Exam 3
Which of the following is/are true about Aldosterone? a. an increase in plasma K+ causes it to be secreted b. it increases K+ secretion c. it increases Na+ reabsorption d. Angiotensin II causes it to be secreted e. all of these f. only two of these
. all of these
your subject is moving 6.2 liters of air per minute in and out of their lungs and they are breathing 15 times per minute. What is their tidal volume in liters? (all values are already reported in the proper gas conditions for this question, calculate to 2 decimal places, no units required)
0.41
your subject is moving 6.3 liters of air per minute in and out of their lungs and they are breathing 13 times per minute. What is their tidal volume in liters? (all values are already reported in the proper gas conditions for this question, calculate to 2 decimal places, no units required)
0.48
your subject is moving 7.1 liters of air per minute in and out of their lungs and they are breathing 13 times per minute. What is their tidal volume in liters? (all values are already reported in the proper gas conditions for this question, calculate to 2 decimal places, no units required)
0.55
Your subject is moving 5.5 liters of air in and out of their lungs per minute, they are breathing 10 times per minute, they are consuming 0.290 liters of oxygen per minute and they are producing 0.210 liters of carbon dioxide per minute. What is their respiratory exchange ratio? (all variables are already reported in the proper gas conditions, calculate to 2 decimal places, no units required)
0.72
Your subject is moving 6.2 liters of air in and out of their lungs per minute, they are breathing 15 times per minute, they are consuming 0.295 liters of oxygen per minute and they are producing 0.242 liters of carbon dioxide per minute. What is their respiratory exchange ratio? (all variables are already reported in the proper gas conditions, calculate to 2 decimal places, no units required)
0.82
Your subject is moving 8.1 liters of air in and out of their lungs per minute, they are breathing 16 times per minute, they are consuming 0.266 liters of oxygen per minute and they are producing 0.222 liters of carbon dioxide per minute. What is their respiratory exchange ratio? (all variables are already reported in the proper gas conditions, calculate to 2 decimal places, no units required)
0.83 ± 2%
The extracellular fluid is typically equivalent to approximately a ____% NaCl solution.
0.9
Your subject is moving 9.4 liters of air in and out of their lungs per minute, they are breathing 14 times per minute, they are consuming 0.251 liters of oxygen per minute and they are producing 0.237 liters of carbon dioxide per minute. What is their respiratory exchange ratio? (all variables are already reported in the proper gas conditions, calculate to 2 decimal places, no units required)
0.94 ± 2%
put the following parts of a negative feedback loop related to calcium homeostasis in order:
1 C. low plasma calcium 2 A. increased secretion of calcitonin 3 D. decreased activity of osteoclasts 5 B. decreases circulating calcium 4 E. decreases bone resorption
put the following parts of a negative feedback loop related to calcium homeostasis in order:
1 C. low plasma calcium 2 A. increased secretion of parathyroid hormone 3 B. increased activaiton of vitamin D 4 E. increased intestinal absorption of calcium 5 D. increased plasma calcium
put the following parts of a negative feedback loop related to calcium homeostasis in order:
1 D. low plasma calcium 2 C. increased secretion of parathyroid hormone 3 E. increased activaiton of vitamin D 4 A. enhanced responsiveness of bone to PTH contributing to lower bone resorption 5 B. increased plasma calcium
put the following events related ot leutenizing hormone secretion and action in order: (note some steps have been skipped)
1 G. secretion of gonadotropin releasing hormone from the hypothalamus 2 D. hormone travels through the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system 3 A. increased secretion of leutenizing hormone from anterior pituitary 4 I. hormone travels from anterior pituitary through the systemic circulation 5 E. oocyte development and folicle growth in women
We observe noticable changes in blood gasses and pH during and following hyperventilation. This question is about what happens durring and following hyperventilation. Put the following events in order
1 CO2 is blown off at a faster rate than cells are producing it 2 decrease in arterial pCO2 3 chemoreceptors detect decrease in arterial pCO2 4 signals sent to medullary respiratory centers 5 causes a brief pause in respiration after hyperventilation called apnea vera
We observe noticable changes in blood gasses and pH during rebreathing. Put the following events related to rebreathing in order
1 CO2 is not cleared from the lungs effectively 2 increase in arterial pCO2 3 chemoreceptors detect increase in arterial pCO2 4 signals sent to medullary respiratory centers 5 causes an increase in rate and depth of respiration
if a water molecule enters the kidney from the renal artery and gets filtered, and is reabsorbed in the part of the nephron where vasopressin influences water reabsorption, what is a possible sequence of steps this water molecule could have taken:
1 afferent arteriole 2 glomerulus 3 bowman's capsule 4 proximal tubule 5 distal tubule 6 peritubular capillaries
if a water molecule enters the kidney from the renal artery and gets filtered, and is reabsorbed in the part of the nephron where most water reabsorption occurs
1 afferent arteriole 2 glomerulus 3 bowman's capsule 4 proximal tubules 5 peritubular capillaries the water molecule would not go here in this example: distal tubule
if a free hydrogen ion enters the kidney from the renal artery and does not get filtered, but gets secreted, which is a possible pathway this hydrogen ion could have taken:
1 afferent arteriole 2 glomerulus 3 efferent arteriole 4 peritubular capillary 5 proximal tubule 6 loop of Henlee
if a water molecule enters the kidney from the renal artery and gets filtered, but is NOT reabsorbed, put the following in order:
1 afferent arteriole 2 glomerulue 3 bowman's capsule 4 proximal tubule 5 loop of henlee 6 distal tubule
put the following events related to growth hormone release and actions in order: (note: not all events are presented here - some are skipped)
1 exercise, stress 2 increased secretion of growth hormone releasing hormone from hypothalamus 3 hormone travels through hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system 4 increased growth hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary 5 increased IGF-1 secretion from the liver
put the following events related to growth hormone release and actions in order: (note: not all events are presented here - some are skipped)
1 increased ghrelin secretion from the stomach 2 increased secretion of growth hormone releasing hormone from hypothalamus 3 increased IGF-1 secretion from the liver 4 increased growth hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary 5 increased cell division, protein synthesis and bone growth
Copy of Put the events related to thyroid hormone secretion and action in order: (note: not all events are presented here)
1 increased secreation of thyrotropin releasing hormone from the hypothalamus 2 increased secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone by the anterior pituitary 3 hormone goes from anterior pituitary through systemic circulation 4 increased secretion of T3 & T4 by the thyroid gland 5 increased metabolic rate and enhancement of sympathetic NS actions
Put the events related to thyroid hormone secretion and action in order: (note: not all events are presented here)
1 increased secreation of thyrotropin releasing hormone from the hypothalamus 2 increased secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone by the anterior pituitary 3 hormone goes from anterior pituitary through systemic circulation 4 increased secretion of T3 & T4 by the thyroid gland 5 increased metabolic rate and enhancement of sympathetic NS actions
put the following events related to growth hormone release and actions in order: (note: not all events are presented here - some are skipped)
