Exam 3
What were the Sex Pistols" two best-known singles? pp 225
"Anarchy in the UK" 1976 "God Save the Queen (It's a Fascist Regime" 1977
How does the textbook define that golden age? pp 216
"Back to basics" rebellion against the perceived artifice and pretension of corporate rock music
What was the name of Dr. Dre's 1992 album and what rapper did it introduce? pp. 329
"The Chronic" by Dr. Dre; - named after a particularly potent strain of marijuana Introduced his protégé: Calvin Broadus aka Snoop Doggy Dogg
What are the main musical characteristics of reggae? pp 232
- "riddims" interlocking rhythmic patterns played by guitar, bass, and drums - guitar often plays short, choppy chords on the 2nd & 4th beat of each measure, giving the music a bouncy, up-and-down feleing - bass-drum combination is irreducible core of raggae band sometimes called the "riddim pair"
What shaped that generation's worldview and how? pp. 309
- First generation to grow up with MTV - A song was on MTV and successful or it wasn't Split between artists: 1) who were MTV friendly (Madonna & Prince) or 2) those who were not (hip-hop or alternative genres)
What were the basic musical characteristics of the Ramones? pp 222-223
- High-speed, energetic, extremely loud sound - catchy, pop-inspired melodies played at extremely fast tempos - songs lasted only around 2 1/2 minutes - raw, hard-edge sound -anchored by a steady barrage of notes, played on drums, bass, and guitar -Goal of the music: a rejection of the flashy virtuosity of progressive rock music, with its extended and sometimes self-indulging solos Joey Ramone's early description of the bands style: "Sick bubblegum music" - connections to 60s rock - Connection to Brill Building sound; even hire Phil Spector - identified as a band "able to play and be song-orientated and sound great, people who play real rock n roll"
Why was punk more popular in Britain than in the U.S.?
- Punk was not considered "good music" - Middle america was to affluent for punks progressive sound - in recession plauge Britain had an audience Malcom McLaren - sex-wear culture - The Sex Pistols - John Lydon: film, theater - their sound was because they couldnt sing or play guitar - first single marked a cultural 0 for punk - became fixed in the imagination as public enemy #1 - "God Save the Queen" - refused to print sex pistols next to title -STYLE: media portrays a style they didnt even wear at the time - came to the US to the south and controversy - "All you cowboys are a bunch of fa***ts" ; the audience rushed the stage When the economy began failing the American public began turning to punk, they now got it Nirvana
What familiar pattern did the expanding nationwide appeal of rap follow in the late 1980s and early 1990s? pp. 326
- Some artists moved toward the pop mainstream, developing style that blended the verbal cadences of rap and the techniques of digital sampling with R&B-derived dance rhythms and vocal styles; - a variety of alternative rap styles emerged reflecting the attitudes, experiences, and dialectics of particular segments of the hip-hip audience
Identify three of the unique cultural practices associated with Rastafarianism. pp 231
- Special terminology ("I-and-I" is the substitute for "we" - use of marijuana (hanja) as a sacramental herb - wearing of a distinctove hairstyle called "dreadlocks"
According to your textbook, what was the core of funk music? pp 237
- centered on the creation of a strong rhythmic momentum or groove - Electric bass and bass drum often playing on all four main beats of the measure - snare drum and other instruments playing equally strongly on the 2nd & 4th beats (the backbeats) - interlocking guitar, keyboards and horns
How did the iPod change the way people listened to music? pp. 342
- could store up to 1000 CD quality tracks on its internal hard drive - provided the listener with the ability to build unique library of music reflecting their personal tastes - The ability of the iPod "shuffle" allowed tracks to be played in random order, mixing genres, performers, and historical periods; Exerted an influence on personal listening habits but has also provided a metaphor for the contemporary state of the consumer culture
What messages began to be conveyed in funk lyrics in the '70s?
- funk signaled a new freedom in black music - James Brown - theatrical, - appraoch to music was influenced by how he could dance - stronger, bolder, strong enought to do things other people wouldnt dare to do - able to achieve success without compromising his black identify MUSICAL IMPACT - revolutionized the sound with "cold sweat" - basis for Funk - parts of the songs began bouncing off one another - LYRICS - fed the hunger in AA community - James Brown is "black and proud" SLY AND THE FAMILY STONE - blend gospel and R&B - unlike James Brown they had a white following - multiracial and multigender band - SLY STONE - invented slap bass - didnt present themself as traditional R&B - more open and free than James Brown
What was the typical instrumentation for a funk band? pp 237
- musical styles characteristic and influence emphasized rhythmic patterns over chord changes or melodic lines band consisted of: -rhythm section (guitar, keyboards, electric bass, and drums) - horn section (effectively functioned as part of the rythm section and occasionally supplied jazz-influence solos
What are the main musical characteristics of ska? pp 231
- onomatopoeic term derived fro styles typical sharp, offbeat accents - Instrumentation derived from R&B with rhythm section of piano, bass, guitar, and drums and a horn section including brass instruments (horn and saxaphone) - usually played at fast tempos, with the bass playing a steady four-beat pattern and the piano, guitar, and drums emphasizing the backbeats - Singers strongly influenced by R&B, ranging from rougher blues-influence styles to romantic crooning
What are reggae lyrics often focused on? pp 232
- political messages - similar to R&B sang about love and heartbreak - most popular artists focused attention on issues such as social injustice and racism Jimmy Cliff "The Harder They Come" - exemplified reggae style of early 70s; moderate tempo; strong guitar chords on the second beats of each measure; R&B influence singing; and gritty lyric about the individual struggle against oppression
What was "the second British Invasion"? pp 250
- promoting English artists such as Eurythmics, Flock of Seagulls, Adam Ant, Billy Idol, and Thomas Dolby see more pp 250
What musical style was a bridge between ska and reggae? pp 231
- songs and chants were mixed with African-derived style of drumming called burro which created a heavier and slower sound - this style fed back into urban popular music, resulting around 66' in an updated version of ska called ROCK STEADY - Rock steady was considerably slower in tempo than ska, reflecting the aforementioned influence of burro drummig and some of its leading exponents
Briefly describe the concerts presented by George Clinton's groups. pp 238
