Exam 2

What is the rule from mainstream English to AAE about contractions? Ex. He is at work>>>he's at work>>>He at work NOT tell me where she is>>>tell me where she's>>>tell me where she!!!

"Where you can contract in mainstream English, you can delete in AAE"

What other ways are African American English (AAE) called?

1) African American Vernacular English (AAVE) 2) Black English (BE) 3) Ebonics (not prefered)

In AAE, copulas and auxiliaries cannot be deleted with what two things?

1) I and IT (EX. I AM doing my homework, and It IS funny) 2) past tense (EX. He was at the movies this past Friday)

The way we speak can convey what two things?

1) Identity 2) Culture

What two features of language provide clues about where the word boundaries are? Ex. 1) stress is on the initial syllable in 2-word syllables 2) no /ng/ in an initial position in English

1) Prosodic features 2) Phonotactic rules

In AAE, what two things do not always appear in the surface structure? Ex. She (X) funny; He (X) taking his time mailing that to me, She (X) in the same grade with me.

1) copula 2) auxiliary verbs

What are the three phases of U-shaped learning?

1) fast mapping (initial errorfree performance) 2) rule extraction (over-regularization errors) 3) rote memory (recovery from errors)

What are the four ways to figure out segmentation?

1) prosodic 2) statistical learning 3) phonological knowledge 4) phonological rules

What are the three biological constraints?

1) whole-object principle 2) taxonomic principle 3) mutual exclusivity

When do first words typically emerge?

12 to 16 months

If a child is in stage I, they have an MLU of 1.0-2.0. It is often single to 2-word speech with open-class words (telegraphic). Grammar is productive. What is their age range? Ex. Mommy come, eat grape, baby chair, more juice

16-26 months (1.3-2.2 yrs)

At what age can infants use word order to comprehend the grammatical meaning of multi-word utterances? Ex. Cookie monster is tickling big bird vs. big bird is tickling cookie monster

17 months

At what age does the development of category knowledge enable children to learn object categories, but also word-learning constraints mature?

18 mos

If a child is in stage II, they have an MLU of 2.0-2.5. What is their age range?

27-30 months (2.3 to 2.5 yrs)

If a child is in stage III, they have an MLU of 2.5-3.0. What is their age range?

31-34 months (2.6-2.9 yrs)

If a child is in stage IV, they have an MLU of 3.0-3.5. What is their age range?

35-40 months (2.10-3.4 yrs)

If a child is in stage V, they have an MLU of 3.5-4.0. What is their age range?

40-46 months (3.4-3.10 yrs)

What is another feature that helps children find where word boundaries are that includes the same word being presented in many different utterances and hearing the same sound sequence repeatedly may help the child identify the sequence as a word?

Abundance of function words

Which one, accent or dialect, is based on phonology which describes the way that a person/group of people sound? It is subjective--ingroup vs. outgroup. Ex. Pronunciation/twang

Accent

What is where SLPs work with actors or individuals who want to imitate a regional dialect or accent for a movie?

Accent Acquisition

What is where SLPs work with clients who wish to reduce their accent or work on pronunciation of desired language?

Accent Modification

What is adjusting speaking to individuals due to making inferences about what they know and don't know?

Audience Adaptation

"She been working" is in the past...may or may not still be working, "she ____ working" is still being done and has been doing for a long time?

BIN

What is where a child chooses an object based on the word? Ex. "Look... biff (egg scissors). Can you pick out something else that is the same?" Uses taxonomic principle to pick tongs because they move in a similar pattern and look similar.

Biff Experiment

What kind of morpheme, free or bound, cannot stand alone--that is, they must be 'bound' to another root? Ex. walkED, bookS, I'M, sluggISH, UNhappy

Bound morpheme

What is another feature that helps children find where word boundaries are through short utterances directed to children--with few word boundaries to find--and exaggerated prosody?

