Exam 2 Study! yuhh
14. Durkheim defined ______ as the communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society. Select one: a. Collective conscience b. Bourgeoisie c. Anomie d. The iron cage
A
15. As industrialization began to boom, Durkheim believed people were more susceptible to anomie because: a. All of the above b. Specialization of labor lead to alienation. c. Society no longer has the support of the collective consciousness. d. Collective norms are weakened.
A
3.___ societies relied on permanent tools for survival and expanded due to innovations such as crop rotation and fertilizer. a. Agricultural b. Hunter-gatherer c. Industrial d. Feudal
A. Agricultural
8. Functionalist Émile Durkheim viewed society as: a. The product of class struggle, requiring social revolutions to correct rampant class inequality b. An organism in which each portion plays a vital role in keeping the organism stable and healthy c. Split between two classes categorized by education, kinship, and religion d. An even playing field composed of the educated and uneducated
B. An organism in which each portion plays a vital role in keeping the organism stable and healthy
Ivanka Trump is the daughter of business mogul Donald Trump. Her role as heiress to the Trump fortune is an example of ______.a. The looking-glass self b. Ascribed status c. The Thomas Theorem d. Achieved status
B. Ascribed status
5. The Agricultural Revolution is often referred to as "dawn of civilization" because: Select one: a. Societies began to form where rainfall was plentiful; groups were able to cultivate plants instead of living nomadic lifestyles. b. Animals were first domesticated as a resource for survival. c. Tribes became nomadic, traveling to various locations in search of sustenance. d. Cities and towns were established, and humans had more time for leisure activities.
D. Cities and towns were established, and humans had more time for leisure activities.
19. Charles Cooley's concept of the looking-glass self hypothesizes that: a. Self-esteem is directly correlated with body image. b. The media encourages society to base their appearances on visible public figures. c. Personal identity isn't influenced by outside social forces. d. People base their images on how they think other people see them.
D. People base their images on how they think other people see them.
Bourgeoisie
The owners of the means of production in a society
rationalization
a belief that modern society should be built around logic and efficiency rather than morality or tradition
peer group
a group made up of people who are similar in age and social status and who share interests
society
a group of people who live in a definable community and share the same culture
False consciousness
a person's beliefs and ideology that are in conflict with her best interests
self
a person's distinct sense of identity as developed through social interaction
iron cage
a situation in which an individual is trapped by social institutions
Anomie
a situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness
role conflict
a situation when one or more of an individual's roles clash
organic solidarity
a type of social order based around an acceptance of economic and social differences
mechanical solidarity
a type of social order maintained by the collective consciousness of a culture
Capitalism
a way of organizing an economy so that the things that are used to make and transport products (such as land, oil, factories, ships, etc.) are owned by individual people and companies rather than by the government
2. Karl Marx's Communist Manifesto is based on the ____ perspective. a. Conflict Theory b. Functionalism c. Symbolic Interactionism d. Institutionalism
a. Conflict Theory
role-set
an array of roles attached to a particular status
self-fulfilling prophecy
an idea that becomes true when acted upon
Alienation
an individual's isolation from his society, his work, and his sense of self
11.Alienation is defined by the text as: a. The act of defying social norms in favor of group unity b. The condition in which the individual is isolated and divorced from his or her society, work, or sense of self. c. The strength of ties that people have to their social groups, was a key factor in social life d. Social forces considered real which exist outside the individual.
b. The condition in which the individual is isolated and divorced from his or her society, work, or sense of self.