1 increased secretion of somatostatin from hypothalamus 2 hormone travels through hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system 3 decreased growth hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary 4 decreased IGF-1 secretion from the liver 5 reduced cell division protein synthesis, and bone growth
put the following events related ot leutenizing hormone secretion and action in order: (note some steps have been skipped)
1 secretion of gonadotropin releasing hormone from the hypothalamus 2 hormone travels through the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system 3 increased secretion of follicle stimulating hormone from anterior pituitary 4 hormone travels from anterior pituitary through the systemic circulation 5 increased production of sperm in men
put the following events related ot leutenizing hormone secretion and action in order: (note some steps have been skipped)
1 secretion of gonadotropin releasing hormone from the hypothalamus 2 hormone travels through the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system 3 increased secretion of leutenizing hormone from anterior pituitary 4 hormone travels from anterior pituitary through the systemic circulation 5 oocyte development and folicle growth in women
Put the following events related to cortisol secretion and action in order: (note: some events have been skipped)
1 stress 2 hormone travels through hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal vein 3 increased secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone from the anterior pituitary 4 cortisol secretion from the adrenal cortex 5 metabolic effects that help resist stress (e.g. promoting breakdown of stored fats to provide fuel for muscle activity)
Put the following events related to cortisol secretion and action in order:
1 stress 2 hypothalamus releases hormone 3 increased concentration of corticotropin releasing hormone 4 hormone travels through hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system 5 hormone released by anterior pituitary 6 increased concentration of adrenocorticotropin hormone 7 systemic circulation (put this as 7th) 8 increased secretion of hormone from the adrenal cortex 9 increased cortisol concentration 10 hormone travels through the systemic circulation (put this as the 10th event) 11 hormone acts on target cells to promote metabolic actions to assist with the stress response (like increasing concentrtions of circulating fuels like glucose and fatty acids)
Put the following events related to cortisol secretion and action in order: (note: some events have been skipped)
1 stress 2 increased secretion of corticotropin releasing hormone from the hypothalamus 3 hormone travels through the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal vein 4 increased secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone from the anterior pituitary 5 cortisol secretion from the adrenal cortex
Put the events related to thyroid hormone secretion and action in order: (note: not all events are presented here)
1 stress/cold in infants 2 increased secreation of thyrotropin releasing hormone from the hypothalamus 3 hormone goes throuh hyothalamic-hypophyseal portal system 4 increased secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone by the anterior pituitary 5 increased secretion of T3 & T4 by the thyroid gland
put the following events related to prolactin secretion and activity in order:
1 the suckling of an infant at its mother's breast 2 increased secretion of prolactin releasing hormone 3 hormone travels through hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system 4 prolactin released from anterior pituitary 5 increased milk secretion by epithelial cells into alveoli of mammary glands
What is the ambient partial pressure of oxygen if the ambient pressure is 589 mmHg? (please include units)
123 mmHg
A fasting blood glucose of over ____ mg% could be used to diagnose diabetes mellitus.
126
What is an appropriate value for PO2 (in mmHg) at point L on this figure? (assume this figure is referring to a healthy subject at rest at sea level)
160
What is the ambient partial pressure of oxygen if the ambient pressure is 767 mmHg? (please include units)
161.07 mmHg
your subject's total lung capacity is 5.7, their inspiratory reserve volume is 1.9, Their inspiratory capacity is 2.3, and their residual volume is 0.9. What is their expiratory reserve volume?
2.5
your subject's total lung capacity is 5.9, their inspiratory reserve volume is 1.6, Their inspiratory capacity is 2.0, and their residual volume is 1.2. What is their expiratory reserve volume?
2.7
your subject's VC is 5.0, their ERV is 1.6, Their FRC is 2.8, and their TV is 0.6. What is their IRV?
2.8
your subject's TLC is 5.4, their ERV is 1.9, Their FRC is 2.4, and their TV is 0.8. What is their IC?
3
Your subject has a vital capacity of 5086 ml, a residual volume of 804 ml, a tidal volume of 472 ml, and an expiratory reserve volume of 1416 ml, what is their inspiratory reserve volume in ml? (no units required, calculate to the nearest whole number, no decimals)
3,198 ± 1%
Your subject has a vital capacity of 5289 ml, a residual volume of 1019 ml, a tidal volume of 403 ml, and an expiratory reserve volume of 1027 ml, what is their inspiratory reserve volume in ml? (no units required, calculate to the nearest whole number, no decimals)
3,859 ± 1%
your subject's total lung capacity is 6.4, their inspiratory reserve volume is 1.9, Their inspiratory capacity is 2.2, and their residual volume is 1.1. What is their expiratory reserve volume?
3.1
your subject's VC is 5.4, their ERV is 1.7, Their FRC is 2.8, and their TV is 0.5. What is their IRV?
3.2
your subject's VC is 5.9, their ERV is 1.9, Their FRC is 2.5, and their TV is 0.8. What is their IRV?
3.2
your subject's VC is 5.8, their ERV is 1.7, Their FRC is 2.5, and their TV is 0.7. What is their IRV?
3.4
your subject's TLC is 6.2, their IRV is 1.6, Their IC is 2.3, and their RV id 0.8. What is their FRC?
3.9
The extracellular fluid osmolarity is typically around ____ mOSM.
300
In humans, the ECF (extracellular fluid) is approximatley what percent of our body fluids
33%
Your subject has a vital capacity of 5151 ml, a residual volume of 816 ml, a tidal volume of 496 ml, and an expiratory reserve volume of 1343 ml, what is their inspiratory reserve volume in ml? (no units required, calculate to the nearest whole number, no decimals)
3312
Your subject has a vital capacity of 5381 ml, a residual volume of 1068 ml, a tidal volume of 529 ml, and an expiratory reserve volume of 1342 ml, what is their inspiratory reserve volume in ml? (no units required, calculate to the nearest whole number, no decimals)
3510
Your subject has a vital capacity of 5235 ml, a residual volume of 1079 ml, a tidal volume of 414 ml, and an expiratory reserve volume of 1261 ml, what is their inspiratory reserve volume in ml? (no units required, calculate to the nearest whole number, no decimals)
3560
Your subject has a vital capacity of 5254 ml, a residual volume of 842 ml, a tidal volume of 523 ml, and an expiratory reserve volume of 1130 ml, what is their inspiratory reserve volume in ml? (no units required, calculate to the nearest whole number, no decimals)
3601
Your subject has a vital capacity of 5229 ml, a residual volume of 903 ml, a tidal volume of 453 ml, and an expiratory reserve volume of 972 ml, what is their inspiratory reserve volume in ml? (no units required, calculate to the nearest whole number, no decimals)
3804
Your subject has a vital capacity of 5181 ml, a residual volume of 954 ml, a tidal volume of 384 ml, and an expiratory reserve volume of 910 ml, what is their inspiratory reserve volume in ml? (no units required, calculate to the nearest whole number, no decimals)
3887
your subject's VC is 5.9, their ERV is 1.5, Their FRC is 2.7, and their TV is 0.4. What is their IRV?
4.0
your subject's TLC is 6.1, their IRV is 1.7, Their IC is 2.0, and their RV id 0.9. What is their FRC?
4.1
your subject's TLC is 6.4, their IRV is 1.9, Their IC is 2.3, and their RV id 1.2. What is their FRC?