- spectacular concert shows - featured wild costumes and elaborate sets (including flying saucer called "the Mothership") - innovative concept of street talk, psychedelic imagery, and science-fiction-derived images of intergalactic travel Parliament concerts: - featured a cast of the characters such as "Star Child" (aka Sir Lollipop Man) - cosmic defender of funk & Sir Nose D'VoidOfFunk - a spoof of commercialized, soulless, rhythmically challenged pop music and its fans
What two trends does your textbook describe as responses to 21st century changes in the music business? pp. 345
1) Renewed focus on the baby boom generation as a primary source of revenue - have more income to spend on high-end rock offerings such as elaborately packaged boxed sets and expensive concert tickets - important market bc they the only ones still buying music 2) search on the part of record companies for sources of income that do not rely on actually selling records - placing songs in movies, TV shows, commercials and as cell phone ring tones - emphasis on making so-called "360-degree deals" with artists - different parts of the music business were increasingly being consolidated under large corporate umbrellas, which left companies musch better equipped to address ALL of the artists business needs IMPACT: - Major labels now offer most of their music for download without copy protection - Compact disc is virtually dead - Media convergence is a major force with hit songs finding their initial release not only on the radio and online but also via cellular ringtones and video games - a new generation has moved to cut out the middle man in an effort to reach their audience directly without mediation of record companies - Touring has become an increasingly important component of the total profits generated by the music business, rather a sideline designed to promote record sales
What two effects of home recording are described in your textbook? pp. 310-311
1) Studios and the personnel needed to run them were to expensive, few if any musicians could afford to pay for substantial studio time out of their own pockets 2) Related to the first, the idea of self-produced music was the hallmark of musicians who wouldn't (or couldn't) deal with major labels made the mediocre sound quality of home recording itself an indicator of artistic integrity
What are the two different definitions of "alternative" given in your textbook? pp. 312
1) Used to describe (& to positively valorize) music that, in one regard or another, challenged the status quo - fiercely iconoclastic, anti commercial, and anti-mainstream; Thought by its supporters to be local as opposed to corporate, homemade as opposed to mass-produced, and genuine as opposed to artificial 2) Denotes the choices available to consumers via record stores, radio, cable and satellite television, and the Internet. - need of the music business to identify and exploit new trends, styles, and audiences
What three groups are often cited as "ancestors" of punk and what did each contribute to the development of punk? pp 218
1) Velvet Underground 2) Stooges 3) New York Dolls
What was the state of the music industry from 1979 through the early 1980s and what did this cause the major record companies to do? pp. 249
11% drop in record sales due to the major recession in the industry for 30 years Record companies had to - trim their staff, cut back on expenses, signed fewer acts, raised prices of LPs and cassett tapes and searched for new promotional and audience-targeting techniques
When did ska first emerge? pp 231
1960s
What first popularized reggae in the U.S.? pp 226
1973 after the release of the Jamaican film The Harder They Come and its soundtrack album
How did radio change in the 1980s? pp 250-251
70s - album oriented rock (AOR) format dominated FM radio - brought innovative new music to a coveted audience, the baby boomers - purchasing power was economic ful that powered the developing rock culture 80s - Baby Boomers wee agin and the model could no longer hold with the advancements made - older listeners were less interested in new rock styles and new rock styles were less interested in appealing to older listeners - rock industry didn't want to leave the boomers behind Solutions: - development of a new radio format called "classic rock" to appeal to older listeners while reserving the AOR format for the new rock and preserving a large overlap in repertoire between the 2 - the idea of classic rock was that ANY form of rock could be old enough and acceptable to be considered "classic" would have been unthinkable even few years earlier
What is an mp3? pp. Glossary/ 341
A variant of the MPEG compression system, which allows sound files to be compressed to as little as 1/12 of their original size Audio encoding format; spurred series of bitter struggles between entertainment corporations and small-scale entrepreneurs, echoing past conflicts between major and indie record labels, though on an even larger scale
Why was MTV not just the television equivalent of an AOR radio station? pp. 251
AOR station was only one of many choices available to radio listeners MTV was the time was only significant music video channel To viewers (and record companies) MTV was not the equivalent of A radio station but the equivalent to ALL radio
What album and single created Nirvana's commercial breakthrough? pp. 314-315
Album: Nevermind by Nirvana - Reached #1, displacing Michael Jackson's comeback album Dangerous Single: "Smells Like Teen Spirit"
What was the cultural style of punk? pp 216
An attitude defined by self-consciously bratty rebellion against authority and a deliberate rejection of middle-class values
Who became the most influential member of N.W.A. and what record label did he found? pp. 329
Andre Young aka Dr. Dre; Founded: Independent record label Death Row/ Interscope - cultivated a number of young rappers and continued to develop a distinctive hip hop production style - christened "G Funk" in homage to "P-Funk" style
What changes in southern California's urban communities was reflected in the hip-hop coming from there in the late 1980s? pp. 328
Artists like Ice T reflected ongoing changed in SoCal urban communities, including: -a decline in industrial production and rising rates of joblessness; -the continuing effects of crack cocaine; -and a concomitant growth of drug-related gang violence
How did many in the hip-hop community regard M.C. Hammer? pp. 326
At the height of his popularity, Hammer was attacked by many in the hip hop community for his lack of skill as a rapper and for pandering to a mass audience
In its early years, why did MTV play almost no videos by black musicians? pp 251-252
At the time black artists making multiplatinum records such as Michael Jackson ad Rick James could not break into MTV Only about 25 black musicians were featured the first 1.5 yr Criticism of their policy was the argument that their format focused on rock, a style now played by few black artists
What group helped to develop Eurodisco? pp 242
Bands like Germany's Kraftwerk was to become one important root of techno james Brown? (check book)
Who was "reggae's most effective international ambassador"? pp 233
Bob Marley
What musicians played with both James Brown and George Clinton?
