Exam 2 Study Guide Questions

An item on an implicit memory test would most likely resemble which of the following?

"Fill in the following with the first word that comes to mind: T _ _ E."

Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of

24 hours.

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates

A build-up and release of proactive interference

The predominant type of coding in LTM is

semantic.

The following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s."

Semantic

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of _______ in forming reliable long-term memories

an organizational context during learning

The conclusion from the experiment in which a chess master and a chess novice were asked to remember the positions of chess pieces on a chess board was that

chess masters use chunking to help them remember actual game arrangements.

Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the

cognitive hypothesis.

In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on

cultural expectations.

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forgetting what they went to retrieve when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of

encoding specificity.

Acquiring information and transforming it into memory is

encoding.

An example of a dissociation is evidenced by a brain-injured patient who

exhibits a recency effect but no primacy effect.

In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the

generation effect.

Students, beware! Research shows that _____ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material.

highlighting

According to your text, imagery enhances memory because

imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.

George Sperling showed that the perceptual span of 4.5 items was really a limit on

memory.

The primacy effect is attributed to

recall of information stored in LTM.

Your text argues that the proper procedure for measuring the accuracy of flashbulb memories is

repeated recall.

Loss of memory for things that have happened in the past is known as

retrograde amnesia.

Articulatory suppression causes a decrease in the word-length effect because

saying "the, the, the" fills up the phonological loop.

Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen

schema.

The three structural components of the modal model of memory are

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.

When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because

the length of iconic memory (the persistence of vision) is about one-third of a second.

Shallow processing of a word is encouraged when attention is focused on

the number of vowels in a word.

Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos

they took themselves.

Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers show that ____ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable.

transition points