4.1
your subject is moving 6.1 liters of air per minute in and out of their lungs and they are breathing 12 times per minute. What is their alveolar ventilation? (must provide units)
4.30 ± 2% (L/min)
your subject's FRC is 3.2 L, their IRV is 1.5 L, their TV is 0.7 L, and their RV is 0.8 L. What is their vital capacity
4.6
What is an appropriate value for PCO2 (in mmHg) at point O on this figure? (assume this figure is referring to a healthy subject at rest at sea level)
40
What is an appropriate value for PO2 (in mmHg) at point Q on this figure? (assume this figure is referring to a healthy subject at rest at sea level)
40
What is an appropriate value for PO2 (in mmHg) at point R on this figure? (assume this figure is referring to a healthy subject at rest at sea level)
40
What is an appropriate value for PCO2 (in mmHg) at point Q on this figure? (assume this figure is referring to a healthy subject at rest at sea level)
46
your subject's FRC is 3.9 L, their IRV is 1.6 L, their TV is 0.3 L, and their RV is 0.8 L. What is their vital capacity
5.0
your subject is moving 7.9 liters of air per minute in and out of their lungs and they are breathing 18 times per minute. What is their alveolar ventilation? (must provide units)
5.20 ± 2% (L/min)
your subject's FRC is 3.6 L, their IRV is 1.9 L, their TV is 0.8 L, and their RV is 1.0 L. What is their vital capacity
5.3
our subject is moving 8.5 liters of air per minute in and out of their lungs and they are breathing 19 times per minute. What is their alveolar ventilation? (must provide units)
5.65 ± 2% (L/min)
What is an appropriate value for PCO2 (in mmHg) at point P on this figure? (assume this figure is referring to a healthy subject at rest at sea level)
50
A fasting blood glucose of less than____ mg% would be expected to cause hypoglycemic symptoms
55
What is the ambient partial pressure of oxygen if the ambient pressure is 268 mmHg? (please include units)
56 mmHg
your subject's VC is 5.1, their ERV is 1.7, Their FRC is 2.7, and their TV is 0.8. What is their total lung capacity?
6.1
your subject's VC is 5.0, their ERV is 1.5, Their FRC is 2.7, and their TV is 0.6. What is their total lung capacity?
6.2
your subject's VC is 5.5, their ERV is 1.6, Their FRC is 2.4, and their TV is 0.5. What is their total lung capacity?
6.3
your subject is moving 8.5 liters of air per minute in and out of their lungs and they are breathing 11 times per minute. What is their alveolar ventilation (use L not ml)? (all values are already reported in the proper units for this question, no units required)
6.85 ± 2%
A fasting blood glucose above ____ mg% would be considered a normal fasting value (low end of normal range)
65
your subject is moving 8.9 liters of air per minute in and out of their lungs and they are breathing 10 times per minute. What is their alveolar ventilation (use L not ml)? (all values are already reported in the proper units for this question, no units required)
7.40 ± 2%
What is the ambient partial pressure of oxygen if the ambient pressure is 368 mmHg? (please include units)
77 mmHg
Which of the following blood glucose values falls in the normal (not hyperglycemic, diabetic, or hypoglycemic) fasting range ? (note: mg% = mg/100ml = mg/dl)
80 mg%
What is the ambient partial pressure of oxygen if the ambient pressure is 424 mmHg? (please include units)
88.6 mmHg
A fasting blood glucose below____ mg% would be considered a normal fasting value (upper end of normal range)
95
Which of the following buffers would be able to bind with H+ in the urine and thus improve the kidney's ability to secrete more H+ a. Ammonia b. Phosphate c. protein d. hemoglobin e. bicarbonate f. All of these could play this role
A & B
Match the following hormones:
ANP D. decreases Na+ reabsorption in thekidneys Aldosterone C. secreted by the adrenal cortex Vasopressin F. increases water reabsorption in the kidneys BNP A. released from theventricles when blood volume increases renin B. released from the kidney when ECF NaCl concentration decreases
Regarding aldosterone, which of the following is NOT correct:
Aldosterone causes an increase in aquaporins in the distal and collecting tubules
which of the following would likely increase circulating calcium? secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the parathyroid glands an increase in tubular reabsorption of calcium activation of vitamin D breakdown of bone stores of calcium phosphate All of the above
All of the above
Understanding changes in intrapleural, intra-alveolar, and transmutation pressure are critical for understanding the respiratory cycle, which of the following is NOT true about these pressures? The intra-alveolar pressure decreases during inspiration The intrapleural pressure is always lower than the intra-alveolar pressure; except in the case of a pneumothorax Before inspiration, the intra-alveolar and atmospheric pressures are temporarily equal When the diaphragm contracts, it pulls on the pleural sac, this increases the volume of the pleural sac, which decreases the intrapleural pressure
All of the above ARE true
Understanding changes in intrapleural, intra-alveolar, and transmutation pressure are critical for understanding the respiratory cycle, which of the following is NOT true about these pressures? The intra-alveolar pressure decreases during inspiration The intrapleural pressure is always lower than the intra-alveolar pressure; except in the case of a pneumothorax Before inspiration, the intra-alveolar and atmospheric pressures are temporarily equal When the diaphragm contracts, it pulls on the pleural sac, this increases the volume of the pleural sac, which decreases the intrapleural pressure All of the above ARE true
All of the above ARE true
Which of the following is/are NOT true about growth hormone? somatostatin stimulates growth hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary most of the growth promoting effects of growth hormone are mediated by IGF (Insulin Like Growth Factor) growth hormone increases breakdown of fat stores All of the above ARE true all of the above are NOT true
All of the above ARE true
Which of the following is/are NOT true about growth hormone? somatostatin stimulates growth hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary most of the growth promoting effects of growth hormone are mediated by IGF (Insulin Like Growth Factor) growth hormone increases breakdown of fat stores All of the above ARE true all of the above are NOT true
All of the above ARE true
Which of the following is/are NOT true about human glycogen use? Skeletal muscle glycogen stores are greater than liver glycogen stores liver glycogen stores can be broken down to provide glucose directly into the circulation (to maintain blood glucose) skeletal muscle glycogen stores are not used to maintain blood glucose, but rather are used to power muscular activity Glycogen synthase is an enzyme that promotes formation of glycogen from glucose Phosphorylase is an enzyme that promotes breakdown of glycogen Insulin is a hormone that promotes glycogenisis Glucagon and epinephrine are hormones that promote glycogenolysis Insulin inhibits glycogenolysis an increase in calcium in skeletal muscle cells (such as during contraction) can stimulate phosphorylase and thus promote breakdown of glycogen All of these answers ARE true
All of these answers ARE true
Which of the following buffers would be able to bind with H+ in the urine and thus improve the kidney's ability to secrete more H+
Ammonia and Phosphate
Which of the following is/are NOT true about the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System?
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
Which hormone/enzyme in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system directly causes an increase in blood pressure by increasing vasopressin, increasing thirst and causing vasoconstriction?
Angiotensin II
Which part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system directly causes an increase in blood pressure by increasing vasopressin secretion, increasing thirst and causing vasoconstriction?