Child-directed speech (CDS)

What is also known as function words where they consist of auxiliaries (can, will), prepositions (in, on, of), complementizers (that, who), and determiners (a, the)? Their main role is to serve grammatical functions! Ex. can, will, in, on, of, a, the, who, that

Closed-class words

What is when there is instant and frequent switching between two distinct languages when with different cultures in various conversations in life? Ex. at home vs. with professor

Code switching

What is an action in AAE that is marked as completed in the past? Ex. I done told you that already (I have told you that already) Ex2. He done worked there for 10 years (He has worked there for 10 years)

Completed "done"

What is the best definition we have for a word?

Concept

What is the idea behind an English learner hearing "John ate SUSHI" (SVO) where the noun is at the end of the sentence and will be remembered; whereas, an Asian language learner will hear "John sushi ate" (SOV) where the verb is at the end and will be first remembered?

Conceptually salient

What can be reduced in AAE if an added suffix begins with a________? Ex. Friendly>>frienly NOT acceptable>>accepable*

Consonant

In AAE, sometimes ____________ _________ are pronounced with a single consonant, but only in speech--not writing. These are not present due to its origin (west african languages) Ex. Left>>lef ask>>as passed>>pass Hand>>han Missed>>mis

Consonant clusters

What can be reduced in AAE if... 1) voicing of final consonant cluster 'matches' 2) an added suffix begins with a consonant 3) the following word begins with a consonant

Consonant clusters

What links subjects with predicates? Ex. is and are (connectors)

Copula

What is where the meaning changes depending on perspective? Not mastered until age 3 or 4. Ex. First guy: I didn't sleep with my wife before I got married. Did you? Second guy: I don't know. What was her maiden name?

Deixis

What kind of morpheme, inflectional or derivational, can be added to a word to create (derive) another word? I.e. changing grammaticality, new words. Ex. the addition of "-ness" to "happy" >> "happiness"

Derivational morpheme

Which one, prescriptive or descriptive, is where there are implicit rules that people use to construct language, correct (big red balloon) and incorrect form (red big balloon) forms, and the language users decide what is correct and incorrect? Ex. How we actually speak

Descriptive Rules

Which one, accent or dialect, is based on morphosyntax and phonology? This describes the person's accent AND the grammatical features of the person's speech. Ex. Regional or social varieties of language; i.e., coke, soda, pop, sodapop

Dialect

Which one, referential or expressive style, is where the first 50 words predominately are personal and social words/phrases? These children (are often LATTER BORNS or children of less educated mothers) tend to have slower but steadier rate of learning Ex. Kenna=hi, thank you, hot (food) Ex2. engage better in social-symbolic play=puppets and toy telephones

Expressive style

What is where a child has only come across something a couple times to get understanding? Ex. tree

Fast Mapping

What is concrete rather than abstract and refer to things in the world that are important to the child? Ex. ball, bottle, mama, dog, apple, banana

First nouns

What kind of morpheme, free or bound, can stand alone? Ex. work, free, want, I, forever

Free morpheme

What are the grammatical morphemes children learn earliest that are the ones their parents use most often? Brown tested this and found no relationship between the frequency and order of acquisition.

Frequency Hypothesis

Who is more advanced in vocabulary development because of their rate of maturation, qualitative cognitive differences, and mothers talk more to these children??

Girls

What is a term that encompasses both morphology and syntax?

Grammar

What is an action in AAE that is usually done or state is usually observed? Ex. He be drunk by the time we get there (he is always drunk by the time we get there) Ex2. They radio be blasting (Their radio is always blasting)

Habitual "be"

Languages hate synonyms (very small meaning changes; almost interchangeable) but love something that is the same sound, but different things. What is it?

Homonyms

What is where sometimes speakers try to use patterns found in mainstream (normal) English, but the generalization is incorrect? Ex. "I forgets about it"

Hypercorrection

What kind of morpheme, inflectional or derivational, modifies a word's tense, number, aspect, and so on? I.e. modifying/changing the aspect. Ex. dog if written with the plural marker morpheme s > dogs

Inflectional morpheme

What is the reason speech to children is much different from speech to adults where CDS is overwhelmingly in here-and-now and emphasizes labeling things in child's focus of attention?

Less ambiguity

What are the grammatical morphemes children learn first that are the ones that are semantically and linguistically the least complex? These are the number of rules required by the morpheme. Ex. She rideS well>>>add s

Linguistic Complexity

What happens around 18 months (15-24 mos) where children achieve a 50-word vocabulary... 22 to 37 words per month?

