Exam 3

Which of the following is not true?

Despite increased production of red blood cells with endurance training (and altitude training), the dietary requirement for iron remains the same.

The optimum ambient temperature for performance of endurance exercise by trained athletes is

10 to 15 °C

What is a normal concentration of sodium in plasma (in mmol/L)?

145

What is the concentration of sodium (in mmol/L) in the extracellular fluid of a normal healthy person?

145

Water turnover in a normal, inactive person is around

2.2l/day

A healthy, lean young female who weighs 70 kg has a total body-water volume of about

35 L

If a squash player loses 3 kg in weight during a match, how much fluid should he or she drink to rehydrate fully?

4.5L

In most people, water accounts for _________ of body mass.

50 to 60 %

A female athlete weighed 54.25 kg just before a training session and 52.5 kg after a session that lasted 2 hours and 30 minutes. The athlete drank 500 ml of a sports drink during the session. What was her sweat rate?

900 ml/h

Cells detect a number of signals through sensor proteins. An example of such a protein is

AMPK

Which of the following is not true?

Because iron stores are quite large, female and adolescent athletes need no regular supply of dietary iron.

Which of the following statements is not true?

Contractile activity inhibits glucose uptake.

Which of the following is not true?

Excess vitamins are excreted in the urine, and megadoses are therefore harmless.

Which of the following best describes the extracellular fluid in humans?

Its composition influences our thirst response.

Which of the following is not true?

Nonheme iron is absorbed better than heme iron.

Which of the following is not a signaling molecule?

PDH

Which of the following statements is correct?

Sodium losses through sweat can be substantial.

Exercise training results in a slower rise in core temperature during exercise.

True

Exercising for prolonged periods in the heat without fluid intake also increases the risk of cramps and heat illness.

True

Hypertrophy refers to the increase in muscle cross-sectional area after resistance training.

True

In many situations, ingesting high doses of antioxidants leads to a blunting of the effects of exercise training with smaller changes in mitochondrial biogenesis and GLUT4 expression.

True

Magnesium deficiency in both humans and animals is associated with neuromuscular abnormalities, including muscle weakness, cramps, and structural damage of muscle fibers and organelles.

True

Reduced maximal cardiac output is the most likely physiological mechanism whereby dehydration decreases a person's and impairs work capacity in fatiguing exercise of an incremental nature.

True

The body does not adapt to dehydration, and so exercising in the heat without fluid intake does not confer an additional adaptation in thermoregulation.

True

The cardinal symptom of both overreaching and the overtraining syndrome is reduced performance.

True

The rate of heat transfer away from the body core is the product of the skin blood flow and the temperature difference between the core and the skin.

True

Which of the following is true?

Vitamin A is stored in adipose tissue.

Anemia is not likely to be caused by a deficiency of

Vitamin D

which of the following is not true

Vitamin losses through sweat are minimal.

Muscle stretch and tension can result in

activation of calcineurin, mitogen-activated kinase (MAPK), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling cascades

Which of the following tissues has the lowest water content?

adipose tissue

Any substance or phenomenon that enhances performance is

an ergogenic aid

For which of the following supplements is there no convincing evidence of an ergogenic effect?

beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate (HMB)

The major objective of exercise training is to

cause physiological adaptations specific to the type of training

Which of the following is not associated with increased risk of early osteoporosis?

chronically high plasma estrogen levels

The primary effect of high circulating levels of vasopressin (ADH) on urine production is to

decrease the volume

Which of the following is not true? Enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants prevent oxidation initiated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) by

digesting peroxyl and alkoyl species and presenting it to the representative T-cell

Sweating means losing heat through

evaporation

Acute activation of AMPK results in a response that aims to generate ATP and conserve energy.

false

Blood concentrations give an accurate picture of adequacy of all mineral and trace elements.

false

Branched-chain amino acid supplementation can prevent overtraining.

false

By law, nutrition supplements must list all ingredients on the packaging.

false

Caffeine increases fat oxidation, which results in enhanced performance.

false

Carnitine results in an increase of fat oxidation at rest and during exercise.

false

Chromium supplementation leads to an increase in lean body mass.

false

Coenzyme Q10 increases mitochondrial biogenesis.

false

Creatine can increase muscle glycogen and enhance endurance performance.

false

Dehydration affects exercise that is only 2 hours in duration or longer.

false

Dietary records give an accurate picture of adequacy of all mineral and trace elements.

false

During heavy exercise, vitamins are lost in sweat, and if high sweat rates are maintained for prolonged periods, vitamin requirements may increase significantly.

false

During periods of intensified training or overreaching, sleep efficiency improves because of greater fatigue.

false

Evidence suggests that antioxidant supplementation can increase training efficiency by increasing some cellular adaptations to exercise.

false

Heat production during exercise accounts for approximately a quarter of the energy expended.