Angiotensin II
_______ is a type of obstructive pulmonary disease, and _______ is a type of restrictive pulmonary disease.
Asthma, pulmonary fibrosis
Which of the following is/are true about CO2 transport in the circulation most of the CO2 transported in the circulation is bound to hemoglobin most of the CO2 transported in the circulation is in the form of bicarbonate most of the CO2 transported in the circulation is physically dissolved high levels of CO2 in the arterial blood is called hyperoxia high levels of CO2 in the arterial blood is called hypercapnia A & D B & E
B & E
Which of the following buffers would be unlikely to play a role in buffering the interstitial fluid? a. bicarbonate buffering system b. Phosphate buffering system c. protein buffer system d. hemoglobin buffer system
B, C, AND D
Which of these is the equation for the bicarbonate buffering system?
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-
Which are NOT true regarding intra-alveolar (IA), transmural (TM), and intrapleural (IP) pressures in the lungs during inspiration:
During inspiration, contraction of the diaphragm causes an increase in IP pressure
The volume of air that can be expired beyond the resting expiratory level is known as the [A]. Similarly, [B] is the volume of air that can be inspired beyond the resting inspiration level.
ERV, IRV
Which of the followng digestive hormone(s) promote secretion of insulin?
GIP, secretin, and cholcystokinin
Which of the following pathway refers to the making glucose from amino acids or lactate?
Gluconeogenesis
Which of the following pathway refers to the making glycogen from glucose?
Glycogenesis
Which of the following pathway refers to the breaking down of glucose to pyruvate?
Glycolysis
Fill in the missing part of the bicarbonate buffering system equation: (letters are case sensative) CO2 + H2O _____H+ + HCO3-
H2CO3
Fill in the missing part of the bicarbonate buffering system equation: (letters are case sensative) CO2 + H2O _____H+ + HCO3-
H2CO3
Fill in the missing part of the bicarbonate buffering system equation: (letters are case sensative) CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ +_____
HCO3-
Fill in the missing part of the bicarbonate buffering system equation: (letters are case sensative) CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ +_____
HCO3-
water is _____tonic relative to our body fluids.
HYPO
Match the terms to their definitions:
Hypercapnia: Abnormally high levels of CO2 in the blood Apnea: Cessation of breathing Eupnea: Normal quiet breathing Tachypnea: Rapid breathing Polypnea: Shallow, rapid breathing
Which of the following is/are NOT true regarding fluid volumes in the body?
ISF is 20% of ECF
Not all of the air entering the lungs each minute participates in gas exchange; which of the following is/are NOT true?
If your goal was to increase gas exchange, it would be more effective to increase respiratory rate than to increase tidal volume
Which of the following hormones would be the least likely to increase blood glucose?
Insulin
The bicarbonate buffering system is a very important chemical buffer and without it we would not have a respiratory buffering mechanism. Match the missing parts of the bicarbonate buffering system: L H2O + ___M___ ↔ ___N___↔ ___O___
L 10. carbonic anhydrase M 4. CO2 N 7. H2CO3 O 5. HCO3- + H+
The bicarbonate buffering system is a very important chemical buffer and without it we would not have a respiratory buffering mechanism. Match the missing parts of the bicarbonate buffering system: O H2O + ___L___ ↔ ___M___↔ ___N___
L CO2 M H2CO3 N HCO3- + H+ O CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
The bicarbonate buffering system is a very important chemical buffer and without it we would not have a respiratory buffering mechanism. Match the missing parts of the bicarbonate buffering system: O H2O + ___L___ ↔ ___M___↔ ___N___
L CO2 M H2CO3 N HCO3- + H+ O CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
The bicarbonate buffering system is a very important chemical buffer and without it we would not have a respiratory buffering mechanism. Match the missing parts of the bicarbonate buffering system: CO2 + M <-L-> N <-> O
L carbonic anhydrase M H2O N H2CO3 O HCO3- + H+
Match the statements with the appropriate part of the appropriate labelled parts of the O2 dissociation curve figure. (Note: the left hand Y axis is % saturation and the Right hand Y axis is O2 content)
PO2 ~40 mmHg F PO2 in pulmonary capillaries/systemic arteries G O2 content of ~15 vols% E 100% saturation A Curve when there is a low pH H % saturation in systemic veins B
Which of the following is NOT a pancreatic enzyme?
Pepsin
Which of the following buffers can serve as both an ICF and urinary buffer
Phosphate buffer system
Match the terms to their definitions:
Pneumonia B. Inflammation of the lungs and fluid collection in the alveolar spaces Pleurisy C. Inflammation of the pleural membranes Emphysema E. Obstructive pulmonary disease caused by infectious agents; common in chronic smokers Asthma D. Obstructive pulmonary disease caused by spasm or constriction of bronchioles in reaction to allergens Atelectasis A. Partial or total collapse of a lung
Match the terms to their definitions:
Pneumonia D. Inflammation of the lungs and fluid collection in the alveolar spaces [None Given] Pleurisy A. Inflammation of the pleural membranes [None Given] Emphysema E. Obstructive pulmonary disease caused by infectious agents; common in chronic smokers [None Given] Asthma C. Obstructive pulmonary disease caused by spasm or constriction of bronchioles in reaction to allergens [None Given] Atelectasis B. Partial or total collapse of a lung
Which of the following would NOT promote insulin secretion?
Somatostatin
simple subtraction/addition problem with lung volumes and capacities: If your subject has a TLC of 5L, an IC of 2.5L, and an RV of 1 L, which of the following is/are true? (I recommend drawing a spirograph like the one in figure 12-15, p 359 to help with your answer, you have 2 minutes....)
The ERV is 1.5L The FRC is 2.5L The VC is 4L
which of the following is/are NOT true about the kidney's vertical osmotic gradient and countercurrent multiplication in the medulla of the kidney?
The descending limb of the loop of Henle is highly permeable to NaCl
Which of the following is/are NOT true about neural regulation of respiration?
The peripheral chemoreceptors are sensitive even to very small changes in PO2
Several forces/pressures influence Glomerular Filtration;, some favoring, and some opposing filtration. Which of the following is/are true about these forces/pressures?
The principal force favoring glomerular filtration is the glomerular capillary blood pressure
All of the following correctly describe the diuretic effect of laying supine EXCEPT?
This causes increased Na+ reabsorption at the level of the kidneys
Which of the following is/are NOT true about partial pressures of oxygen (PO2)?