Bootsy Collins - added a new way of playing bass - brought vitaily to be open and bring new ideas - Fred Wesley Funkadelic - The Parliaments -
What do Madonna and Prince have in common? pp 268
Both Madonna and Prince -self conscious authors of their own celebrity - creators of multiple artistic alter egos - highly skilled manipulators of the mass media - experienced a meteoric rise to fame during early 80s - were dependent on mass media (cable TV & film) - sought to blur the conventional boundaries of race, religion and sexuality and periodically sought to rekindle their fans interest by shifting shape, changing strategy and coming up with new and controversial songs and images - sexually explicit lyrics played a role in stimulating the formation of the Parents Music Resource Center PMRC; watchdog organization founded in 85
In what New York City club did punk first take shape? pp 219
CBCG & OMFUG "Country, Bluegrass, Blues & Other Music for Urban Gormandizers"
Briefly describe Rastafarianism. pp 231
CONT - drew heavily on the work of Marcus Mosiah Garvey jamaican writer and political leader who inspired a "Back to Africa" repatriation movement among black Americans in the 20s - reinterpretation of the Bible focused on passages that delt with slavery, salvation, and the apocalyptic consequences that would eventually be visited upon the opressors - collectly referred to as Babylon
Reggae is a mixture of what two musical styles? pp. 226
Caribbean folk and American rhythm & blues
In the 1980s, how was a potential hit album promoted? pp 266-267
Cross promotion of videos, TV, talk show appearances, Hollywood films, newspaper, magazine and radio interviews creating overall appearance of multifront military campaign run by staff of corporate generals
Punk was both a musical genre and a ________________________. pp 216
Cultural style - an attitude defined by self-consciously bratty rebellion against authority and a deliberate rejection of middle-class values
What did disco's turntable techniques influence? pp 240
DJs rediscovered the single expanded it to fill the time-frame offered by the 12 inch long-playing vinyl disc developed techniques for blending paved the way for the use of th recordings in popular genres of the 80s and 90s such as hip hop, house, and techo
Who was the lead singer of Talking Heads and what kind of an image did he create for himself? pp 225
David Byrne - The band's stlye reflected their interest in an aesthetic called minimalism, which stresses the use of combinations of a limited number of basic elements - colors, shapes, sounds, or words - dressed in slacks, sweaters and vests, projecting an image of cerebral but nerdy college students ---- UNCOOL - Anti Fashion became fashion; David Byrnes studied awkwardness established a new, nerdy variety of cool - Byrne demonstrates over and over that a public self is a Frankenstein self, a monster put together from bits and pieces of image tissue
What was Napster? pp. 341-342
Developed by: Shawn Fanning An Internet-based software program that allowed computer users to share files and swap files, specifically music, through centralized file server The RIAA (Recording Industry Association of America filed a lawsuit for copyright infringement; contributing and facilitating other people violation of the law - Napster argued that because the actual files were not permanently stored on its servers but rather transferred from user to user that they were not acting illegally - 2001 the federal court finally shut them down
Eurodisco was an important root of what later musical style? pp 242
Disco
What was "the first real threat to rock's dominance since its inception"? pp 240
Disco - considered to be the exact opposite of rock; it is precisely the reason why it is important
What did disco represent a reaction against? pp 240
Disco was a form of pop music that did not accept many of rocks cultural assumptions - an alternative to rock music
What kinds of clubs were influential in the development of disco music? pp 241
Discotheque - first used in Europe during the 60s to refer to nightclubs devoted to the playing of recorded music for dancing - US began in urban black and Latino communities - Gay communities in NY and SF
When did the first alternative movements emerge within rock music? pp. 216
During the 1970s
Who were some of the important bands that played at CBGBs in the 1970s and what did those bands have in common?
