EXAM 3, chapt 21-23 exam question
Which of the following statements regarding tobacco smoking and lung damage is true? The incidence of lung cancer is greater among women than men. Anaplasia is reversible if a person stops smoking. Cancer rates are the same for smokers and non-smokers. Neoplasia is not reversible, even if the person stops smoking, but can be treated by surgery. Twenty-five percent of lung cancers are the direct result of cigarette smoking.
Neoplasia is not reversible, even if the person stops smoking, but can be treated by surgery.
Which statement regarding partial pressures of respiratory gases is reasonable? Compared to alveolar air, exhaled air contains less carbon dioxide; therefore humans absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Air is fully dehydrated before being exhaled. Not all of the oxygen from atmospheric air is absorbed before being exhaled. Our lungs remove much of the nitrogen available in the air we breathe.
Not all of the oxygen from atmospheric air is absorbed before being exhaled.
define oxyhemoglobin
Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin that has 4 molecules of oxygen bound.
Which statement about pleural fluid is incorrect? Pleural fluid helps cause atelectasis. Pleural fluid reduces the friction of the visceral pleura relative to the parietal pleura as we breathe. Pleural fluid makes the lungs stick to the inner walls of the thorax. Pleural fluid causes atelectasis.
Pleural fluid helps cause atelectasis.
Pulmonary ventilation refers to the movement of dissolved gases from the interstitial space to the cells. utilization of oxygen. movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the interstitial space. movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood. movement of air into and out of the lungs.
movement of air into and out of the lungs.
Which 2-carbon molecule is inserted into the reactions of the citric acid cycle to start these reactions? View Available Hint(s) coenzyme A acetate NAD pyruvate
acetate
In response to a steak dinner, certain secretions are needed to aid digestion. What cells in the pancreas would provide these secretions? View Available Hint(s) duct cells acinar cells islet of Langerhans cells
acinar cells
The building blocks for peptides are _______. nucleic acids amino acids maltose glucose nucleic and amino acids
amino acids
Which enzyme is not found in the plasma membrane at the brush border of the jejunum? lactase sucrase amylase maltase
amylase
Pepsin is classified as _______. a peptidase a substrate an enzyme an enzyme and a peptidase an enzyme and a substrate
an enzyme and a peptidase
Metabolism can be defined as heat - catabolism. anabolism - catabolism. anabolism + heat. anabolism + catabolism. catabolism - anabolism.
anabolism + catabolism.
n the absorptive state of metabolic activity: androgens, estrogens, and growth hormone stimulate protein synthesis. insulin inhibits glucose uptake and glycogenesis. glucocorticoids stimulate the mobilization of lipid and protein reserves. epinephrine is important in stimulating glycogenolysis in skeletal and cardiac muscle.
androgens, estrogens, and growth hormone stimulate protein synthesis.
The most superior portion of the lung is termed the base. cardiac notch. apex. hilum. oblique fissure.
apex.
Type I pneumocytes: are scattered among the squamous cells. produce surfactant. are thin and delicate squamous epithelial cells. patrol the epithelial surface.
are thin and delicate squamous epithelial cells.
What would happen to the alveoli if surfactant were not produced? (Module 21.7C) The alveoli would stiffen because surfactant lubricates the alveoli to they can expand. The alveoli would collapse because of the normally high surface tension of the water coating the alveolar surfaces. The alveoli would collect fluid because surfactant normally soaks up extra fluid and prevents it from accumulating in the lungs. The alveoli would become invaded by pathogens because surfactant was not there to block the pathogens. The air exchange across with blood air barrier would improve because surfactant did not block any diffusion.
b. The alveoli would collapse because of the normally high surface tension of the water coating the alveolar surfaces.
