Exam 2 Review (CH6-9)

Temporal lobe

used in categorization and semantic memories

Studying is the most effective when study sessions are...?

Distributed, studying after a break gives you feedback about what you already know Spaced out in short sessions. Don't study for 50min in a time (no cramping for 4 hours straight)

A memory about being excited when your team won the national championship last year reflects which type of memory?

Episodic memory: memory for personal events There can be overlap of episodic and semantic memories.

What is the proper procedure for measuring the accuracy of flashbulb memories?

Flashbulb memories can be assessed by repeated recall. Initial description = baseline report Later reports compared to baseline Repeated recall. Have Ps recall over set periods of time to compare to the initial, baseline report. Some details will change over time. Results suggest that these memories can be inaccurate or lacking in detail Talarico and Rubin (2003)

Extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall? Retiring from work at age 40 First marriage at age 60 Graduating from college at age 22 Having a child at age 45

Graduating from college at age 22

Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory? I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes. I remember "volcano" was the first word on the list. I remember my earth science teacher telling me how volcanoes erupt. I remember seeing a volcano erupt in Hawaii last summer.

I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes.

What is the defining characteristic of implicit memory?

Implicit memory that unconsciously influences behavior (repetition priming, procedural memory, classical conditioning) Explicit memories are memories you are conscious about (episodic and semantic memory)

What types of experiences would most likely be part of a person's reminiscence bump?

Memory is high for recent events and for memories that occurred in adolescence and early adulthood (between 10 and 30 years of age): ie, graduating college or getting married Really emotional experiences, transitional experiences, major impact on one's life tend to be included in your autobiographical memory Cognitive hypothesis: greater encoding period

The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid-air was used to illustrate the role of _____ in memory. Rehearsal Organization Depth of processing Forming connections with other information

Organization

Which part of the brain is associated with working memory?

Prefrontal cortex is responsible for processing incoming visual and auditory information Monkeys without a prefrontal cortex have difficulty holding information in WM

In the Wickens et al. "fruit, meat, professions" experiment, which group failed to show a release from proactive interference and why?

Proactive interference occurs when information learned previously interferes with new information The fruits group failed to show a release from proactive interference because there was not a category switch.

Riding a bike without consciously thinking about it entails what type of memory?

Procedural memory, perform procedures without being consciously aware of how to do them

Repeating a name or phone number over and over to yourself is a type of _____ process called _____.

Repeating a name or phone number over and over to yourself is a type of shallow or maintenance process called rehearsal

Peterson and Perterson study (and Keppel and Underwood reanalysis of their data)

Results of Peterson and Peterson's (1959) duration of STM experiment (a) The results originally presented by Peterson and Peterson, showing a large drop in memory for letters with a delay of 18 seconds between presentation and test. The data are based on the average performance over many trails Decay and interference effects. Drop off in memory is due to the additional words in the list, not the passage of time (b) Analysis of Peterson and Peterson's results of Keppel and underwood, showing little decrease in performance if only the first trial is included

Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As the readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store ____. Misattribution Script Narrative Schema

Script

Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory? Classical conditioning Priming Procedural memory Semantic memory

Semantic memory

The experiment for which people were asked to make name judgements for both famous and non-famous names (and for which Sebastian Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered) illustrated the effect of _______ on memory. Repeated rehearsal pf distinctive name Source misattributions Encoding specificity Schemas

Source misattributions

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called Transfer-appropriate processing Episodic-based processing Elaborative rehearsal Personal semantic memory

Transfer-appropriate processing

Echoic memory

a brief sensory memory for auditory stimuli that lasts for a few seconds after a stimulus is extinguished

Iconic memory

a brief sensory model for visual stimuli that lasts for a fraction of a second after a stimulus has been extinguished. This corresponds to the sensory memory stage of the modal model of memory.

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented before the event during the event after the event all of the above

after the event

Graded amnesia

amnesia is most severe for events that occurred just prior to injury

Script

conception of sequence of actions that occur during a particular experience Going to a restaurant

Anterograde amnesia

deficit in remembering events that occurred after the brain trauma Subject can remember past neighbor who used to steal his bike in greater detail than his own grandchildren

Retrograde amnesia

deficit in remembering events that occurred prior to brain trauma someone might forget whether or not they own a car, what type it is, and when they bought it — but they will still know how to drive

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that rehearsal cannot account for them. extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate. they are permanent and resist forgetting. people's confidence in a memory predicts its accuracy (high confidence = high accuracy).

extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate.

Hippocampus and medial temporal lobe

formation of long term memories

Amygdala

involved in emotional memories

System consolidations

involves gradual reorganization of circuits in the brain Rewiring of the brain, more efficient connections in various parts of the brain

Schema

knowledge about what is involved in a particular experience Scene such as a baseball game Useful for people to fill in the gaps in the memory, such as the office photograph study

encoding specificity

matching the context in which encoding and retrieval occur Baddeley's (1975) "diving experiment", best recall occurred when encoding and retrieval occurred in the same location. Recall underwater or in the beach and tested in replicated conditions

state-dependent learning

matching the internal mood present during encoding and retrieval Better memory if a person's mood at encoding matches mood during retrieval

transfer appropriate processing

matching the task involved in encoding and retrieval

Synaptic consolidation

occurs at synapses, happens rapidly Changes at the level of the synapse. Repeated exposure helps with

According to the text, jumping from _______ categories results in the largest gain in information. superordinate level to basic level basic level to subordinate level subordinate level to basic level basic level to superordinate level

superordinate level to basic level

Collins and Loftus modified the original hierarchical model of Collins and Quillian (1972) to satisfy some of the criticisms of the original model. In their modification, Collins and Loftus (1975) account for the typicality effect by creating a "typical" node linked to special concepts in a category. representing more typical concepts as higher in the categorical hierarchy. using shorter links to connect more closely related concepts. none of these

using shorter links to connect more closely related concepts.