Usually, the PO2 of the blood leaving the alveolar capillaries is lower than the PO2 of the air in the alveoli
Which of the following is/are NOT true about vasopressin?
a decrease in body fluid osmolarity would stimulate vasopressin secretion
which of the following is/are true about the vertical osmotic gradient in the kidneys, the loop of Henlee, and the ability to make urine of varying concentration? a. all of these b. two of these c. the filtrate is around 300 mOsm when it enters the descending limb of the loop of Henlee d. the ascending limb of the loop of Henlee is permeable to NaCl, not H2O e. the descending limb of the loop of Henlee is permeable to H20, but not NaCl f. in the presence of vasopressin, we reabsorb more water in the distal and collecting tubules, this makes the urine more concentrated
a. all of these
Circulating calcium concentrations are normally tightly regulated by the endocrine system. Which of the following are NOT important roles of calcium in the body? a. all of these ARE important roles of calcium in the body b. it plays an important role in formation of blood clots c. it plays an important role in normal electrical events in cardiac pacemaker cells and cardiac muscle cells d. it is important for normal bone mineralization and strength e. it plays an important role in neurotransmitter secretion at synapses f. it plays a critical role in regulating muscle contraction
a. all of these ARE important roles of calcium in the body
If we had our subject consume a solution rich in sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3-), Which of the following is/are NOT related to how the body would work to maintain pH of the ECF?
a. decrease ventilation b. decrease H+ secretion c. exhale less CO2 d. increase urine pH e. decrease HCO3- reabsorption
If we had our subject consume a solution rich in sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3-), Which of the following is/are NOT related to how the body would work to maintain pH of the ECF?
a. decrease ventilation b. decrease H+ secretion c. increase urine pH d. exhale less CO2 e. decrease HCO3- reabsorption
which of the following would tend to increase glycogen stores?
a. insulin b. glycogen synthase
Which of the following hormones could help to increase circulating calcium levels if calcium levels in the circulation were too low?
a. parathyroid hormone e. activated vitamin D
During an acute stress response we would observe an increased secretion of which of the following hormones?
a. vasopression b. epinephrine d. cortisol e. adrenocorticotropic hormone f. aldosterone h. renin i. corticotropin releasing hormone j. gulcagon
Which of the following is/are NOT part of how we make thyroid hormones? a. binding of a monoiodiotyrosine with diiodotyrosine forms T3; this takes place in the thyroid follicular cells b. binding of a diiodotyrosine with diiodotyrosine forms T4; this takes place in the colloid c. the binding of iodine to thyroglobulin is catalyzed by thyroperoxidase d. three of these e. The attachement of one iodine to thyroglobulin (which contains tyrosine) forms mono-iodotyrosine; this takes place in the colloid
a. binding of a monoiodiotyrosine with diiodotyrosine forms T3; this takes place in the thyroid follicular cells
If your subject had metabolic acidosis, which of the following is/are NOT related to how the body would work to maintain pH of the ECF?
a. exhale less CO2 d. increase urine pH
Which of the following is/are true about pH and human physiology?
acidosis is when blood pH is less than 7.35
_______________ is the name of a hormone that is secreted from the adrenal cortex and it acts to increase sodium reabsorption in the nephrons. Angiotensin II promotes its secretion.
aldosterone
Which of the following is/are true about pH and human physiology?
alkilosis is when blood pH is greater than 7.45
Which of the following is/are true about cortisol, cortisol releasing hormone (CRH), and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) ? stress causes the hypothalamus to release CRH CRH causes the anterior pituitary to secrete ACTH ACTH causes the adrenal cortex to release cortisol Cortisol increases circulating glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids all of the above only two of the above
all of the above
Which of the following related to fuel homeostasis is/are true? Beta Cells of the Pancreas secrete insulin which promotes glucose uptake and decreases blood glucose Alpha cells of the pancreas secret glucagon which promotes gluconeogensis in the liver which increases blood glucose cortisol and growth hormone both increase blood glucose by decreasing glucose uptake by muscle epinephrine is secreted from the adrenal medulla and it increases glycogenolysis in the liver, which would increase blood glucose all of the above ARE true Only two of the above
all of the above ARE true
Which of the following factors would NOT stimulate glucagon secretion? cortisol exercise amino acids infections
all of the above DO increase glucagon secretion
Which of the following factors would NOT stimulate glucagon secretion? cortisol exercise amino acids infections all of the above DO increase glucagon secretion
all of the above DO increase glucagon secretion
Which of the following is/are true about motility in the stomach? the presence of large volumes in the duodenum would result in slowing of gastric emptying; this is accomplished in part, by the enterogastric reflex the GI hormones secretin and CCK are referred to as enterogastrones because they inhibit gastric emptying large volumes in the stomach would tend to speed up gastric emptying waves of contraction in the stomach start in the fundus, at the top of the stomach, and move downwards towards the antrum and pyloric sphincter all of the above are true
all of the above are true
Which of the following is/are true about the arculate nucleus of the hypothalamus? it plays a central role in both long term and short term energy balance and food intake Neurons in the arculate nucleus that secrete neuropeptide Y stimulate appetite and increase food intake Neurons in the arcuate nucleus that secrete melanocortins suppress appetite all of the above are true only two of the above are true
all of the above are true
Which of the following is/are true about Aldosterone? a. all of these b. Angiotensin II causes it to be secreted c. it increases Na+ reabsorption d. only two of these e. it increases K+ secretion f. an increase in plasma K+ causes it to be secreted
all of these
which of the following is/are true about the vertical osmotic gradient in the kidneys, the loop of Henlee, and the ability to make urine of varying concentration? a. the descending limb of the loop of Henlee is permeable to H20, but not NaCl b. in the presence of vasopressin, we reabsorb more water in the distal and collecting tubules, this makes the urine more concentrated c. two of these d. the ascending limb of the loop of Henlee is permeable to NaCl, not H2O e. all of these f. the filtrate is around 300 mOsm when it enters the descending limb of the loop of Henlee
all of these
Which of the following is NOT normally found in saliva?
all of these ARE normally found in saliva
Which of the following is/are NOT true about atrial and brain natriuretic peptide (ANP and BNP)? a. they decrease Na+ reabsorption in the kidneys b. all of these ARE true c. they would tend to decrease ECF volume d. BNP is secreted by the heart's ventricles e. ANP is secreted from the heart's atria when venous return is high (like when lying down)
all of these ARE true
Which of the following is/are absorbable units for dietary proteins?
amino acids
Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the breakdown of starches?
amylase
Emphysema and chronic bronchitis:
are two pulmonary diseases categorized as COPD
Which of the following is/are NOT true about the buffer systems we discussed in class? a Chemcial buffers are faster than respiratory and renal buffering mechanisms b Protein buffers are most important for maintaining the pH of the interstitial fluid c if the pH of the body fluids were too low, the respiratory conrol centers would increase ventilation in order to blow off more CO2 and thus bring pH back towards normal d if the pH of the body fluids was too high, the kidney would likely secrete less H+ and reabsorb less HCO3- e All of the above are NOT true f only Three of the above are NOT true
b Protein buffers are most important for maintaining the pH of the interstitial fluid
Which of the following is/are related to how thyroid hormones are made?
b. Tg enters colloid c. MIT + DIT makes T3 d. T3 and T4 are made in the colloid but are secreted by the thyroid follicular cells e. attaching a second iodine to MIT makes DIT g. Tg is made by thyroid follicular cells h. once in the circulation most T4 is converted to T3 by the liver and kidney i. DIT + DIT makes T4 j. iodide is brought into the colloid by secondary active transport k. thyroid hormones are a major regulator of metabolic rate and play an important role in CNS development when we are young l. follicular cells phagocytose a portion of the colloid and T3 and T4 are removed from Tg m. TPO activates iodide to its active form and catalyzes the attachement of iodine to TG, which forms MIT
Which of the following hormones would tend to increase blood glucose? select all that apply
b. cortisol c. growth hormone d. glucagon e. norepinephrine f. epinephrine
Digestive organs can be divided into components of the alimentary canal and accessory organs. Which of the following is/are considered accessory organs?