List the accessory organs of the digestive system. (Module 22.1C) oral cavity, teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas oral cavity, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver teeth, tongue, stomach, liver, gallbladder, large intestine pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
b. teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as
bicarbonate ions
The secretion in the large intestine consists of which of the following? View Available Hint(s) digestive enzymes such as CCK and secretin intrinsic factor bicarbonate- and potassium-rich mucus bile
bicarbonate- and potassium-rich mucus
The structure(s) that constrict during an asthma attack is (are) the _________? bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, and respiratory bronchioles trachea and primary bronchi secondary bronchi and tertiary bronchi trachealis muscle
bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, and respiratory bronchioles
Which of the following foods has the lowest number of kilocalories (calories) in a single recommended serving for each food type? butter whole-wheat bread cola beer
butter
Define oxyhemoglobin. (Module 21.13A) Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin that has less than 4 molecules of oxygen bound. Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin with 4 molecules of oxygen bound and 4 molecules of carbon dioxide bound. Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin that has 4 molecules of oxygen bound. Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin that has 4 molecules of carbon dioxide bound. Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin that has less than 4 molecules of carbon dioxide bound.
c. Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin that has 4 molecules of oxygen bound.
Compare the two main bronchi. (Module 21.5A) The right main bronchus is the same diameter as the left main bronchus and it descends toward the lung at a shallower angle than the left main bronchus. The right main bronchus is smaller in diameter than the left main bronchus and it descends toward the lung at a shallower angle than the left main bronchus. The right main bronchus is larger in diameter than the left main bronchus and it descends toward the lung at a steeper angle than the left main bronchus. The right main bronchus is smaller in diameter than the left main bronchus and it descends toward the lung at a steeper angle than the left main bronchus. The right main bronchus is larger in diameter than the left main bronchus and it descends toward the lung at a shallower angle than the left main bronchus.
c. The right main bronchus is larger in diameter than the left main bronchus and it descends toward the lung at a steeper angle than the left main bronchus.
The esophagus connects to which region of the stomach? pylorus body antrum cardia fundus
cardia
When BAPNA is hydrolyzed, it _______. produces reducing sugar changes from yellow in color to colorless complexes with starch changes from colorless to yellow
changes from colorless to yellow
HCl secretions convert pepsinogen to the active hormone pepsin. What cells in the gastric pits produce pepsinogen? View Available Hint(s) paracrine (also known as enteroendocrine cells) chief G cells parietal
chief
Pepsin is secreted by _______. salivary glands acinar cells chief cells goblet cells
chief cells
What terminology describes a series of transverse folds in the lining of the small intestine? circular folds rugae taeniae coli haustra
circular folds
Circular folds are ridges on the external edges of the colon. fingerlike projections on the surface of the mucosa of the small intestine. circumferential folds in the mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine. ridges in the wall of the stomach. abnormal structures formed by excessive pressure in the small intestine
circumferential folds in the mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine.
The progressive dehydration of indigestible materials and organic wastes prior to elimination from the body is called: absorption. compaction. mechanical processing. secretion.
compaction.
Which primary mechanism of heat transfer is the direct transfer of energy through physical contact? evaporation radiation convection conduction
conduction
The external anal sphincter: is composed of smooth muscle fibers. contains small longitudinal anal columns. is involuntary and consists of the circular muscle layer of the muscularis externa. consists of skeletal muscles and is under voluntary control.
consists of skeletal muscles and is under voluntary control.
Functions of the nasal cavity include all of the following except
cooling the air
The ring-shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ________ cartilage. corniculate arytenoid cuneiform epiglottal cricoid
cricoid
Which type of teeth, also known as canine teeth, are conical, with a sharp ridgeline and a pointed tip? molars incisors cuspids bicuspids
cuspids
Name the four layers of the digestive tract beginning from the lumen of the digestive tract. (Module 22.2B) mucosa, submucosa, serosa, muscular layer serosa, muscular layer, submucosa, mucosa muscular layer, serosa, submucosa, mucosa submucosa, mucosa, serosa, muscular layer mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, serosa
mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, serosa
What is the most important product of the reactions of the citric acid cycle, which will allow the mitochondria to produce ATP? View Available Hint(s) carbon dioxide NAD ATP energy-rich hydrogen atoms
energy-rich hydrogen atoms
The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the thyroid cartilage. epiglottis. corniculate cartilage. cricoid cartilage. cuneiform cartilage.
epiglottis.
During an allergic reaction, which of the following would aid respiration? View Available Hint(s) an increase in the parasympathetic nervous system histamine acetylcholine (ACh) epinephrine
epinephrine
fatty acids that are necessary for proper health but cannot be synthesized by the body are called high-density lipoproteins. essential fatty acids. chylomicrons. low-density lipoproteins. water-soluble vitamins.
essential fatty acids.