false

High doses of antioxidants s can stimulate training adaptations.

false

In general, a person does not perceive the sensation of thirst until she or he has lost at least 1% of body weight through sweating.

false

Less than 10% to 20% of the body's vitamin D is obtained through sunlight ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure of the skin, with a much larger amount typically coming from the diet.

false

Only fat-soluble vitamins like vitamin A have antioxidant properties.

false

Radical species are highly reactive and directly target lipid membrane structures by lipid oxidation, causing membrane stability and decreased permeability.

false

Signaling pathways that are activated by exercise and increase the synthesis of mRNA always result in increased protein synthesis.

false

Small doses of the amino acid tyrosine may improve both sleep latency and sleep quality.

false

Substantial evidence indicates that a drop in glutamine concentrations during exercise is a cause of overreaching.

false

Sweat rolling off the skin has a significant cooling effect.

false

The best marker of vitamin D status is the blood plasma concentration of 1, 25 dihydroxy vitamin D2.

false

There is no evidence in humans that the set-point temperature can be changed.

false

Caffeine ingestion has been shown to increase

free fatty-acid mobilization

Sodium and chloride are found in ________ concentration in the extracellular fluid, and potassium is found in ________ concentration inside cells.

higher; higher

In which of the following ways does exercise training not improve thermoregulation?

increase in core temperature threshold that causes central fatigue

AMPK activation can result in

increased fat oxidation

A deficiency of the micronutrient _________ is associated with anemia.

iron

Which of the following may result from excessive intake of vitamin A?

liver damage

Select the most correct answer. The concentration of sodium (in mmol/L) in the sweat excreted onto the skin is ________ the concentration in blood.

lower than

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator (PGC) family is important in driving

mitochondrial biogenesis

With endurance training, substantial increases occur in

mitochondrial enzymes

With resistance training, substantial increases occur in

muscle fiber diameter

In the training method "train low, compete high," the high and low refer to

muscle glycogen

Which of the following is not an antioxidant nutrient?

riboflavin

The main signaling mechanisms are the phosphorylation of _______________ residues by kinases and their dephosphorylation by phosphatases.

serine, threonine, and tyrosine

Bicarbonate loading is proposed to have ergogenic potential for

sprint sports

Which of the following is not a limitation to fluid replacement during exercise?

the color of the beverage consumed

Which of the following is not a role of sodium in a sports drink?

to reduce hyperthermia

It is believed that an exercise session causes a signal to__________ DNA in the __________ into RNA and RNA is then transported out of the __________ and translated into __________.

transcribe; nucleus; nucleus; protein

A doping offense for nandrolone is defined as a concentration of 19-norandrosterone in human urine exceeding 2 mg/ml in men and 5 mg/ml in women.

true

A dose of 300 mg/kg of sodium bicarbonate has been shown to increase performance in events lasting 2 to 7 minutes.

true

A high-carbohydrate diet can reduce symptoms of overtraining.

true

Anabolic steroids tend to increase fat-free body mass.

true

Caffeine is a methylxanthine.

true

Creatine ingestion can increase the buffering capacity of muscle

true

During exercise in the heat, the opening up of the skin blood vessels reduces the proportion of the cardiac output available to the working muscles.

true

Evidence suggests that training with low muscle glycogen results in better adaptations of fat metabolism.

true

Exercise training can increase fat oxidation.

true

If energy intake matches the energy requirement and an athlete consumes a reasonably balanced diet, he or she will get all the vitamins necessary from food without any need for supplements.

true

Major food sources of vitamin B12 are meat, liver, and milk, and so vegetarian athletes are at risk for vitamin B12 deficiency.

true

One family of transcriptional regulators in particular, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator (PGC) family, is important in driving mitochondrial biogenesis

true

One family of transcriptional regulators in particular, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator (PGC) family, is important in driving mitochondrial biogenesis.

true

Overreaching and the overtraining syndrome are both associated with mood disturbances.

true

Phosphorus is also found as a component of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and phospholipids, which form the lipid bilayer of cell membranes.

true

Prohormones are substances that can be converted in the body to anabolic steroids.

true

Rich sources of polyphenols include tea, wine (particularly red wine), fruits, and vegetables

true

The rate of protein synthesis depends on mRNA degradation, additional translational control mechanisms, transport of mRNA out of the nucleus, and the translation process.

true

Trained athletes exhibit a lower resting body temperature and have a lower sweating (and shivering) threshold.

true

Vitamin D supplementation can improve skeletal muscle regeneration by targeting key functions of immune cells, muscle cells, or both.

true

low muscle glycogen is related to increased transcriptional activity of several genes.

true

Which of the following micronutrients have an antioxidant function?

vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, iron, zinc

A deficiency of the micronutrient _________ is associated with weakening of bones.

vitamin D

Which vitamin has been shown to provide some protection against lipid peroxidation?

vitamin E