Exam 2 Study Guide

The next morning I do not remember how I got home. Which part of my brain was likely affected by the alcohol to cause this impairment?

Hippocampus

Dante looks up the names of the Great Lakes in his textbook. He scans them, and repeats them over and over again in his head while he pulls out a set of notecards to make flash cards. Which type of memory and what part of his brain are being used? -working memory/prefrontal lobe -short-term memory/prefrontal lobe -short-term memory/parietal lobe -working memory/parietal lobe

short-term memory/prefrontal lobe

Which of these statements about long-term memory is FALSE? -Short-term memories that are particularly important to us move into long-term memory. -Long-term memory can last for decades. -Most long-term memories are stored as a single entity. -Our minds present long-term memories to us as a single entity, but the memory is actually stored in many pieces.

Most long-term memories are stored as a single entity.

Myoclonic jerks occurs in the stage of sleep

Non REM stage N1

Which of these statements about human memory compared to supercomputer's data storage is TRUE? -Our brains have crisp, predictable functions while a supercomputer's operations are often slow and filled with errors. -Our memories are fuzzy and quirky compared to the crisp, predictable functions of a supercomputer. -Our operating systems are frustrating and difficult compared to the simplistic operations of a supercomputer. -all of these

Our memories are fuzzy and quirky compared to the crisp, predictable functions of a supercomputer.

I started feeling nervous as I walk onto the boat, and I notice an increased heart rate and shallower breathing. This can be attributed to the functioning of my __ nervous system

Sympathetic

I tell my friends about a dream I had where I was in my apartment and it was filled with receipts and boxes. My friend, a psychodynamic therapist, said that it meant that I was having difficulties with letting things go. Which element in this scenario represents the latent content of the dream?

The friend's interpretation of the dream

What waves are present during non REM stage N1?

Theta waves

At one point, we were able to jump off the boat for a swim. I began day dreaming whilst I was swimming, and before I knew it, I was far from the boat. For me, swimming has probably become a(n)

automatic process

Automatic learning of associations between stimuli

classical conditioning

Luke, my dog, whines when he sees my work bag, because he has learned an association between seeing my work bag and me leaving the apartment. This is an example of...

classical conditioning

Alcohol can often lead to aggression because it...

decreases activity in the prefrontal cortex

Casey says he'll never forget the look on her face the day he told his mother he got accepted into graduate school. This memory is an example of -short-term memory. -working memory. -episodic memory. -semantic memory.

episodic memory

An Alzheimer's patient experiencing extreme shortness of breath and severe cognitive impairment -is likely in the beginning stage of the disease. -should begin cognitive therapy and antiglutamatergic medications. -may be helped by a cholinesterase inhibitor. -is likely in the end stages of the disease

is likely in the end stages of the disease

Think back to an experience in your life that was really fun. What parts of the brain were involved when you recalled this memory? -the frontal and parietal lobes -the occipital and temporal lobes -the cerebral cortex and hippocampus -the front and parietal lobes, the occipital and temporal lobes, the cerebral cortex, and the hippocampus

the front and parietal lobes, the occipital and temporal lobes, the cerebral cortex, and the hippocampus

Samuel has recently been in a car accident and is having trouble remembering the events that led up to it. This is a common phenomenon that is known as retrograde amnesia, which occurs after accidents that involve head trauma. What parts of Samuel's brain do you think were most affected by the accident? the hypothalamus the thalamus the hippocampus the anterior cingulate gyrus

the hippocampus

Eyewitness testimony should be considered -useless. -unreliable. -unimportant. -unbiased.

unreliable.

Sensory memory fades -very fast, sometimes after less than one second. -fast, after five to seven seconds. -slowly, usually after 20 seconds. -not at all; its resolution is thought to last infinitely.

very fast, sometimes after less than one second.