Eagles Sex Pistols The Modern Lovers; Jonathan Richmond - "Roadrunnner" The Patti Smith Group Television - Richard Hell - didnt look like the other bands (short hair, safety pins) - worshipped them "thirsty for reality" The Ramones - Joey Ramone - Jonny Ramone - sang about boredom, glue sniffing - rule was no more than 3 chords per song - crude band; garagy rock n roll (owner of CBGB) - they thought they were playing Bubblegum music and it became punk - went into the studio with Phil Spector Blondie - rebelling against the flatness of everything - eclectic mix of rebellion was their appeal MIKE CHAPMAN - producer of Blondie - Talking Heads - 3 boys - David Byrne; Tina; - sing what they were thinking, express all insecurity on stage - it was exciting for them to do something they didnt understand - do it yourself anyone can do it attitude -
What were the social and cultural changes that facilitated the rise of MTV? pp 250
Election of Ronald Reagan 1980 - ushered in anew era of social and political conservatism - devastating effect on live music which in turn created new opportunities for televised music ; naturally became more likely to prefer to experiencemusic on TV during the day than in a loud smoky nighclub at midnight - shift documented in movies such as: The Big Chill and TV series Thirtyshomething
What earlier musical styles did Bruce Springsteen draw on for his music in the 1970s and 1980s? pp 262
Elements from various periods of rock; a more innocent era of rock n roll as a symbol of a more innocent America - more consistent with 50s rhythm & Blues band than late 70s rock bands Overall sound called the "wall of sound" production aethetic pioneered by Phil Spector in the early 60s despite that his sound had been out of fashion for over a decade by the time Springsteen embraced it - meant to ENVOKE the youthful energy of early 60s rock not REPLICATE IT -lyrics often addressed the discrepancy between youthful dreams and adult realities in a complex poetic language that could not only have emerged in the post dylan era see more
What musicians played with both James Brown and George Clinton? pp 238
Former members of James Brown band - William "Bootsy" Collins (bassist) - Maceo Parker - saxaphone player
What brought a focus on dancing back into the pop mainstream? pp 236
Funk music 0 and commercial offspring, disco
What kind of band first popular in the early and mid-'60s was one of the predecessors of punk? pp 217
Garage Bands: - typically neighborhood operations, made up of young men who played mainly for themselves, their friends, and the occasional high school dance
What was the name for the generation that displaced the baby boomers? pp. 309
Generation "X"
Besides Nirvana, what other bands were prominent parts of the Seattle scene of the late 1980s and 1990s? pp. 317
Green River Mudhoney Pearl Jam Soundgarden
According to your textbook, how is a hip-hop performer's credibility judged? pp. 326
Hip Hop performer's credibility is correlated by the fans not only with musical and verbal skill but also with the degree to which the artist in question possesses "street knowledge" that is firsthand hand experience of the urban culture that spawned rap music
How did British punk differ from American punk? pp 224-225
In England: - punk rock was associated with mainly white working-class youth subculture - more explicity and less artsy
What did Madonna exert an unusual amount of control over from early in her career? pp 270
In an industry where women were often treated as attractive but essentially noncreative "objects" Madonna began early on in her career to exert an unusual degree of control in her music (co-writing and writing) AND over creation and promulgation of her media image
How does your textbook contrast bands like Phish, Blues Traveler and Dave Matthews Band with many alternative rock bands? pp. 324 *
Inspired by the counterculture of the 60s and by improvisational work of jazz musicians such as Miles Davis and Sun Ra; Provided an optimistic, energetic, and open-minded alternative to the nihilism and relentless self-absorption of many alternative rock bands
What artist's 1960s hits provided the blueprint for funk of the 1970s? pp 237
James Brown's band and the Famous Flames - soul music hits of the 60s - musical styles characteristic and influence emphasized rhythmic patterns over chord changes or melodic lines "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag" "I Got You (I Feel Good)" "Cold Seat - Part 1" "Say It Loud-I'm Black and Im Proud" band consisted of: -rhythm section (guitar, keyboards, electric bass, and drums) - horn section (effectively functioned as part of the rythm section and occasionally supplied jazz-influence solos
What about John Lydon was "highly influential on later rockers"? pp 225
John Lydon exhibited a surprisingly sophisticated and multicultural approach to rock with his post-Sex Pistols group Public Image Ltd., as well as rebelliously sarcastic attitude that was highly influential on later rockers
What band "is credited with defining a distinctive visual culture for metal" and what did that look consist of? pp. 281
Judas priest
What songwriting and producing team came from Philadelphia and what was unique about their version of funk?
Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff The Philly Sound - made funk elegant - took a step beyond with a full orchestra - funky beat was dancable, high energy - became the disco sound (of revolution) Birth of Disco
Where was reggae born? pp 226
Kingston, Jamaica - impoverished shantytown
Who was the singer and lyricist for Nirvana? pp. 313
Kurt Cobain; singer and guitarist
When was the "golden age" of punk rock? pp 216
Latest around 1975-1978 and still continues to have influence today
How did Internet music vendors such as iTunes change the way rock had been conceptualized for the previous four decades? pp. 343
Led to a renewed emphasis on the individual song as opposed to the album; which was a serious challenge to the way rock had been conceptualized for the previous four decades iTunes designed to supply content for the new iPod and within a couple of years commanded 70% of the online market
Who was the leading reggae producer in the 1970s?
