Exam 2

Chaos Theory and Complex Dynamic Systems

1) Chaotic systems can be mathematically modeled, usu- ally in non-linear terms, but are nearly impossible to pre- dict; 2) Chaotic systems are sensitive to initial conditions; 3) Complex Systems involve multiple component parts that interact in a nonlinear fashion; and 4) The results of Complex Systems are often greater than the sum of their parts.

Principles of Motivation Interviewing

1. express empathy 2. develop discrepancy 3. avoid argument/roll with resistance 4. support self-efficacy

Three factors(reciprocal model)

1. personal factors (skills, experience) 2. environment (social and physical environment) 3. Behavior (part of a continuous interactive cycle that includes individuals and their social and physical environments) EX: food pyramid

Surge of Motivation or Inspiration

According to quantum leaps of health behavior change, what triggers his/hers health behavior change

Developer of Social Cognitive Theory

Albert Bandura

Altenate View based on Non-Linear Dynamics

An alternative view is that decisions to initiate (and possi- bly maintain) behavior change are quantum rather than linear events [13]. Such quantum leaps result from a surge of motivation or inspiration that is greater than the sum of its cognitive parts.

Summary of Cognitive Rational Model

Assumption of a cognitive-rational paradigm: decisional balance change is a gradual process under one's conscious control

Assumption of Alternate Model

Behavior change is: Greater than the sum of the cognitive parts

Implications of the Alternative Paradigm: Not Linear Dynamics

Behavior change: tipping points of individual's behavioral change is fundamentally impossible to measure the behavior change is a sum of one's cognitive parts and non-linear dynamics the alternative view does not refute that the linear deterministic models are not effective a mixture of both chaotic and linear progression may be particularly promising: maximize the likelihood of one's behavior change, individually tailored health behavior change: wellness/health coaches

Alternare Model/Paradigm: Non-Linear Dynamics

Behavior change: a surge of motivation (intrapsychic) (hitting rock bottom, having a spiritual awakening) (random events: hearing about someone knew who lost weight)

Theoretical Concept of Social Cognitive Theory

Behavior is the result of a dynamic interplay among the three factors

Social Cognitive: Theoretical Construct

Behavioral Capability self-efficacy observational Learning expectations(rational) expectancies(values) emotional arousal (coping) reinforcement locus of control (self-control)

Motivational Interviewing

Client centered directive method for motivating change by resolving ambivalence not an individual trait changeable

Views of Health Behavior Change

Cognitive Rational Paradigm and alternate view

Constructs of SCT: Self-Efficacy

Confidence in one's ability to follow a behavior EX: diagnosed w/type 2 diabetes due to unhealthy lifestyle, but he's not confident he can manage his behavior. Identify ways to help modify his low self-confidence

Constructs of SCT: Emotional Arrousal

Coping the emotional reaction to a situation and its resulting behavior it is similar to the concept of somatic and emotional responses in self-efficacy theory

A Chaotic View of Behavior Change

Decision to Initiate his/her health behavior change are not linear events but something that arrives beyond cognition

Author's View on Health Behavior Change from the Linear Chaotic Paradigms

Did not suggest to discard the linear health behavior change model mixture model of both chaotic and linear progression: individually tailored interventions (a perfect motivation storm) health coaches

Self Efficacy: Verbal Persuasion

Encouragement by others ex: coaches psyche their team up

Chaotic Systems in Surroundings

Examples of chaotic systems include the weather, war, love, population growth, many epidemics and stock mar- ket prices

Constructs of SCT: Observational Learning

Learning by watching others and copying behavior it does not always lead to healthy behaviors

Factors Influencing Perception of Self Efficacy Theory

Mastery experience (performance mastery) vicarious experience (observational learning) verbal persuasion somatic and emotional states (physiological responses)

Constructs of SCT: Expectations

One's beliefs about the likely outcome (rational) of a particular behavior individual weighs the pros and cons of a particular behavior

Self Efficacy Assumption

People generally will only attempt things they believe they can accomplish and won't attempt things they believe they will fair

Constructs of SCT: Behavioral Capability

People must have knowledge of the behavior and the skills to perform it knowledge is essential components for any behavior change EX: diagnosed w/type 2 diabetes due to unhealthy lifestyle. A public health educator using concept of behavioral capability to this patient

Motivation

Predicts action and is known as behavior intention motivation is changeable motivation is interactive e

Behavior Change of 40 y/o smoker

Self efficacy: belief of whether or not he is able to carry out quitting smoking observational learning: he talks with others wait smoking and learns basic skills on how to quit smoking expectations(what happens if I quit): he realizes that by quitting smoking he will be able to regain his physical fitness expectancies (he believes that regaining physical fitness will lead to healthier lifestyle that he values highly after becoming a believer) Emotional Arousal: he talks to someone with lung cancer Behavioral Capability: educates himself on consequences of smoking and skills to cope with relapse reinforcements (reward shumself for going a given period of time w/out smoking) locus of control: believes he is capable of quitting

Limitations of Cognitive Rational Model

The liner deterministic model: 10-2-% of behavioral variance the majority of studies: cross sectional designs did not account for non-linear influences on human thought and action

Tipping Point Concept

The threshold at which individuals adopt a particular idea or practice

Limitation of Social Cognitive Theory

Theory focuses on processes of learning but is not specifically designed for changing behavior unlike the stages of change theory: hard to operationalize its entirety theory assumes that change int he environment will automatically lead to changes in the person when this may not always be true theory is loosely organized based solely on the dynamic interplay between person, behavior and environment. it is unclear the extent to which each of these factors into actual behavior and if one is more influential than the other

Constructs of SCT: Expectancies

Value a person places on the probable outcomes (rational) that result from performing a behavior

A Cognitive Rational Model/Paradigm

View of health behavior change HBM, TRA, TPB, TTM Linear fashion a tipping point: when pros outweigh cons A tipping scale between relapse and optimal health (i.e. losing weight, quitting smoking)

External Random Events that is relates to one's smoking behavior

Word about death of uncle who had been smoking for 20 years

Self Efficacy: Vicarious Experience

learning by watching someone similar to self be successful (models) ex: weight loss programs, learning how to breast feed by watching other moms

ensitivity to initial condi- tions

minor change at the beginning (or at various points) of a sequence of events can dramatically lter the long-term outcome of the system. This is com- monly referred to as the butterfly effect.

Strategies for MI

open-ended questions affirmative statements reflections summarizing statements

Self Efficacy Definition

person's belief in their ability to successfully perform a health behavior or achieve a goal

Self Efficacy: Mastery Experience

prior success at having accomplished something that is similar to the new behavior what i

Alternate View of Health Behavior Change

quantum event not linear (beyond cognition ) greater than the sum of its cognitive parts

Decisions to initiate behavior change are

quantum rather than linear

Random Event

random external and intrapsychic events at the beginning of behavior change that helps to propel forward. Similar to "cue to action" in HBM

Self Efficacy: Somatic and Emotional States = Physiological Responses

the physiological and emotional states caused by thinking about undertaking the new behavior (stress, anxiety, worry and fear will negatively impact self-efficacy) Ex: fear of pricking finger tips to check blood glucose level

Author View on Linear Statistical Models and Linear Based Health Promotion Inventions

we need to rethink why our interventions work and for whom