exam 3 book

Which of the following is an example of a reflex?

A person's pupils contracting in bright light

Which term refers to the adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known?

Assimilation

________ is a long-standing connection or bond with others.

Attachment

Which is the correct order of steps in the modeling process?

Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America?

Authoritative

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Fluid intelligence is characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it."

The word "Fluid" should be changed to the word "Crystallized."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In classical conditioning, the initial period of learning is known as latent.

The word "latent" should be changed to the word "acquisition."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In operant conditioning, organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together.

The word "operant" should be changed to the word "classical."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory emphasizes the sexual nature of our development rather than its social nature.

The words "sexual" and "social" should be switched.

Which of the following was a finding from the Minnesota study of twins reared apart?

There is a genetic component to intelligence.

Late maturing boys are ________.

at a higher risk of depression

After the first few months of life, babies enter what is known as the ________ stage, during which time they tend to produce single syllables, such as buh-buh, that are repeated over and over.

babbling

In ________, the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior.

classical conditioning

Two forms of associative learning are ________ and ________.

classical conditioning; operant conditioning

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________ map, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.

cognitive

During the ________ stage, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations.

concrete operational

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement.

continuous

The view that development is a cumulative process, gradually adding to the same type of skills, is known as ________.

continuous development

The continuous development approach views development as a ________.

cumulative process

Recognizing a dinosaur because you have seen pictures of dinosaurs in a book or watched the film Jurassic Park is an example of a natural concept that was developed through ________ experience.

indirect

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.

instincts

The DSM-5 now uses ________ as a diagnostic label for what was once referred to as mental retardation.

intellectual disability

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence.

interpersonal; intrapersonal

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

latent

Anywhere between 30% and 70% of individuals with diagnosed cases of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) also have some sort of ________.

learning disability

Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________.

reflexes

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way.

role

A(n) ________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts.

schema

Fluid intelligence is characterized by being able to ________.

see complex relationships and solve problems

During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions.

sensorimotor

Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is ________.

shaping

Mikel can look at an engineering plan and quickly build a scale model. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

spatial

Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________.

spontaneous recovery

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent a(n) ________.

stimulus discrimination

In Watson and Rayner's experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates ________.

stimulus generalization

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries because she is allergic to them. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.

stimulus generalization

Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist, Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill.

taste aversion

A ________ is any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage to the embryo or fetus.

teratogen

The time during fetal growth when specific parts or organs develop is known as ________. Teratogens are especially damaging during this stage.

the critical period

From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________.

thinking

Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is ________.

universal

A(n) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.

zygote

Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development?

zygote, embryo, fetus

Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive to her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger—she doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment is this?

Avoidant

Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization?

Being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats

According to Elizabeth Kubler-Ross, what are the five stages of grief?

Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance

What is the primary psychosocial milestone of childhood?

Developing a positive sense of self

Which of the following is asserted by supporters of discontinuous development?

Developmental changes are sudden.

Which of the following statements about Howard Gardner is false?

He proposed that people have practical, creative, and analytical intelligence.

The word ________ is both a morpheme and a phoneme.

I

Which of the following is the basis of a natural concept?

Direct observation

Walter struggles to write legibly and has a difficult time putting his thoughts on paper. Which learning disability does he have?

Dysgraphia

Bernadette has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have?

Dyslexia

Mixing up letters within written words and sentences is an indicator of which learning disability?

Dyslexia

Which of the following describes the Flynn effect?

Each generation has a higher IQ than the last.

Which of the following summarizes the observations of the Flynn effect?

Each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation.

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

Emotion can be a conditioned response.

Who developed the psychosocial theory of development?

Erik Erikson

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?

Extinction

Which of the following explains the primary purpose of hospice?

Facilitating a dignified and peaceful death

Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

Fixed ratio

Tanya can name colors and numbers and is able to catch a ball. However, she does not use full sentences or speak clearly yet. Assuming that Tanya reached these cognitive and language development milestones at the average age, about how old is Tanya?

Four

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?

Functional fixedness

________occurs when a person cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed to be used for.

Functional fixedness

What does nature refer to in the nature versus nurture debate?

Genes and biology

________ has occurred if a person learns not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change.

Habituation

What helps an organism adapt to its environment and do(es) not have to be learned?

Reflexes and instincts

Which of the following occurs in the first stage of language development?

Reflexive communication

Which of the following is an example of observational learning?

Learning yoga poses by watching a yoga group in the park

Albert Bandura identified three kinds of models in observational learning. What are they?

Live, verbal, and symbolic

What was the focus of Randy Pausch's final lecture?

Living fully until death

Which of the following statements is true?

Many factors are working together to influence an individual's intelligence level.

Which of the following defines schemata?

Method of organizing information that improves brain efficiency Correct

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the formal operational stage?

Moral reasoning

________ are the smallest unit of language that carry meaning.

Morphemes

________ skills refer to our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects.

Motor

________ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior.

Negative punishment

Which of the following is key to generating a bell curve?