Haustra are the source of colon hormones. compact feces stored in the rectum. expansible pouches of the colon. glands in the large intestine that secrete mucus. strips of muscle in the colon.
expansible pouches of the colon.
he amount of air that a person can voluntarily expel after completing a normal, quiet respiratory cycle is termed total lung capacity. tidal volume. residual volume. expiratory reserve volume. inspiratory reserve volume.
expiratory reserve volume.
entify the two classes of vitamins. (Module 23.14B) natural and synthetic fat-soluble and water-soluble essential and non-essential complete and incomplete dietary and non-dietary
fat-soluble and water-soluble
Blockage of the common hepatic duct would interfere with digestion of fats. proteins. disaccharides. complex carbohydrates. vitamins.
fats
Salivation is controlled almost entirely by the nervous system. Which of the following stimuli would inhibit salivation? View Available Hint(s) a lemon fear the thought of food nausea
fear
Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system? compaction filtration ingestion absorption mechanical processing
filtration
The energy stored in ATP comes from which of the following? kinetic energy adenosine triphosphate heat food molecules
food molecules
The portion of the stomach that is superior to the junction between the stomach and the esophagus is the body. cardia. pylorus. fundus. antrum.
fundus.
When a child picks her nose, her finger reaches into the: nasopharyngeal meatus. oropharynx. nasal vestibule. paranasal sinuses.
nasal vestibule.
The respiratory defense system is important for all of the following reasons except
providing gas exchange
Each terminal bronchiole supplies which singular structure? tertiary bronchus pulmonary lobule secondary bronchus bronchiole
pulmonary lobule
Glycolysis breaks down glucose into what? citric acid glutaraldehyde pyruvate NAD•H phosphate
pyruvate
What heat transfer process accounts for about one-half of a person's heat loss when indoors? (Module 23.19B) radiation convection sensible perspiration conduction insensible perspiration
radiation
The function of the citric acid cycle is to hydrolyze glucose. remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes. produce water. transfer the acetyl group. produce carbon dioxide.
remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.
Which is defined as the amount of air that remains in the lungs even after a maximal exhalation? minimal volume residual volume expiratory reserve volume tidal volume
residual volume
Which digestive hormone is secreted when fats and carbohydrates, especially glucose, enter the small intestine? gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) secretin cholecystokinin (CCK) vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
Which of these hormones stimulates the digestive activity of the stomach? View Available Hint(s) secretin vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) gastrin cholecystokinin (CCK)
gastrin
In the postabsorptive state of metabolic activity, __________. glucocorticoids stimulate the mobilization of lipid and protein reserves insulin stimulates triglyceride synthesis androgens, estrogens, and growth hormone also stimulate protein synthesis glucagon inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, primarily in the liver
glucocorticoids stimulate the mobilization of lipid and protein reserves
Which process describes the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources? glycogenesis glycogenolysis gluconeogenesis glycolysis
gluconeogenesis
Neural tissue requires a continuous supply of which of the following? fatty acids amino acids glucose nucleic acids
glucose
Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell? View Available Hint(s) electron transport chain glycolysis ATP production by ATP synthase acetyl CoA formation citric acid cycle
glycolysis
The articulation between the periodontal ligament and the bone at the base of the tooth is what type of joint? suture symphysis synostosis syndesmosis gomphosis
gomphosis
A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as rheumatoid arthritis. lupus. gout. anorexia nervosa. None of the answers is correct.
gout.
Which mesentery is comprised of adipose tissue and conforms to the shapes of the surrounding organs, providing padding and protection? mesentery proper greater omentum mesocolon lesser omentum
greater omentum
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.
The ________ is a depression in the lung that allows attachment of the primary bronchi, pulmonary vessels, and other structures.
hilum
Your five-year-old nephew throws a tantrum and holds his breath until he passes out. You need not fear for him as his dorsal respiratory group (DRG) will kick in and restart his breathing when he begins to experience the chemical effects of ____________. hypocapnia polycythemia hypercapnia anemia
hypercapnia
A disorder caused by the ingestion of excessive quantities of a fat-soluble vitamin is known as Kwashiorkor. carbohydrate loading. hypervitaminosis. avitaminosis. hypovitaminosis.
hypervitaminosis.