Lee Perry - Called the Phil Spector of reggae The Wailers - began gaining success during the same time as punk rock - Bob Marley "Punky Reggae Party"
What were some of the reasons that disco inspired such passionate hatred amongst many rock fans? 243
Link to gay culture; - a strain of homophobia among the core presumably hetersexual shite men
What is the biggest-selling rap album of all time? pp. 326
MC Hammer; Please Hammer Don't Hurt 'Em Held #1 for 21 weeks and sold over 10 million copies
What new recording medium was first used in 1983?pp 256
MIDI (musical instrument digital interface) - allowed synthesizers built by different manufacturers to be connected with the and communicate with one another - introducing compatibility into highly competative marketplace
What began in 1981 that changed the way the music industry operated? pp 250
MTV Deregulation of the entertainment industry led to an explosion in the growth of cable TV, one by-product of which was the launching of Music Television (MTV) cont for more details on MTV
Who was second in popularity to Michael Jackson in the late '80s through the '90s? pp 269
Madonna see more
In the 1980s, what two new superstars were particularly adept at manipulating the mass media? pp 267
Madonna (Madonna louise Veronica Ciccone) Prince (Prince Rogers Nelson)
Who were the principal figures in the East Coast/West Coast hip-hop feud of the 1990s and what were the end results of that feud? pp. 332
Marion "Suge" Knight; CEO of LA Death Row Records and upcoming star Tupac (2Pac) Shakur vs Sean "Puffy" Combs aka Puff Daddy/ P Diddy; CEO of NY independent label Bad Boy Records and upcoming star Christopher Wallace aka Notorious BIG aka Biggie Smalls
According to your textbook, who were "the undisputed leaders" of speed metal and from what two styles did that band draw inspiration? pp. 285
Metallica
What forced MTV to start featuring African-American artists? pp 252
Michael Jackson see 252 for details
What band provided the commercial breakthrough for alternative rock, what was their style sometimes called and what two earlier styles did they blend together? pp. 313
NIRVANA; Style: GRUNGE ROCK; blending earlier styles of heavy metal and hardcore punk
When and where did punk first take shape? pp 217
New York City during the mid-1970s
What three people formed the nucleus of N.W.A.? pp. 328
O'Shea "Ice Cube" Jackson Andre "Dr. Dre" Young Eric "Eazy E" Wright
What non-musical elements did George Clinton add to his funk?
Once disco became mainstream and lost its funk, Clinton brought it back in P-Funk Earth Tour - more glitter than any other band - Dr. Funkenstein emerges from a spaceship - Science Fiction of reality where the harsh realitys but in space Attitude - wit whimsy and raw power -
What were the names of George Clinton's two most important groups? pp 238
Parliament Funkadelic
Who was the first rock musician to perform regularly at CBGBs? pp 219
Patti Smith - A New York-based poet, journalist, and singer who had been experimenting with combining the spoken word and rock accompaniment
(Make sure to include the keyboardist featured in the documentary.)
Phil Gallaganes (this is spelt incorrectly)
What popular 1990s band extended the approach of the Grateful Dead? pp. 324
Phish
According to your textbook, what '80s superstar is "one of the most talented musicians ever to achieve mass commercial success"? pp 272
Prince
What is ProTools and how has it changed the way music is recorded? pp. 343
ProTools was designed to run on personal computers Allowed musicians working on a limited budget to set up a basic home studio at relatively small expense, while industry professionals could use the same technology to build highly sophisticated digital sound facilities Allowed recording engineers and musicians to gain even more control over every parameter of musical sound, including not only the pitch and tempo of a performance but also the quality of a singers voice or an instrumentalists timbre 1) Previous recording technology imposed serious limitations on the kinds of changes that could be made after the music had been recorded; the purely digital format allowed virtually unlimited alteration of the music with no loss of sound or quality 2) the potential was reinforced by the fact that ProTools was based on a visual interface; the sound of the music was represented graphically on the computer screen; this led to more visual, ways of thinking about rock music production particularity in terms of patterns, repetition, and consistency Led to a more modular approach to recording, with songs being ASSEMBLED from constituent parts more than PERFORMED in the recording studio Allowing musicians and producers to: - move, change, or erase individual notes and phrases knowing they could simply undo those they dont like, something that was much more difficult to do when using analog tape
Who was attention focused on in disco? pp 240
Producers - oversaw the making of recordings DJs - played them at nightclubs Glamorous stars - sang with the backing of anonymous studio musicians and often had quite short-lived careers
What film and album established Prince as a pop superstar? pp 275
Purple Rain - manipulating boundary between public and private spheres
According to your textbook, who is the most important woman in the history of hip hop? pp. 334
Queen Latifah; Discovered in the all female rap group: Salt-N-Pepa Most important woman in hip hop in terms of her commercial success and her effectiveness in establishing a feminist beachhead on the male-dominated field of rap music
How does reggae differ from ska and rock steady? pp 232
REGGAE - further extension of the evolution from ska to rock steady - tempo was slowed down even further, creating wide spaces between notes, allowing the music to breathe and emphasizing the polyrhythmic heritage of Afro-Jamaican traditions
These devices stimulated the growth of what musical genres? pp 257
Rap Hip-Hop Various genres of dance music
What musicians of the 1990s did George Clinton influence? pp 240
Rap (Dr. Dre) Rock (Red Hot Chili Peppers)
Summarize the analysis of gangsta rap's lyrical content and popularity found on p. 333 of your textbook. pp. 333
Rap reflects the positive qualities of American culture- its creative energy, regional diversity and technological acumen Rap reflects the negative qualities within its obsession with guns and violence, material wealth and status symbols and long-standing traditions of racism, homophobia and sexism Dilemmas faced by urban community; poverty, drug addiction, and violence from a first person present tense viewpoint Celebrity nihilism, propelled by funk-derived, digitally sampled grooves and surrounded in the video versions of rap recordings with a continual flow of images of hip hop fashion, champagne, expensive cars, and sexy women ("bitches" & " "whores") Provokes an understandable ambivalence toward gangsta rap on the part of observers genuinely sympathetic to the plight of people struggling for economic and cultural survival in America's cities
What is the first musical style of the rock era to originate in the Third World? pp. 226
Reggae
What musical style was an important influence on several British punk acts?