Representative sample

John wants to train his daughter to excuse herself before she leaves the table. Although he does not know how often he will reward her for excusing herself, he does know that he will not reward her every time she excuses herself. Which reinforcement schedule is John planning to use?

Partial

Which of the following is the first step in the modeling process?

Paying attention

Which of the following is a characteristic of early adulthood?

Peak physical abilities

What is the main idea of social learning theory?

People can learn new behaviors by observing others.

Which of the following involves making assumptions about how individuals with certain jobs or professions will behave?

Role schema

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?

Semantics

Soon after birth, a nurse almost drops Raj. He spreads his arms, pulls them back in, and then cries. Which of the following does this situation illustrate?

The Moro reflex

A dog is conditioned to associate a bell with food. Which of the following responses by the dog illustrates stimulus discrimination?

The dog drools when he hears a bell but not when he hears a whistle.

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?

Permissive

_________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.

Phsycial

According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use language?

Preoperational

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

Primary

Which of the following is not one of the four indices of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children?

Processing memory

Which of the following explains the purpose of hospice?

Providing medical and emotional support to terminal patients and their families

Developmental psychologists study human growth and development across three domains. Which of the following is not one of these domains?

Psycholoical

Which of the following asserts that each person's response to the environment is unique based on his or her genetic makeup?

Range of reaction

At what age can babies only discriminate among those phonemes that are used in the language(s) in their environments?

12 months old

From ________ months old, children are most capable of using simple sentences such as "I see."

18 to 24

At 18 months, Gordon learned the schema for apples. One day, when Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food is a tomato, not an apple. Gordon now modifies his schema for apples and forms a new one for tomatoes. Which of the following does this situation illustrate?

Accommodation

Which of the following statements about algorithms is false?

Algorithms are used frequently in our everyday lives.

Which of the following is an example of latent learning?

An adult recalling the location of a gas station when he unexpectedly runs out of gas

Which type of bias involves becoming fixated on a single trait of a problem?

Anchoring bias

What was the most controversial claim in Arthur Jensen's article, "How Much Can We Boost I.Q. and Achievement?"

Caucasians have higher levels of Level II intelligence than African Americans.

Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?

Classical conditioning

________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences.

Concepts

Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. Which term describes Khaleel's squirming and giggling?

Conditioned response

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

Continuous

A dog receives a treat each time he sits on command. Which of the following does this situation describe?

Continuous reinforcement

Which of the following is not one of Gardner's Multiple Intelligences?

Creative

Which type of intelligence involves inventing a solution to a problem?

Creative

Who developed the IQ test most widely used today?

David Wechsler

Which of the following tends to occur in late adulthood?

Decline of fluid intelligence

Which of the following is the first stage of grief according to Kübler-Ross?

Denial

After age 65, many people reflect on their lives and contributions. According to Erikson, what is the primary developmental task during this stage of life?

Integrity versus despair

Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?

Interpersonal

Which of the following is a criticism of the research by Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf on language?

It was not empirical enough.

Which of the following is an example of a variable ratio reinforcement schedule?

Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets

Which term describes a communication system that uses systematic rules to organize words to transmit information from one individual to another?

Language

How are learned behaviors different from instincts and reflexes?

Learned behaviors involve change and experience.

Of the following, who proposed the psychosexual theory of development?

Sigmund Freud

Which theorist put forth the triarchic theory of intelligence?

Sternberg

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the sensorimotor stage?

Stranger anxiety

________ provides general principles for organizing words into meaningful sentences.

Syntax

According to Erikson, what is the primary developmental task for infants?

Trust versus mistrust

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

Variable interval

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

Variable interval

What does the normative approach ask regarding the lifespan?

What is normal development?

Children who are developing disorganized attachment to their caregivers most likely have been ________.

abused

In the initial period of learning, ________ refers to when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

acquisition

Kieran is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Kieran can say that ________ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry.

acquisition

A specific formula for solving a problem is called ________.

an algorithm

Children whose parents have an authoritarian parenting style can be ________.

anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy

Crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty are all examples of ________.

developmental milestones

Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages.

discontinuous

Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops ________.

during early childhood

The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________.

evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

Natural concepts are mental groupings created naturally through our ________.

experiences

Navigating to work through an unfamiliar route because of a highway accident draws upon a person's ________ intelligence.

fluid

Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of ________.

human thinking

Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto lock button on his keychain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a ________.

mental set

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.

model

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

negative reinforcement

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

negative reinforcement

A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) ________.

neutral stimulus

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

The average score on an IQ test is 100. In modern IQ testing, one standard deviation is 15 points. Someone with an IQ of 115 would be described as ________.

one standard deviation above the mean

When children develop theory-of-mind (TOM), they can recognize that ________.

others have beliefs that are different from one's own

In the modeling process, the reproduction step requires ________ the observed behavior.

performing

A(n) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.

phoneme

In ________ thinking, decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts.

postformal

In the ________ stage, children use words and images to represent things, but they lack logical reasoning.

preoperational