b. liver e. pancreas
Digestion requires breaking covalent bonds in dietary nutrients into absorbable units. Which of the following catalyze the breakdown of covalent bonds?
b. sucrase c. trypsin e. pepsin f. chymotrypsin g. lipase i. amylase k. carboxypeptidase m. lactase q. maltase
Which of the following is/are true about bile salts?
b. they are stored in the gall bladder c. they are made by the liver d. micelles have bile salts in them e. they emulsify dietary fats
Which of the following enzymes is/are involved in catalyzing the breakdown of proteins?
b. trypsin g. carboxypeptidase l. chymotrypsin r. pepsin
which of the following is/are true about the vertical osmotic gradient in the kidneys, the loop of Henlee, and the ability to make urine of varying concentration? a. the filtrate is around 300 mOsm when it enters the descending limb of the loop of Henlee b. all of these c. the descending limb of the loop of Henlee is permeable to H20, but not NaCl d. two of these e. in the presence of vasopressin, we reabsorb more water in the distal and collecting tubules, this makes the urine more concentrated f. the ascending limb of the loop of Henlee is permeable to NaCl, not H2O
b. all of these
Which of the following enzymes catalyze the breakdown of substrates into absorbable monosacharides?
b. sucrase h. maltase m. lactase
Which of the following digestive secretions neutralizes acid rich chyme in the duodenum?
bicarbonate
Which of the following digestive secretions emulsifies dietary triglycerides?
bile salts
Which of the following digestive secretions is/are secreted by the liver?
bile salts
Which of the following digestive secretions is/are secreted when the gallbladder contracts?
bile salts
Which of the following are NOT true about enzymes involved in protein digestion?
c HCl in the stomach directly digests proteins
Which of the following is NOT correct: a. Aldosterone is released when BP decreases b. Aldosterone will cause an increase in BP c. all of these answers ARE true d. Aldosterone causes an increase in Na+ reabsorption in the distal and collecting tubules e. Aldosterone is secreted by the adrenal cortex
c. all of these answers ARE true
Which of the following hormones would tend to increase hepatic glucose output?
c. glucagon d. cortisol f. norepinephrine g. epinephrine
Which of the following is/are enzymes that would be active in the duodenum?
c. sucrase d. trypsin g. lipase k. maltase l. carboxypeptidase m. lactase o. chymotrypsin p. amylase
A subject has a predicted vital capacity of 6 L, an FVC of 5.8 L, and an FEV1 of 4.4. L. Which of the following does the subject show evidence of?
c. Obstructive pulmonary disease
which of the following is/are true about the vertical osmotic gradient in the kidneys, the loop of Henlee, and the ability to make urine of varying concentration? a. the ascending limb of the loop of Henlee is permeable to NaCl, not H2O b. in the presence of vasopressin, we reabsorb more water in the distal and collecting tubules, this makes the urine more concentrated c. all of these d. two of these e. the filtrate is around 300 mOsm when it enters the descending limb of the loop of Henlee f. the descending limb of the loop of Henlee is permeable to H20, but not NaCl
c. all of these
Which of the following hormones would help to decrease circulating calcium levels if they were too high?
c. calcitonin
Which of the following hormones would decrease bone resorption?
calcitonin
Which of the following is/are true about endocrine control of calcium homeostasis?
calcitonin secretion goes up when plasma calcium concentrations are low
A subject has a VO2 of 0.35 L/min and a VCO2 of 0.33 L/min. Their primary fuel source is ________, based on their RER.
carbohydrates
Which of the following is/are digestive hormone(s) that promote gall bladder contraction?
cholecystokinin
which of the following best describes circulating insulin levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus?
circulating insulin levels are often elevated because blood glucose remains high even when it is secreted
Match the numbers in the figure below with the appropriate term/phrase (I encourage you to do this one with a friend):
cold in infants -> thyrotropes in hypothalamus -> throtropin releasing hormone (TRH) -> hypothalimic-hypophyseal portal system -> anterior pituitary -> thryoid stimulating hormone -> systemic circulation -> folicular cells of thyroid gland -> T3 & T4 (mostly T4 which gets activated to the more active T3) -> systemic circulation -> muscle, CNS, other -> increase metabolic rate & increase CNS development & increase SNS activity
Which of the following is/are NOT true about growth hormone? a somatostatin stimulates growth hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary b most of the growth promoting effects of growth hormone are mediated by IGF (Insulin Like Growth Factor) c growth hormone increases breakdown of fat stores d All of the above ARE true e all of the above are NOT true
d All of the above ARE true
Which of the following is/are true about Aldosterone? a. Angiotensin II causes it to be secreted b. only two of these c. an increase in plasma K+ causes it to be secreted d. all of these e. it increases Na+ reabsorption f. it increases K+ secretion
d. all of these
Which of the following is/are NOT true about atrial and brain natriuretic peptide (ANP and BNP)? a. ANP is secreted from the heart's atria when venous return is high (like when lying down) b. BNP is secreted by the heart's ventricles c. they decrease Na+ reabsorption in the kidneys d. all of these ARE true e. they would tend to decrease ECF volume
d. all of these ARE true
Which of the following is/are NOT actions of thyroid hormone? a. it is important for central nervous system development when we are young b. it is required for normal growth when we are young c. it is important for normal target cell responsiveness to epinephrine and norepinephrine d. it is a major regulator of metabolic rate e. two of these f. All of these ARE actions of thyroid hormone
d. it is a major regulator of metabolic rate
Which of the following enzymes is/are involved in catalyzing the breakdown of dietary carbohydrates?
d. lactase g. sucrase j. amylase r. maltase
Which of the following would increase the number of GLUT4 transporters in the muscle cell membrane? select all that apply
d. muscularr activity/exercise e. insulin
Which of the following is/are NOT true about atrial and brain natriuretic peptide (ANP and BNP)? a. ANP is secreted from the heart's atria when venous return is high (like when lying down) b. they would tend to decrease ECF volume c. BNP is secreted by the heart's ventricles d. all of these ARE true e. they decrease Na+ reabsorption in the kidneys
d. all of these ARE true
If vasopressin secretion increased in our body, we would expect urine volume to ______ and urine specific gravity to ________.
