mucosa as from the throat -Dried viruses survive on dry skin and non-porous surfaces for over three hours

Identify the points that individuals need to remember in order to avoid being infected with common cold.

- Cymbalta - Effexor

Identify the selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, or SSNRIs.

- The British Act that taxed tea made coffee the new country's national drink. - Tea was still preferred over coffee.

Identify the true statements about the consumption of coffee in the English colonies across the Atlantic in the 1700s.

Phenacetin

In 1983, it was removed from the market entirely because it could damage the kidneys.

21

In 1988, ___________ was made the uniform drinking age all across the United States.

dementia

In 2008, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration mandated a black box warning regarding the use of antipsychotic drugs for behavior management in elderly patients with _______________.

women taking PPA had an increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke

In November 2000, the FDA issued a Public Health Advisory on the safety of phenylpropanolamine (PPA), based on a new study showing that ________________________.

proof

In the United States, the alcoholic content of distilled beverages is indicated by the term ________.

Drinks and the caffeine they contain

-Mountain Dew: 54 mg in a 12 ounce can -Red bull: 80 mg in a 8.4 ounce can -Jolt cola: 72 mg in a 12 ounce can

- It induces gastrointestinal bleeding in about 70 percent of normal subjects - It increases bleeding time by inhibiting blood platelet aggregation.

Identify the effects of aspirin.

the stomach enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase is more active in men than in women

In the context of alcohol distribution in the body, women might be more susceptible to the effects of alcohol because ____________.

- It is a gastric irritant -It has a short onset period when taken orally

In the context of depressant drugs, identify the true statements about chloral hydrate.

divided over-the-counter products into 26 classes and appointed an advisory panel for each class

In the context of the 1962 Kefauver-Harris amendment that required all drugs to be tested for safety and efficiency, the FDA _____________________.

chocolatl was a popular drink consumed by Montezuma, emperor of Mexico

In the context of the early history of chocolate, the ________________________.

educational level

In the context of the survey on cigarette use in the United States, by far the single biggest factor influencing smoking rates among adults is their __________.

- It effectively blocks somatic pain in the mild-to-moderate range. - It reduces the swelling, inflammation, and soreness in an injured area. -It works as an antipyretic by reducing fever

In the context of therapeutic use, identify the true statements about aspirin in a clinical setting.

- The new Congress put a luxury tax on tobacco in 1794 to emphasize the fact that snuff was a nonessential. - Ordinary Americans rejoiced and rejected snuff as well as tea and all other things British.

In the context of tobacco use, which of the following incidences took place in America after the Revolutionary War?

acetaldehyde

In the primary metabolic system, the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase converts alcohol to __________.

Acetaminophen

It has been marketed as an over-the-counter analgesic since 1955.

brandy

It was discovered many years ago in Spain that if enough __________________ is added to a newly fermented wine the fermentation will stop.

- Facial tics - Tremors of the hand - Muscular rigidity

Major side effects of antipsychotics that involve the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway.

I

Methaqualone is currently a Schedule ________ controlled drug.

norepinephrine or serotonin

Most antidepressants work by increasing the availability of either ___________ at their respective synapses.

mild stimulant

Nicotine has the unusual ability to act as a ___________.

Green tea

Obtained from non-oxidized tea leaves

black tea

Obtained from oxidized tea leaves

visceral pain

Opioids are used to reduce _________.

with little respiratory depression and a wide safety margin

Paraldehyde would probably be in great use today because of its effectiveness as a central nervous system, or CNS, depressant _______________________.

increase the activity of the liver microsomal enzymes that are responsible for the deactivation of drugs

Part of the tolerance that develops to nicotine results from the fact that either nicotine or the tars ________________.

Parkinson's disease

Patients with mental disorders treated with conventional antipsychotics exhibit symptoms, such as tremors and muscular rigidity, similar to ________________.

hypnotics

Primarily used as medications to induce sleep

sedatives

Primarily used to reduce anxiety and keep patients calm and relaxed

somatic pain

Salicylates are used to reduce ____________.

Anheuser-Busch

Six of the top ten brands of beer are made by _____________, which sells almost half of all U.S. beer.

nitrosamines

Snuff and chewing tobacco contain potent carcinogens including high levels of tobacco-specific __________________.

extra dry

Sweet champagnes

GRAS

The FDA uses the acronym _______ to mean that, given the currently available information, people who are informed and qualified would agree that the ingredient should be considered safe.

migraine headaches

The French physician Jean Nicot was successful in curing _______________ of Catherine de Medici, queen of Henry II of France, which made tobacco use popular.

Brut

The driest champagnes

chlordiazepoxide

The first benzodiazepine was ___________, which was sold in low doses for daytime use.

China

The first report of tea in the world was in ___________.

in about one hour

The maximum pain relief experienced by an individual after taking aspirin is felt ______________.

moist snuff

The most common type of oral smokeless tobacco in the United States is ___________.

chlorpromazine

The most effective drug among the phenothiazines is _______________.

tar

A complex product of burning tobacco is called _______________, which is the sticky brown stuff that can be seen on the filter after a cigarette is smoked.