Where does most nutrient absorption occur? (Module 23.8B) in the mouth in the large intestine, primarily in the cecum in the small intestine, primarily in the jejunum in the large intestine, primarily in the transverse colon in the stomach, primarily in the body
in the small intestine, primarily in the jejunum
Blade-shaped teeth that are located at the front of the mouth are called which of the following? cuspids bicuspids incisors molars
incisors
The Bohr effect for pH and the effect of temperature affect the ability of hemoglobin to bind oxygen because: increasing temperature causes hemoglobin to retain oxygen while increasing pH causes hemoglobin to release more oxygen. increasing both pH and temperature causes hemoglobin to release more oxygen. increasing temperature and lowering pH causes hemoglobin to release more oxygen. decreasing both pH and temperature causes hemoglobin to release more oxygen
increasing temperature and lowering pH causes hemoglobin to release more oxygen.
Enteritis is: a general term referring to inflammation of the colon. inflammation of the intestine. inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach. inflammation of the gallbladder.
inflammation of the intestine.
In quiet breathing,
inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.
Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ________ muscle(s). scalene internal intercostal external intercostal diaphragm serratus anterior
internal intercostal
The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is external respiration. internal respiration. breathing. pulmonary ventilation. cellular respiration.
internal respiration.
The pressure in the pleural cavity is called the _______. intrapulmonary pressure intrapleural pressure interpleural pressure transpulmonary pressure
intrapleural pressure
Which pressure is the result of the natural tendency of the lungs to decrease their size (because of elasticity) and the opposing tendency of the thoracic wall to pull outward and enlarge the lungs? View Available Hint(s) atmospheric pressure intrapleural pressure intrapulmonary pressure
intrapleural pressure
During inspiration, the physical changes in the respiratory system cause: View Available Hint(s) intrapulmonary pressure to increase above atmospheric pressure thoracic cavity pressure to increase above intrapulmonary pressure intrapulmonary pressure to equal atmospheric pressure intrapulmonary pressure to decrease below atmospheric pressure
intrapulmonary pressure to decrease below atmospheric pressure
Hemoglobin View Available Hint(s) has five subunits. is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen. uses ATP to move oxygen from blood to body cells. is the site of cellular respiration. is found in blood plasma.
is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen.
Most of the carbon dioxide that is absorbed by blood: functions as pH buffers. undergoes chloride shift. is converted to carbonic acid. is converted to carbaminohemoglobin.
is converted to carbonic acid.
The cephalic phase of gastric secretion: is directed by the CNS and prepares the stomach to receive food. is initiated by distension of the stomach, an increase in the pH of the gastric contents, and the presence of undigested materials in the stomach. stimulates stretch receptors and chemoreceptors that trigger the enterogastric reflex. begins when chyme first enters the small intestine.
is directed by the CNS and prepares the stomach to receive food.
The bile duct: produces digestive enzymes and buffers. is the duct that immediately leads out of the gallbladder. is formed by the union of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct. is formed by the union of the right and left hepatic ducts.
is formed by the union of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct.
The oral cavity: is a site for absorption of nutrients. has a lingual tonsil on either side of the entrance to the oropharynx. is lined by stratified squamous epithelium. consists of a muscular hard palate at its superior boundary.
is lined by stratified squamous epithelium.
Bulimia: is a lack or loss of appetite. generally occurs in adolescent males. is more common than anorexia nervosa. is a metabolic disorder.
is more common than anorexia nervosa.
Internal respiration __________. is the movement of air into and out of the alveoli includes all the processes involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body's interstitial fluids and the external environment is the absorption of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide by tissue cells involves the physical movement of air into and out of the lungs
is the absorption of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide by tissue cells
Convection __________. is the result of conductive heat loss to the air that overlies the surface of the body is the direct transfer of energy through physical contact changes a liquid to a vapor is energy similar to radiant heat from the sun
is the result of conductive heat loss to the air that overlies the surface of the body
The jejunum: receives chyme from the stomach and digestive secretions from the pancreas and liver. is the segment closest to the stomach. is the longest segment of the small intestine, averaging 3.5 meters (11.5 ft.) in length. is the site where the bulk of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occurs.
is the site where the bulk of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occurs.
After blood becomes oxygenated, View Available Hint(s) it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to capillaries that supply the body's cells with oxygen. it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to the lungs. it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to the lungs. it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells. it does not return to the heart, but goes to the nose and mouth
it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells.