decrease, increase
When humans ascend to high altitudes, it causes VE to be much higher than necessary for a given VO2 and metabolic rate, and thus usually causes a temporary period of respiratory alkilosis. Probably the most important way that the body compensates to bring pH back towards normal is:
decreased H+ secretion and increased HCO3- reabsorption in the kidneys
which of the following would likely increase circulating calcium? a secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the parathyroid glands b an increase in tubular reabsorption of calcium c activation of vitamin D d breakdown of bone stores of calicum phosphate e All of the above
e All of the above
Which of the following is/are true about cotisol, cortisol releasing hormone (CRH), and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) ? a stress causes the hypothalamus to release CRH b CRH causes the anterior pituitary to secrete ACTH c ACTH causes the adrenal cortex to release cortisol d Cortisol increases circulating glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids e all of the above f only two of the above
e all of the above
which of the following is/are true about the vertical osmotic gradient in the kidneys, the the loop of Henlee, and the ability to make urine of varrying concentration? a the filtrate is around 300 mOsm when it enters the decending limb of the loop of Henlee b the ascending limb of the loop of Henlee is permeable to NaCl, not H2O c the descending limb of the loop of Henlee is permeable to H20, but not NaCl d in the presence of vasopressin, we reabsorb more water in the distal and collecting tubules, this makes the urine more concentrated e all of the above f two of the above
e all of the above
Which of the following related to fuel homeostasis is/are true? a Beta Cells of the Pancreas secrete insulin which promotes glucose uptake and decreases blood glucose b Alpha cells of the pancreas secret glucagon which promotes gluconeogensis in the liver which increases blood glucose c cortisol and growth hormone both increase blood glucose by decreasing glucose uptake by muscle d epinephrine is secreted from the adrenal medulla and it increases glycogenolysis in the liver, which would increase blood glucose e all of the above ARE true f Only two of the above
e all of the above ARE true
Which of the following is/are true about motility in the stomach? a the presence of large volumes in the duodenum would result in slowing of gastric emptying; this is accomplished in part, by the enterogastric reflex b the GI hormones secretin and CCK are referred to as enterogastrones because they inhibit gastric emptying c large volumes in the stomach would tend to speed up gastric emptying d waves of contraction in the stomach start in the fundus, at the top of the stomach, and move downwards towards the antrum and pyloric sphincter e all of the above are true
e all of the above are true
which of the following formulas could be used to determine alveolar ventilation (VA)? TV = tidal volume ERV = Expiratory reserve volume IRV = Inspiratory reserve volume RV = residual volume DS= dead space VC = vital capacity RR = respiratory rate
e. VA = (TV-DS) x RR
Which of the following is/are NOT actions of parathyroid hormone a. increasing renal tubular calcium reabsorption b. increasing bone resorption c. increasing activation of vitamin D d. increasing intestinal absorption of calcium e. all of these ARE actions of parathyroid hormone
e. all of these ARE actions of parathyroid hormone
Which of the following is/are secreted by salivary glands?
e. mucin j. amylase k. lysozyme m. bicarbonate
Which of the following digestive secretions can activate chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase into their active forms?
e. trypsin j. HCl
Energy is required to absorb which of the following in the small intestine?
e. glucose j. amino acids n. galactose
The endocrine response to stress would does NOT include which of the following responses? a. an increase in circulating fuels like glucose and fatty acids due to the actions of glucagon, epinphrine and cortisol b. an increase in blood pressure due to increases in epinephrine, angiotensin II, aldosterone, and vasopressin c. an increase in salt and water retention due to increased vasopressin and aldosterone secretion d. all of these ARE part of the endocrine response to stress e. increased breakdown of stored fuels like glycogen and triglycerides due to increases in insulin
e. increased breakdown of stored fuels like glycogen and triglycerides due to increases in insulin
Which of the following hormones would tend to increase liver glycogenolysis?
epinephrine glucagon norepinephrine
Put the following events related to cortisol secretion and action in order: (note: some events have been skipped)
fifth F. metabolic effects that help resist stress (e.g. promoting breakdown of stored fats to provide fuel for muscle activity) first G. stress second E. hormone travels through hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal vein third I. increased secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone from the anterior pituitary fourth D. cortisol secretion from the adrenal cortex
Which of the following monosaccharides would be found in a molecule of sucrose?
fructose glucose
Which of the following is/are true about CO2 transport in the circulation a most of the CO2 transported in the circulation is bound to hemoglobin b most of the CO2 transported in the circulation is in the form of bicarbonate c most of the CO2 transported in the circulation is physically disolved d high levels of CO2 in the arterial blood is called hyperoxia e high levels of CO2 in the arterial blood is called hypercapnia f A & D g B & E
g B & E
Which of the following is/are dietary disaccharides?
g. lactose i. maltose l. sucrose
Which of the following is a digestive hormone that promotes motility of the stomach?
gastrin
Which of the following is a digestive hormone that promotes secretion of HCl and pepsinogen by the stomach?
gastrin
Leptin is the most important regulator of long term control for matching food intake to energy expended, but it is not a major short term regulator of food intake. One of the major short-term regulators of food intake, _____from the stomach is a major simulator of appetite and is thought to initiate meals. ______, on the other hand, is secreted by the intestines and signals satiety, and may thus serve as an important meal-time terminator.
ghrelin, PYY3-36
Which of the following hormones would tend do increase muscle glycogenolysis?
glucagon epinephrine
which of the following is/are hormones that would tend to increase muscle glycogen breakdown?
glucagon epinephrine
which of the following is/are enzymes that would tend to increase glycogenesis?
glycogen synthase
which of the following would tend to increase glycogen stores?
glycogen synthase, insulin
Which of the following monosaccharides would be found in a molecule of lactose?
h. glucose n. galactose
Patients with an obstructive pulmonary disease would generally
have a lower FEV1/VC ratio
Which of the following buffers serve as a the primary buffer agaisnst carbonic acid changes?
hemoglobin buffer system
Ocean water is _____tonic relative to our body fluids.
hyper
Poor glucose control in diabetic patients can cause death by multiple mechanisms (see figure in textbook and lecture video) that follow a specific sequence of events. put the following events in order (note: some steps have been skipped and this relates to only one of many possible sequences)
hyperglycemia, polyuria, dehydration, decrease in blood volume, drop in blood pressure, renal failure, death.
Which of the following is/are enzymes secreted by the pancreas that catalyze the breakdown of proteins?
i. carboxypeptidase m. trypsin p. chymotrypsin
Which of the following is/are NOT true about how we are able to determine if digestion is occurring in our test tubes in this lab?
if starches are being digested by amylase, we would expect a positive test with the Lugol's solution (positive for starch)
Which of the following is/are NOT true about the bicarbonate buffering system?
in the systemic tissues, where pCO2 is higher, the reaction favors the production of CO2 and H2O
Which of the following is NOT a sign/symptom associated with hypoglycemia?
increased thirst
Which of the following would NOT help to increase calcium levels if they were too low?
increasing urinary excretion of calcium
Which of the following hormones would be unlikely to increase blood glucose? select all that apply
insulin
Which of the following hormones would increase glycogen storage in the muscle? select all that apply
insulin
Which of the following hormones would inhibit lipolysis in adipose tissue? select all that apply
insulin
Which of the following hormones would tend to inhibit hepatic glucose output? select all that apply
insulin
which of the following is/are hormones that would tend to increase glycogenesis?
insulin
which of the following is/are hormones that would tend to increase triglyceride stores in adipose tissue?
insulin
The contraction of which of the following respiratory muscles would result in an increase in intraalveolar pressure.
internal intercostals
Which of the following is/are true about Grave's disease?
it is associated with no (or very low) TSH secretion from the anterior pituitary
Which of the following best describes glomerular filtration?
