Exam 3

In which of the following ways is an institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC) different from an institutional review board (IRB)?

IACUCs monitor the care and treatment of animals throughout the study; IRBs do not monitor the care of human participants throughout the study.

All of the following are true of institutional review boards (IRBs) in the United States EXCEPT:

IRBs must have a psychologist as a member.

In understanding "controlling for" a third variable, which of the following is a similar concept?

Identifying subgroups

Why is it problematic when journalists only report on a single study?

It can lead people to value one study over decades of previous research.

Why is the statistical validity of a multiple regression design more complicated to interrogate than a bivariate design?

It is harder to detect outliers.

Which of the following is NOT a suitable reason for using debriefing in a study?

It prevents researchers from being sued.

A researcher has examined a variety of correlational studies that point to a causal relationship between two variables. All of the studies have found a positive relationship between the two variables, but for ethical reasons, no experiments have been conducted. Using an approach of pattern and parsimony, the researcher may begin to make a causal claim by doing which of the following?

Specifying a mechanism or explanation for the causal relationship

Dr. Kushner's decision about the type of participants to recruit should be informed by which of the following principles of the Belmont Report?

The principle of justice

Ethical decision making should be:

a thoughtful balance

An in-person institutional review board (IRB) meeting would probably be required for all of the following studies EXCEPT:

an anonymous survey asking whether students want the campus mascot to be changed.

When examining the results of a multiple regression, which of the following should be compared to determine which predictor variables have the largest relationship to the criterion variable?

beta values

When conducting longitudinal research, researchers typically find _________ to be the most interesting.

cross-lag correlations

What type of study design is Dr. Farah using?

longitudinal

The degree to which a good scientific theory provides the simplest explanation of some phenomenon is known as _________.

parsimony

dr farah : Which of the following correlations is a cross-lag correlation?

Both Correlations 3 and 4

From an ethical standpoint, in what way is researching prisoners with tuberculosis similar to researching children with ADHD?

Both groups of participants have less autonomy than other types of participants.

Which popular media headline might suggest that a multiple regression has been used?

"Vacations are important for happiness, even when length of vacation is controlled for."

The American Psychological Association's ethical guidelines have principles and standards.

5:10

As a psychologist who primarily does research, Dr. Kushner is most concerned with which APA standard of ethics?

8

Which of the following is a difference between a debriefing session following a study with deception compared to a debriefing session following a study without deception?

A deception study debriefing must attempt to restore a sense of honesty and trustworthiness.

Which of the following is NOT a reason that psychologists might fabricate or falsify their data?

A journal might require it.

Which of the following is NOT an example of coercion?

A researcher offering three points of extra credit to college students to participate in a study

Which of the following has been used as a defense of animal research by animal researchers?

Animal research has resulted in many benefits to both animals and humans.

For Dr. Farah to make the claim that homework causes academic achievement, which correlation does she predict will NOT be significant?

Correlation 4

Which of the following correlations is a cross-sectional correlation?

Correlation 6

Dr. Farah : Correlation 4 is an example of which of the following types of correlations?

Cross-lag correlation

Which of the following studies is an example of a longitudinal design?

Dr. Benson's study in which she measured people's spatial manipulation ability in August and measured their ability again in May after they had taken two semesters of art classes

A colleague of Dr. Farah's questions the internal validity of her causal claim. He is curious as to whether the relationship between homework and academic achievement could be explained by interest in one's classes. Specifically, he thinks that students who are interested in their classes will both do more homework and have higher GPAs. Which of the following is a solution to this possible threat to internal validity?

Dr. Farah should also measure students' interest in their class.

Why is it unethical to provide an incentive that is too large to refuse (for example, offering undergraduate students free tuition for a semester for participating in a study)?

It unduly influences people into participating.

Why is plagiarism a violation of ethics?

It violates an APA standard.

Which of the following is NOT a predictor variable in Dr. Finkel's study?

Marital satisfaction

Which of the following events did NOT occur in the Tuskegee Study?

Participants in the study were given/infected with the disease.

Dr. Kushner plans to use deception in his study and is thinking about a debriefing session. Which of the following is true of the debriefing?

Participants must be told the reasons for the deception.

Which of the following ethical violations proposed by the Belmont Report was NOT committed in the Tuskegee Study?

Participants were not given monetary payments for their time.

Such topics as the link between media and aggression and smoking and lung cancer have been studied with a variety of methods and by a variety of researchers and have all reached similar conclusions. This is an example of which of the following?

Pattern and parsimony

The use of debriefing in a study such as Milgram's obedience study appeals to which principle of the Belmont Report?

Principle of beneficence

Dr. Kushner suspects that the people who will most benefit from his study are high school and college students, who are asked to perform cognitive functions in various states of sleep deprivation. Given this information, what type of participants should Dr. Kushner recruit for his study?

Students from a community college

One of Dr. Finkel's colleagues argues that he should have considered years of marriage in his study, which is a known predictor of marital satisfaction. If Dr. Finkel conducts his study again and asks people to report on how many years they have been married as well, which of the following statements is true?

The beta value for number of arguments may no longer be statistically significant.

Given Dr. Finkel's design, which of the following issues is his study best able to address?

The issue of possible third variables

When determining whether a study should be conducted, we have to balance which two issues?

The potential risks to participants vs. the value of knowledge we can gain

The issue of obtaining informed consent deals with which of the following principles of the Belmont Report?

The principle of respect for persons

Which of the following can be concluded based on the results of Dr. Finkel's study?

The relationship between life satisfaction and marital satisfaction has the weakest effect size of all of the results.

Why would a researcher interested in making a causal claim NOT do an experiment?

There may be ethical limitations of manipulating a variable.

Dr. Smitherman conducted a study 5 years ago, and his graduate student now recommends that they conduct the study again to see if the effect still occurs. Dr. Smitherman says, "No, I cannot do that study now; I think it is unethical." Which of the following is NOT a reasonable explanation for Dr. Smitherman's response?

There were no ethical guidelines 5 years ago, but there are now.

Which of the following is a reason why multiple regression designs are inferior to experimental designs?

They can only control for third variables that are measured.

In addition to being ethical violations, why are data falsification and fabrication problematic?

They impede scientific progress.

Why should journalists report on the previous body of research when writing about a newly published scientific study?

To highlight pattern and parsimony in scientific research

Dr. Kushner is deciding whether he needs to give participants a reason for waking them up several times during the night. He knows that he cannot tell them the real reason, but he is unsure whether he should deceive them (give them a false reason why he is waking them up) or provide them with no cover story at all. Which of the following issues should be considered most heavily when deciding whether to use deception?

Whether he can conduct the study just as well without deception

The principle of justice calls for a balance between and .

the kind of people who participate in research; the kind of people who benefit from it

Of the correlations listed in the table, how many are autocorrelations?

two