Major developmental milestone

What is where there is an infinite number of hypotheses about word meaning that are logically possible given the data the child has? Yet, children still tend to figure out the meaning of the words they hear. They are INCIDENTAL LEARNERS Ex. children are remarkably able word-learners from about 18 months on

Mapping problem

What is one way to measure the growth of grammatical development? It is based on the average length of a child's sentences. The length is determined by the number of meaningful units (morphemes) rather than words. Ex. 1) I finished puzzle (n=4) 2) Puzzle's done (n=3) 3) Yeah I'm good at puzzles (n=7) 4) I like them (n=3) *) I like them in XXX Number of morphemes: 17 Number of utterances: 4 MLU= 17/4=4.25

Mean length of utterance

What is when in some words, the order of the consonants are switched? Ex. ask>>aks, wasp>>waps

Metathesis

What is the smallest unit of sound that, in itself, carries meaning? Ex. /walk/ /ed/ /s/ /ing/

Morpheme

What is how we put words together? I.e building words! Ex. parent, parents, parenting

Morphology

In what kind of sentences does AAE switch the auxiliary and noun phrases? Must have: negative auxiliary (can't, don't, ain't) and an indefinite negative noun phrase (nobody, nothing) Ex. Can't nobody say nothing>>>Nobody can say anything

Negative

In AAE, what is it called where ain't is a negation for am not, are not, and is not? Ex. He ain't a teacher>>> he isn't a teacher Ex2. I ain't talking to you>>> I am not talking to you

Negative copula

In AAE, what is it called where ain't is a negation for has not, have not? Ex. He ain't seen it yet>>> he has not seen it yet Ex2. She ain't cleaned her room for weeks>> she has not cleaned her room for weeks

Negative perfect

In AAE, what is it called where ain't is a negation for did not? Ex. I ain't tell you to do that>>> I didn't tell you to do that She ain't do anything wrong>>> She did not do anything wrong

Negative preterite

Who believes language is innate because you have a biological endowment; it is human-specific and no one teaches these rules?

Noam Chomsky

What is the idea that says nouns should be acquired earlier...verbs are linguistically more complicated?

Noun bias

What might be acquired earliest in American children because they are linguistically and cognitively less complex than other types of words? Ex. they refer to objects, entities, or phenomena

Nouns

What is the context that requires a morpheme for grammaticality? These are frequently occurring and easily identified. Ex. I see two book_ NOT He likes ___ dogs <<<<could work either way

Obligatory context

What is also known as content words where they consist of nouns, verbs, and adjectives? Their main role is to carry meaning in a sentence! Ex. jump, walk, benjie, soft, green

Open-class words

Either underextension or overextension, what is the use of a word in a broader context than is permissible in adult usage? Ex. A child may call all men "daddy"----doesn't understand the difference between male and daddy but knows who daddy is

Overextension

Which child "error" are these talking about? -ill-concept formation -lack proper label -1/3 of child's speech (12 to 18 mos) is making this error -do not predict this error in comprehension

Overextensions

Which one, prescriptive or descriptive, is where there is a correct (valued) and incorrect (devalued) form, and there are rules taught as the current standard for educated speakers and writers? Ex. How we should speak

Prescriptive Rules

What biological constraint refers to the process of elimination? Ex. Where is the zib? You know everything else

Principle of mutual exclusivity

What is where different words have different meanings? Ex. Children expect a new word to have a new meaning, not because of a biological constraint, but b/c they assume the speaker is trying to communicate and thus would not have used unfamiliar terms if a familiar one would suffice.

Principles of contrast

What is any sound or sequence of sounds produced by a child (at the end of the first year) that has a relatively consistent meaning, but that has no resemblance to the adult form of the word?