I take a nap in the afternoon and I suddenly wake myself because I experienced a sudden muscle movement. These movements are known as

myoclonic jerks

Portion of original learning that appears destined to be with the person forever, even without rehearsal.

permastore memory

I see someone on the street training their dog to sit using treats. (Sitting is the target behavior). This is an example of...

positive reinforcement

Activation of information that is already in storage to help remember new information better and faster

priming

Elizabeth is trying to memorize the lines to a poem as a part of a school assignment. Every time she tries to remember the lines, though, the poem she had to memorize last week keeps popping into her head instead. This phenomenon is called:

proactive interference

Memory for skills

procedural memory

The first sign of Alzheimer's is -progressive memory loss. -learning difficulties. -difficulty with communication. -shortness of breath.

progressive memory loss.

Multiple choice questions are to ________ as essay tests are to ______. -recall; recognize -recognize; recall -prime; interference -echoic; iconic -iconic; echoic

recognize; recall

A person's knowledge about the world.

semantic memory

Which of the following scenarios is the best example of working memory? -Laura can't recall anything before the age of three. -Lilly heard a bird singing a few hours ago and she can still remember the melody it sang. -As her teacher lectures, Lucy tries to connect the new information she is hearing to information she has already stored in her memory. -Langston can recall the phone number at his family home when he was three, but he can't recall his current girlfriend's phone number.

As her teacher lectures, Lucy tries to connect the new information she is hearing to information she has already stored in her memory.

A student's class always met in room 100. However, when that student took the final exam, the class met in room 317. The student experienced memory problems at the final exam. What could account for the student's memory problems? -Context-dependent memory -State-dependent memory -Priming -Motivated forgetting

Context-dependent memory

Dante created his flashcards and now is reviewing them. As he does so, the names of the Great Lakes move into his memory storage; the names of the lakes are encoded as engrams. Which of the following best describes an engram? -It is a memory that is stored in the hippocampus. -It is a memory that is stored in the amygdala. -It is information that is in the process of being encoded into a memory. -It is a specialized neuron that resides in the hippocampus and amygdala.

It is information that is in the process of being encoded into a memory.

Which of the following is true of classical conditioning? -It is based on reinforcing or punishing a voluntary behavior. -It occurs without conscious effort, based on the repeated presentation of two stimuli together. -It occurs when the learner observes and imitates the actions of another person. -It is a form of learning that is only for the elderly.

It occurs without conscious effort, based on the repeated presentation of two stimuli together.

_____ refers to a defense mechanism by which a person is so traumatized by an event that he or she forgets it and then forgets the act of forgetting, while ______ occurs when a person forgets something because it is so mentally painful. -Motivated forgetting; repression -Repression; motivated forgetting -Repression; flashbulb memory -Regression; motivated forgetting

Repression; motivated forgetting

You are trying to remember the lyrics to one of your favorite songs. You have heard the song often, and sung it a hundred times, but right now you can't remember how the words to the chorus start. With what part of your memory are you having difficulty? -Encoding -Storage -Retrieval -Lyrical

Retrieval

Veronica was an eyewitness to a crime. Which of the following is FALSE? -Veronica is more likely to remember the crime accurately if it was a violent crime and she was scared for her life. -Veronica may make errors in her memory if she feels bias towards the individuals involved in the crime, such as police officers or people of a certain ethnicity. -Veronica's memories may be affected based upon what she was able to see due to her location or vantage point. -Improper procedures or signaling by police or other criminal investigators, after the crime occurred, may also have interfered with Veronica's memory.

Veronica is more likely to remember the crime accurately if it was a violent crime and she was scared for her life.

You learned the names of the 50 states and the capital of each one when you were 10 years old. This is an example of -short-term memory. -working memory. -episodic memory. -semantic memory.

semantic memory

I then decide to drink some coffee, and request that my friends do not talk to me until I have finished making my coffee." Once I have had a sip or two, I then smile and feel better, and begin engaging my friends in conversation. This behavior demonstrates:

a psychological addiction