Reggae The Clash - Reggae as well as Latin, Rockabilly, - Guitar was heavy, not trying to play reggae - Covered songs from Africa The Slits - related to reggae for the rebelliousness - interested in the music and went to Jamaca - not all punks went to Jamaca but it became a major force - nothing would sell unless it had a dancable baseline - Ska and rock steady Bob Marley - urban life of Kingston and spiritual longing of Rastafarian
According to your textbook, what was one of the main appeals of N.W.A. for the young suburban audience? pp. 329
Reinforcement of danger; - The Cover of the CD - with the posse staring impeccably down at, and holding a gun to the head of, the prospective purchaser; - Raps were harrowing egocentric accounts of gang life, hearkening back to the bleakest aspects of the prison toast tradition
Who produced both Talking Timbuktu and "The Face of Love"? pp. 336
Ry Cooder; Produced: Talking Timbuktu - singer and guitarist; musician and bandleader Wide variety of styles, including: rock, blues, reggae, tex Mex music, urban folk song, Hawai'ian guitar music, Dixieland jazz, and gospel music
What film helped introduce disco to the pop mainstream? pp 241
Saturday Night Fever
What was the most outrageous British punk band, who created it and who was the lead singer? pp 224
Sex Pistols Created by Malcom McLaren - owner of a London "antifashion" boutique called Sex, which specialized in leather and rubber clothing - McLaren conceived the idea of a rock n roll band that would subvert the pop industry and horrify England's middle class
How does the textbook contrast soul and funk? pp 236
Soul symbolized the spiritual, uplifting side of black consciousness Funk was its profane and decidedly down-to-eath counterpart
What became a primary center of hip-hop innovation in the late 1980s and how did the music coming from here differ from "old school" New York hip-hop? pp. 327-328 *
Southern California; "new school" West Coast rap -became the primary center of hip hop innovation, supported by a handful of independent labels and on of the few commercial AM stations to feature hop hop programming; - dialectics of SoCal rappers, many who were offspring to migrants from Louisiana and Texas, contributed to the distinctive flavor of West Coast rap - smoother and more laid back sound - artists like Ice T reflected ongoing changed in SoCal urban communities, including a decline in industrial production and rising rates of joblessness, the continuing effects of crack cocaine, and a concomitant growth of drug-related gang violence - although it was smoother the content was angier, darker, and more menacing "old school" NY hip hop; - Edgy rapid-fire of Melle Mel and Run-DMC remained influential but was augmented by the smoother more laid back style of West Coast
What album first brought gangsta rap to national attention? pp. 328
Straight Outta Compton by N.W.A (*****z with Attitude)
How did Nirvana and Cobain react to their fame and success? pp. 316
Success and attitude toward the music industry destroyed Nirvana; - maintained a "listen to us or don't" stance - "Get high and ****" Cobain's suicide made had conflicting views: - as a martyr of alternative rock - self indulgent, hypocritical rock star - his death has widely come to be viewed as evidence of the pressures faced by alternative musicians who are pulled into the mainstream
What "new and more affordable devices for producing and manipulating sound" became available in the 1980s? pp 256
Synthesizers Digital Samplers; storing both prerecorded and synthesized sounds Digital Sequencers; devices that record musical data rather than musical sound and allow the creation of repeated sound sequences (loops), the manipulation of rhythmic grooves and the transmission of recorded data from one program or device to another Drum machines; rely on "drum pads" that can be struck and activated by the performer and which act as a trigger for the production of samples sounds (including not only conventional percussion instruments but also glass smashing cars screeching and guns firing) - these devices were more portable, affordable and allowed a recording studio to be set up anywhere
What band best represented the "self-consciously artistic" side of punk? pp 223
Talking Heads
Who were some of the other groups to play at CBGBs in the 1970s? pp 220
Television The Ramones New York Dolls
What is sampling? (See the glossary.)
Text: allows musicians to assemble preexisting sound sources and to site performers and music from various styles and historical eras Glossary: digital recording process wherin a sound source is recorded or "sampled" with e microphone, converted into a stream of binary numbers that represent the profile of the sound, quantized and stored in computer memory. The digitalized sound sample may then be received in any number of ways: v"virtual recording studio" programs for the computer or by activating the sound from electronic keyboard or drum machine
What catalyzed the most profound transformations in the dissemination and consumption of popular music in the 21st century? pp. 341
The Internet
What are the three most popular narratives for the career of a star? pp 267
The artist - born into humble circumstances - rises to fame - overtaken by the triple demons of greed, power, lust and self-indulgence - falls into a deep pit (despair, depression, drug addiction, alcoholism) - repents his/her sins and is accepted by the media (in a new humbled status) and millions of fans Other Celebrities - manage to flout convention and maintain their "bad boy/girl" image throughout their career while still others portrayed as good-hearted and generous (if a bit bland) fro the get go
What is synth-pop? pp. 264
The first type of pop music explicitly defined by its use of electronically synthesized sounds, sequenced loops, and what has been described as cool or austere emotional tone Eurythmics' "Sweet Dreams" points the way toward later technology-centered music styles
What became a sign of artistic integrity in the 1990s? pp. 309
The idea of NOT being on MTV, by choice or not, became a sign of artistic integrity
How does your textbook describe the production of rock music from the late 1960s to the beginning of the 21st century? pp. 340-341
The production of rock began with the development in technology Songs: - Performed by the same people who had written them, with both aspects being viewed as part of a larger artistic process; -----Recording the song and their assembly into a larger album-length statement - Recorded under direction of a professional producer in an expensive studio that was paid for by the record company, establishing a well defined relationship between the artist who made the music and the business people who turned it into a product -----Reinforced the idea of the authenticity on the part of the artist and also frame that authenticity within economic relationship with record label Record Companies: - Physically produce the recordings and distribute them to the stores Radio & TV: - present the music (& video) to consumers, who could then purchase the album in the form of a physical object (record, cassette or CD), take it home, and listen to it on the stereo system
What came to define both rock and hip hop in the nineties? pp. 310
The various strategies they developed to deal with the apparent contradictions of being rebellious anti-establishment figures that were suddenly embraces by the mainstream would come to define both rock and hip hop in the 90s i.e. defining themselves in opposition to MTV
What crucial question posed by punk still resonates today? pp 217
This "I don't give a f***" stance posed the question: "Is it possible to make music that is 'authentic' or 'real' while at the same time loudly proclaiming that you don't care about anything?"