it is the non-descriminant filtration of a protein-free plasma from the glomerulus into Bowman's capsule
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone made and secreted by the adrenal cortex. Which of the following is/are likely true?
it would bind with a hormone receptor inside the cell
If you put a red blood cell in a solution that was slightly hypertonic relative to our body fluids, what would happen to the red blood cell?
it would crenate
Which of the following enzymes is involved in catalyzing the breakdown of substrates to absorbable units of monoglycerides and free fatty acids?
j. lipase
Which of the following is made up of a glucose and a galactose?
lactose
Which of the following enzymes is involved in catalyzing the breakdown of dietary triglycerides?
lipase
Which of the following do we get when we break down starches?
maltose
Which of the following is made up of two glucose molecules?
maltose
Excessive diarrhea can cause ______________________, a potentially life threatening change in ECF pH
metabolic acidosis
Excessive vomiting can cause ______________________, a potentially life threatening change in ECF pH
metabolic alkilosis
Which of the following is/are absorbable units for dietary fats?
monoglycerides
Which of the following is/are true about CO2 transport in the circulation most of the CO2 transported in the circulation is bound to hemoglobin most of the CO2 transported in the circulation is in the form of bicarbonate most of the CO2 transported in the circulation is physically dissolved high levels of CO2 in the arterial blood is called hyperoxia high levels of CO2 in the arterial blood is called hypercapnia
most of the CO2 transported in the circulation is in the form of bicarbonate high levels of CO2 in the arterial blood is called hypercapnia
Match the appropriate part of this figure with the appropriate description:
movement of glucose B. Y axis plasma glucose concentration A. X axis renal Threshold D. Z tubular maximum for reabsorption C. W glucose filtered G. solid line glucose reabsorbed E. dashed line amount of glucose in urine F. dotted line
Match the appropriate part of this figure with the appropriate description:
movement of glucose: y axis plasma glucose concentration: x axis renal Threshold: Z tubular maximum for reabsorption: W glucose filtered: solid line glucose reabsorbed: dashed line amount of glucose in urine: dotted line
________________________ helps to lubricate the food before being swallowed. You can test for its presence using vinegar/acetic acid
mucin
Which of the following enzymes is/are involved in catalyzing the breakdown of disacharides?
n. lactase p. maltase q. sucrase
Which of the following inhibit gastric motility?
norepinephrine, secretin, and cholcystokinin
Asthma is a type of ___________________________ pulmonary disease
obstructive
below are several digestive organs and secretions; which of the following pairs of organs and digestive secretions is INCORRECT?
pancreas, pepsinogen
Which of the following hormones could help to increase circulating calcium levels by reducing urinary calcium loss and mobilizing calcium from bone?
parathyroid hormone
Which of the following is/are enzymes secreted by the stomach that catalyze the breakdown of proteins?
pepsin
Which of the following digestive secretions can activate pepsinogen to its active form?
pepsin HCl
Which of the following is/are NOT secreted by the pancreas?
pepsinogen
Match the following with the appropriate parts of this figure:
percent saturation in arterial blood: A 75%: B 100: G PO2 in systemic tissues: F position of curve with low temperature: I position of curve with high temperature: H venous O2 content: E 20 Vols%: D PO2 in systemic arteries: G 40 mmHg: F position of curve at rest: I position of curve with high CO2 concentration: H
Which of the following is the term used excessive thirst?
polydipsia
Amylase would catalyze the breakdown of which of the following?
polysaccharides starches
Which of the following buffers serve as a the primary ICF buffer?
protein buffer system
Pepsin and Trypsin would promote the breakdown of which of the following?
proteins medium sized peptides
Match the labels on the figure
proximal tubule: L collecting duct: M glomerulus: N afferent arteriole: R peritubular capillaries: T distal tubule: P efferent arteriole: O Bowman's Capsule: S Loop of Henle: Q Peritubular capillaries: T
Cirhosis is a liver disease (often caused by chronic alcohol consumption). The liver plays many roles in the body, so this disease can influence a number of bodily functions. One problem observed in cirhosis is reduced exocrine secretions; what digestive effects would be expected in this condition? a. reduced ability to neutralize acid rich chyme b. reduced protein digestion c. all of these answers d. reduced fat digestion e. reduced starch digestion in the intestines
reduced fat digestion
The ___________________________________________ is the amount of air left in the lungs after complete maximal expiration
residual volume
During NASA's Apollo 13 mission to the moon, there was a problem that required three astronauts to move into the LEM (Lunar excursion module) which wasa meant to hold only two astronauts. As a result, their system for filtering CO2 was unable to clear enought CO2 to maintain safe levels in the LEM and required an extraordinary effort to problem solve a way to deal with this (as depicted in the great movile "Apollo 13" with Tom Hanks). If they had not come up with a solution, this elevated CO2 could have caused ______________________, a potentially life threatening change in ECF pH.
respiratory acidosis
Severe pulmonary diseases, like COPD can reduce the ability to blow off CO2 and thus can cause ______________________, a potentially life threatening change in ECF pH.
respiratory acidosis
Hyperventilation can cause ______________________, where there is a significant change in ECF pH. Fortunately this is rarely life threatening.
respiratory alkilosis
Which of the following is/are digestive hormone(s) that promote secretion of bicarbonate from the pancreas?
secretin
Normal physiological doses of which of the followng digestive hormone(s) inhibit gastric motility?
secretin and cholcystokinin
Which of the followng digestive hormone(s) promote secretions from the exocrine pancreas?
secretin and cholcystokinin
Glucose is a valuable nutrient that is transported in our circulation. Which of the following is/are NOT true about the kidneys and glucose?
the main reason why glucose is not normally found in the urine of healthy subjects is that they have enough glucose transporters to reabsorb all of the glucose that gets filtered.
Glucose is a valuable nutrient that is transported in our circulation. Which of the following is/are true about the kidneys and glucose?
the main reason why glucose is not normally found in the urine of healthy subjects is that they have enough glucose transporters to reabsorb all of the glucose that gets filtered.
Which of the following is/are NOT true about bile salts? they are found in micelles they are made in the liver they break down triglycerides they emulsify dietary fats, which helps in digestion of fats all of the above ARE true
they break down triglycerides
Which of the following hormones would increase glycogenolysis in adipose tissue? select all that apply
this process doesn't occur in this tissue
Which of the following is able to break peptide bonds?
trypsin
Which of the following is/are proteases secreted into the alimentary canal in inactive form?
trypsinogen procarboxypeptidase pepsinogen chymotrypsinogen
----------------- is the selective movement of substances from inside the kidney tubules into the peritubular capillaries:
tubular reabsorption
----------------- is the selective movement of substances from inside the peritubular capillaries to the kidney tubules:
tubular secretion
Which of the following values would NOT be suggestive of diabetes mellitus? (note: these do not indicate cutoff values, but values in an actual patient) HbA1c of 7.4% fasting blood glucose of 122 mg% blood glucose of 236 mg% at the 2 hour mark of an OGTT fasting blood glucose of 6.8mM two of the above
two of the above
The ___________________________________________ is the most amount of air that can be moved in a single breath; from maximal inspiration to maximal expiration
vital capacity