1. Describes how any action that is repeated frequently becomes cast into a pattern. A.nstitutionalization b. Rationalization c. Habitualization d. Industrialization
c. Habitualization
horticultural societies
societies based around the cultivation of plants
pastoral societies
societies based around the domestication of animals
information societies
societies based on the production of nonmaterial goods and services
industrial societies
societies characterized by a reliance on mechanized labor to create material goods
hunter-gatherer societies
societies that depend on hunting wild animals and gathering uncultivated plants for survival
Feudal societies
societies that operate on a strict hierarchical system of power based around land ownership and protection
Agricultural societies
societies that rely on farming as a way of life
role strain
stress that occurs when too much is required of a single role
institutionalization
the act of implanting a convention or norm into society
Class consciousness
the awareness of one's rank in society
generalized other
the common behavioral expectations of general society
Collective conscience
the communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society
role performance
the expression of a role
Habitualization
the idea that society is constructed by us and those before us, and it is followed like a habit
nature
the influence of our genetic makeup on self-development
hidden curriculum
the informal teaching done in schools that socializes children to societal norms
proletariat
the laborers in a society
degradation ceremony
the process by which new members of a total institution lose aspects of their old identities and are given new ones
resocialization
the process by which old behaviors are removed and new behaviors are learned in their place
socialization
the process wherein people come to understand societal norms and expectations, to accept society's beliefs, and to be aware of societal values
status
the responsibilities and benefits that a person experiences according to his or her rank and role in society
nurture
the role that our social environment plays in self-development
Achieved status
the status a person chooses, such as a level of education or income
Ascribed status
the status outside of an individual's control, such as sex or race
moral development
the way people learn what is "good" and "bad" in society
anticipatory socialization
the way we prepare for future life roles
4. Which of the following is NOT an example of self-fulfilling prophecy? Select one: a. Kevin sprained his ankle a month before a marathon. Though his trainer advises him not to participate, Kevin runs the marathon and places third. b. Morgan overhears a professor predicting the economic recession will prevent entry-level graduates from finding gainful employment. Morgan goes on interviews but doesn't bother preparing, convinced it's a waste of time. Morgan appears unprofessional and is not hired. c. Though encouraged by his parents to audition for Julliard, Jose believes he isn't good enough to attend. After his audition, he expresses this reluctance to the admissions committee. They don't admit him due to his lack of certainty. d. Charlotte is an intelligent teenager but told by her step-sisters and cousins that she's destined to a life of poverty and failure. Charlotte begins to do poorly in school, and eventually drops out.
A. Kevin sprained his ankle a month before a marathon. Though his trainer advises him not to participate, Kevin runs the marathon and places third.
20. The term institutionalization can be defined as: a. The act of implanting a convention or norm into society. b. A status a person chooses, such as a level of education or income. c. The idea that society is constructed by us and those before us, and it is followed like a habit. d. Responsibilities and benefits that a person experiences according to their rank and role
A. The act of implanting a convention or norm into society.
12.Which of the following is NOT one of Marx's four types of alienation? Select one: a. Alienation from one's religion b. Alienation from the product of one's labor c. Alienation from one's self d. Alienation from other
A.Alienation from one's religion
18. Alex takes a sabbatical from his job as a professor of Molecular Biology to raise his two young children. b. Becca returns to work after giving birth to her daughter, finding it difficult to act as mother, wife, and executive. c. Krista lands a role on Days of Our Lives and begins receiving fan mail from fans across the country. d. Derek attends law school and becomes a lawyer, though he dreams of one day becoming the next John Grisham.
B. Becca returns to work after giving birth to her daughter, finding it difficult to act as mother, wife, and executive.
9. On the first day of high school, Kaitlin overhears a group of girls calling her "goth" and "emo." She soon begins to don more black clothing, dark makeup, and seek out friends who dress the same. This is an example of ______. a. Ascribed status b. Role performance c. Role strain d. nstitutionalization
B.role performace
10.Which of the following is NOT an example of organic solidarity? a. A toll-booth employee collecting toll change b. A fast-food employee putting burgers into their buns c. A Ford Motors employee assembling taillights on an assembly line d. A freelance artist creating a sculpture of Barack Obama
D. A freelance artist creating a sculpture of Barack Obama
17. The concept anomie can be defined as: a. A person's beliefs and ideology are in conflict with her best interests. b. When one or more of an individual's roles clash. c. How strongly a person is connected to his or her social group. d. A situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness.
D. A situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness.
6. Please place the following societies in chronological order: a. Pastoral; Agricultural, Hunter-gatherer; Horticultural b. Pastoral; Hunter-gatherer; Horticultural; Agricultural c. Hunter-gatherer; Pastoral; Agricultural; Horticultural d. Hunter-gatherer; Pastoral; Horticultural; Agricultural
d. Hunter-gatherer; Pastoral; Horticultural; Agricultural
13. A judge and her gavel. A cop and his gun. A lawyer and her power suit. A ____ would be most concerned with the parts these objects play in impression management. Select one: a. Conflict theorist b. Feminist c. Functionalist d. Symbolic interactionist
d. Symbolic interactionist
16. Karl Marx asserted that the means of societal change existed in the tension between: a. The proletariat fighting each other for a position within the bourgeois. b. The bourgeois struggling for the allocation of resources amongst themselves. c. The enslaved bourgeois reclaiming power from the controlling proletariat. d. The working class proletariat taking the means of production from the wealthy bourgeois.
d. The working class proletariat taking the means of production from the wealthy bourgeois.
Thomas theorem
how a subjective reality can drive events to develop in accordance with that reality, despite being originally unsupported by objective reality anticipatory socialization
social integration
how strongly a person is connected to his or her social group
looking-glass self
our reflection of how we think we appear to others
roles
patterns of behavior that are representative of a person's social status