On page 258, how does your textbook characterize Thriller and Born In The U.S.A.? pp 258
Thriller - zenith of a career as a solo artist that had been gathering momentum throughout the 70s - state-of-the-art pop music, an album dedicated not so much to breaking new ground as to consolidating MJs dominance of the contemporary pop scene by showcasing his versatility as a performer of a stylistically wide range of up-to-date material Born in the USA - more concerned with this country's past in its deception of adult working class Americans whose better days are behind them, and the albums music is drenched appropriately in Springsteens typical roots-based rock sond. - glitzy, consciously "modern" sound and production values of Thriller were not for SPringsteen
What album proved there was still a pop mainstream in the 1980s? pp 258
Thriller by Michael Jackson
What is the top-selling album in history? pp 257
Thriller by Michael Jackson
What was one way that some nineties musicians rejected what they saw as the "slickness" of MTV? pp. 310
Through a growing reliance on home recording studios, rather than the professional studios that had been prevalent up to that point - changes in both technology and attitude - availability of inexpensive home recording equipment - introduction of the cassett-based four-track recorder
How has the rise of digital production and distribution irrevocably altered the process of creating rock music? pp. 348-349
Under the old system: a) almost every practical aspect of creating commercially viable product was beyond means of the average musician b) Recording process required a specially designed studio staffed with a variety of professionals c) Production required pressing plants to physically create the record, designers to make the album cover, and commercial printers to print it d) distribution required elaborate commercial networks, warehouses, trucks, truck drivers, and so on Under the new system: a) virtually anyone can create music with inexpensive recording software (Garage Band) and then distribute it as digital sound files via the internet; no longer a physical object and thus no longer requires the whole chain of materials and labor associated with producing physical products b) High digital home recording made it possible for artists to record songs whenever the mood struck them c) Internet made it possible to deliver this music to fans instantaneously, at little or no cost, in collections of any length, from single songs to hours-long collections
In the 1980s, what was "the preferred method for launching a new act or promoting the latest release of a superstar"? pp. 250
Videos designed to promote rock recordings - early were just advertisments for sound recordings and not viewed as products that might be sold on their own merits can be traced back to Queen "Bohemian Rhapsody"
What does your textbook call "the apotheosis of 1970s funk music"? pp 238
a loose aggregate of around forty musicians - variously called Parliament or Funkadelic - led by George Clinton (aka Dr. Funkenstein)
What is hardcore punk, when did it first develop and which bands pioneered it? pp. 287
a new style of the punk idea that was more intense both musically and ideologically. bad brains, the dead kennedys ,black flag , x
What does your textbook call "one of the most important moments in the mainstreaming of heavy metal"? pp. 284
album - jump
Why was Graceland controversial? pp. 304-305
apartheid in south Africa
Who were the first commercially successful white act in hip-hop? pp. 293
beastie boys
What band is generally considered to be the first real heavy metal group? pp. 281
black sabbath
What feelings did Black Sabbath address in their songs? pp. 281
blue collar industrial experiencesocial and economic powerlessness and frustration
What visual media were significant in boosting the popularity of Thriller? pp 261
both old and new played significant role in Thriller saga not a concept album; major movie production see pp 261 for more
What did the success of Graceland bring to the South African musicians who played on it? pp. 305
bringing their music to a wider non oppressive audience
What controversial thing did the members of Metallica do in 1994 and why was it controversial? pp. 286
cut hair
What precursors to rap are described in the textbook? pp 247
djs of the south bronx
What movement did Minor Threat help launch and what was the philosophy of that movement? pp. 288
do it your self movement
What two white superstars appeared on Thriller and what was their presence meant to do? pp 260
fashioned to attract different segments of the white audience Paul McCartney (ex Beatle) - lyrical vocal duet "The Girl Is Mine" - draw on fans of Beatles in 60s and McCartney fans of 70s - combines a gentle melodic flow with a feeling of rhythmic vitality, effectively echoing the virtues of the best Beatles and Wings ballads - captured this essentially soft rock ambience 0 and its audience- especially well Eddie Van Halen - contributed stinging guitar solo on the intense "Beat It" - gestured to heavy "metal-heads"who must have been struck by the novelty of a collaborations between a celebrated heavy metal guitarist and African American pop icon
What album is most responsible for introducing a wide audience to the idea of world music? pp. 307
graceland
Who were the first celebrities of hip-hop music? pp 245
grand master flash, kool herc ,Africa bambaataa
What subgenre of metal were bands such as Mötley Crüe, Ratt and Poison associated with, and why was the subgenre given its name? pp. 284
hair metal
What disco DJ technique was important in the development of hip-hop, how was it applied in hip-hop and what was it called? pp 246
hiphop culture forged by african american puetorican an caribbean american youth in new york city, included distinctive styles of visual art (graffiti), dance(b-boying)(breakdancing)
What does your textbook call "the most distinctive and influential aspect of Van Halen's appeal"? pp. 283
his guitar style
How did hip-hop transform the turntable? pp 246
intro of two turntables for smooth transition of records. mixing scratching and the breakbeat
What reasons does your textbook give for metal's lack of radio play in the late seventies and early eighties and what changed that? pp. 283
it had a working class stigma with limited music skill and musicians with charisma of an acquired taste
What does your textbook call "an insurmountable barrier for many international musicians" trying to crack the American market? pp. 301
lack on non English lyrics in the top 40
When did the term "world music" first start to be used? pp. 297-299
late 80s
What band mapped out the musical roots of heavy metal and what were the basic ingredients of that sound? 281
lead zeppelin- plodding drums, distorter riff guitar, virtuosic solos powerful solos with high falsetto tones, poetic lyrics.