Protoword (AKA vocable)

What is where a subject is given ten items to recall and then asked to recall as many as possible? Results: They will remember primacy, not much in the middle, and most in the recency part of items to recall. Ex. We can hold 2-2.5 seconds in memory

Recency effect

Which one, referential or expressive style, is where the first 50 words are predominantly nominals--nouns? These children can be either early or late talkers (often FIRST BORNS or children of well-educated mothers) but when they learn words, they tend to learn at a faster rate. Ex. Brynn=dog, dada, apple Ex2. more attentive to toys and object manipulation

Referential style

What happens when you are good at something, then you lose it through learning other things and are in a state of confusion, then it comes back? Ex. I went to John's>> I goed to John's>>>I went to John's

Regression

What characteristics are the following describing? -firstborn -a mother who adopts a sensitive/responsive interactional style--share experience -receive input from rich vocabulary and rich info content

Rich vocabulary

What is learning MEANING of words?

Semantic (lexical) development

What is the number of meanings encoded in a morpheme? Ex. SHE rides well>>>third person, habitual

Semantic complexity

What experiment is where we use a random word and apply an ending or a word before it to find out what part of speech it is? Ex. Sibbing-verb a sib- count noun any sib- mass noun

Sibbing experiment

What is where children can use their knowledge of social pragmatic cues to inform word meanings on the basis of intentionality? Ex. By 18 mos, children can follow a speaker's gaze and use it as a clue to the meaning Ex. By 2-years-old can distinguish between accidental and intentional actions ("Watch me, I'm going to twang now")

Sociopragmatic cues to word meaning

What is the first problem a child encounters where it is hard to find word boundaries in coarticulated speech? Ex. I made a hand footprint

Speech segmentation problem

In what stages do sentences get longer as children begin to combine two or more basic semantic relations? Ex. (agent+action+object) Adam hit ball There is a gradual appearance of a few infections and closed class words Ex. Adam hitS ball and Adam hit THE ball. There is great individual variation but the acquisition of morphemes seems to follow a gradual timetable.

Stage II and Beyond (II, III, IV,V)

What is where we use information regarding syntax to infer word meaning?

Syntactic bootstrapping

What is how we put sentences together? I.e. building sentences! Ex. "Jane, the woman with the white car, lives next door."

Syntax

1/3 of preschoolers categorize thematically, but given a word they switch to what kind of categorizor?

Taxonomic

What biological constraint refers to categories? Ex. If you show a child a couple trees, he will know to identify other trees

Taxonomic system

A thematic categorization is where pizza and shopping cart go together, but what theme is where a child puts together a pizza and banana?

Taxonomy/category

What is when children's early inflections are correct, then later they start making errors of over-regularization (goed, foots)? Later, still children recover from these errors.

U-shaped learning

Either underextension or overextension, what is the use of a word that does not include its full range? Ex. Assuming that dog only refers to the family dog

Underextension

What type of word is more prevalent in Korean, Japanese, and Mandarin? Ex. Express relationships

Verbs

What must match for deletion to occur in consonant cluster reduction in AAE? Ex. cole for cold; des for desk NOT jum* for jump or pain* for paint

Voicing

What biological constraint refers to whole objects? Ex. Gavaga: problem>>>not ears, but the whole object

Whole object assumption

What is it called during the first months after the first words appear, children add an average of 8 to 11 words per month

Word spurt (Vocab explosion)

What may be reduced if the word that follows starts with a consonant in AAE? Ex. west-side>>wes-side (SEE) vs. west-end>>wes-end* (NOT see)

consonant clusters

What is it called when many first words are tied to particular contexts and situation-specific? Ex. A duck is only a duck in a bathtub

context-bound

What is an action or state in AAE situated in the far past? Ex. He BIN finished college (he has finished college for a long time now) Ex2. They BIN married ( They have been married for a long time now) Ex3. It BIN in this house (It has been in this house for a long time now)

remote past "BIN"

What is any sound or sequence of sounds that is used consistently to refer to something, action, or quality?

word

What is replaced by /d/ in word initially? Ex. those>>dose It is also replaced by /v/ for word-medially and word-finally. Ex. Lather>>laver, bathe>>bav

ð

What is replaced by /f/ in word-medially and word-finally positions, but not in an initial position like thing and three? Ex. south>>souf, bethlehem>>beflehem It is also replaced by /t/ for word-medially and word-finally. Ex. something>>sometin, with>>wit

θ (voiceless stays with voiceless...θ>f + θ>t)