What two perspectives on Western musicians' use of non-Western musical elements does your textbook describe? pp. 303
narratives of creativity and openness vs exploitation and ripoff echoes
What reasons are cited in your textbook for why the messages in the lyrics of the songs on Born In The U.S.A. were frequently misunderstood? pp 263?
playing huge, sold-out stadiums which high amplification of crowd noise blocked the audience from hearing the words Had to explain he was not associated with feel good politics of uncritial America first boosterism
What did Led Zeppelin contribute lyrically to heavy metal? pp 281
poetry and mythical tendencies.lord of the rings
Briefly describe Metallica's musical style. pp. 285
punk and heavy metal focusing lesson the melody and more on musical precision changing tempos mid song
What are the basic elements of hip-hop culture? pp 244
rap is indeed based on principles ultimately derived from African musical and verbal traditions. an emphasis on rhythmic momentum and creativity; a preference for complex tone colors and dense textures; a keen appreciation of improv skill (in the words of music); constitute a cultural response to oppression and racism, a system for communication for black communities in america.
What record was the first indication of hip-hop's broader commercial potential and who recorded it? pp. 290
rappers delight- sugar hill gang
In the mid-1980s, what began to bring the music industry out of its recession? pp. 249
recovery due to the mega-success of few recordings by superstar musicians: - Michael Jackson - Madonna - Prince - Bruce Springsteen - Whitney Houston - Phil Collins - Janet Jackson - and others
What were the first two multiplatinum rap albums, who recorded them and what label were they on? pp. 291
rising hell -run dmc . licence to ill beastie boys
According to your textbook, who were "perhaps the most influential rap act in history" and what are the reasons cited for that claim? pp. 293
run dmc ,signed with colombia
In the 1980s, what was profitability of the music industry dependent upon? pp 266
sales generated by a relatively limited number of multiplatinum recordings, the coordination of publicity surrounding the release of such recordings was crucial
What turntable technique became an important part of the sonic palette in hip-hop music? pp 246-247
scratching
Compare and contrast Madonna's and Prince's approaches to music-making. pp 267-268
see 267-268
How did audiences typically behave at hardcore concerts? pp. 288
slam dance and moshing
What other elements became part of the lyrics and image of heavy metal bands? pp. 281
social and economic powerlessness and frustration
Name three different ways that rap has been characterized. pp 244
source of insight into the values, perceptions and conditions of people living in Americas beleaguered- urban communities. the genres audience had become decidedly multiracial, multicultural and trans national.
Many of the songs from Paul Simon's Graceland were recorded with musicians from what country? pp. 304
south africa
What was the prevailing mood of the music on Born In The U.S.A.? pp 264
strong, aggressive song and winds down to a final cut that is softer in sound but if anything even darker in mood
What made Van Halen different from earlier metal bands? pp. 283
surfer party boys, eddy vanhalens new cool guitar style.
What made Eddie Van Halen's guitar playing different from earlier guitarists and what did that style of guitar playing come to be called? pp. 283
technical virtuosity 'tapping' 'taps' 'shredding'
Who does your textbook call "the first bonafide punk rock band" and who did they influence? pp 220
the Ramones - formed in 1974 in New York City - influences English Punk Group such as the Sex Pistols and the Clash - Became a blueprint for 80s LA hardcore bands
What does your textbook call "a British Invasion in reverse" and what was its importance? pp 221
the Ramones staged "a British Invasion in reverse" - Their concerts in English cities, where their records had already created an underground sensation, were attended by future members of almost every important British punk band, including the Sex Pistols - announced that the center of the rock n roll universe had shifted from the beaches of CA to the Lower East Side of Manhattan
What is "the power of mass-mediated charisma" rooted in? pp 267
the idea that an individual fan can enter into a personal relationship with superstar via images and sounds that are simultaneously disseminated to millions of people
What distinguishes Graceland from earlier forays into world music? pp. 305
the mass colabarations with musicians and producers
Why was "Jump" a "remarkable departure from standard heavy metal practice"? pp. 284
the melody was played with a synthesizer not a guitar
What record first brought social realism to rap music? pp. 292
the message
To what does your textbook attribute at least part of American audiences' attraction for world music? pp. 302
they are bound up in the stereotype of the exotic.
How come salsa and reggae aren't usually categorized as world music? pp. 301
they sell enough on their own to be classified its own genre
What was the typical look of hardcore? pp. 287
tv friendly punk look buzz cuts and boots
What two things about Judas Priest do your textbook call "representative of metal in the eighties and nineties"? pp. 282-283
victims of anti metal hysteria that echoed the earlier reception of rock and roll its self
What styles of music does Prince draw upon for his own music? pp 273
wide range of musical inspirations from funk music and guitar based rock to urban folk songs new wave, jazz, and psychedelic rock
What are some of the controversies that Madonna has created? pp 270
wrote songs about deeper more controversial lyrics "Papa Dont Preach" pregnant young woman determined to keep her baby "Open your Heart" sleazy peepshow attended by men "Express yourself" cross dressing, submissive female stereotype with collar around neck " Like a Prayer" interracial sex, burning crosses and eroticized black jesus