All of the following take place during the absorptive state except estrogen promotes protein synthesis. ketone bodies begin to form. aerobic metabolism provides increased synthesis of blood lipid levels. insulin stimulates triglycerides. blood glucose levels rise.
ketone bodies begin to form.
Which upper respiratory structure includes the portion of the pharynx between the hyoid bone and the entrance to the larynx and esophagus? nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx glottis
laryngopharynx
The pressure in the pleural cavity is _______. less than the pressure in the alveoli and less than atmospheric pressure greater than the pressure in the alveoli greater than the pressure in the alveoli and less than atmospheric pressure less than atmospheric pressure less than the pressure in the alveoli
less than the pressure in the alveoli and less than atmospheric pressure
All of the following occur during the postabsorptive state except that ketone bodies may be formed. gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver. levels of blood glucose are elevated. lipid mobilization occurs. glycogen is broken down into glucose in the liver.
levels of blood glucose are elevated.
Of these — carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins — whichreleases the greatest amount of energy per gram during catabolism? (Module 23.15C) proteins lipids carbohydrates carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins all release the same amount of energy
lipids
The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are proteins. carbohydrates. vitamins. nucleic acids. lipids.
lipids.
Urea is formed in the kidneys. small intestine. large intestine. stomach. liver.
liver.
The movement of materials along the digestive tract, as well as many secretory functions, is primarily controlled by which of the following? local factors villi enteroendocrine cells parasympathetic motor fibers in the glossopharyngeal, vagus, or pelvic nerves
local factors
The trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli all make up the respiratory mucosa. alveoli of the respiratory tract. upper respiratory tract. lower respiratory tract. internal respiratory tract.
lower respiratory tract.
Part E Part complete If the transpulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lung? View Available Hint(s) lung volume will stay the same lungs will inflate lungs will collapse
lungs will collapse
In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain? View Available Hint(s) Golgi apparatus lysosome mitochondrion chloroplast nucleus
mitochondrion
The pneumotaxic center of the pons
modifies the rate and depth of breathing.
Which type of teeth function in crushing and grinding and typically have three roots when found in the upper jaw? cuspids bicuspids incisors molars
molars
At a PO2 of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is ________ percent saturated with oxygen.
more than 90
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the ileum. mouth. duodenum. stomach. esophagus.
mouth.
The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is pneumothorax. pulmonary embolism. COPD. anoxia. respiratory distress syndrome.
respiratory distress syndrome.
An increase in HCl (hydrochloric acid) arriving in the duodenum would stimulate which hormone that would help to counteract the effects of HCl? View Available Hint(s) CCK (cholecystokinin) secretin gastrin GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide)
secretin
the intestinal hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release enzymes and buffers is secretin. gastrin. vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP). lipase.
secretin.
The esophagus consists of an adventitia instead of which layer? submucosa mucosa serosa lamina propria
serosa
The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of simple squamous epithelium. moist cuboidal epithelium. ciliated squamous epithelium. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. surfactant cells.
simple squamous epithelium.
In the digestive and urinary systems, rings of smooth muscle, called ________, regulate the movement of materials along internal passageways. longitudinal muscles the muscular layer muscularis mucosae circular muscles sphincters
sphincters
Which type of epithelium lines the inferior portions of the pharynx? pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium simple cuboidal epithelium simple squamous epithelium stratified squamous epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium
Name the three pairs of salivary glands. caudate, quadrate, falciform buccal, parotid, lingual sublingual, submandibular, and parotid lingual, sublingual, and submandibular serous, mucous, and parotid
sublingual, submandibular, and parotid
Which major layer of the digestive tract is a dense layer of irregular connective tissue that has large blood vessels and lymphatic vessels? serosa submucosa muscularis externa mucosa
submucosa
Three separate bands of smooth muscle that run along the outer surfaces of the colon just deep to the serosa are called which of the following? appendix haustra taeniae coli colic flexures
taeniae coli
Which statement regarding emphysema is NOT true? Paradoxically, people with emphysema: have alveoli that are larger than those in healthy lungs (due to destruction of the walls and connective tissue between adjacent alveoli). tend to maintain a healthy pink color due to exaggerated breathing movements. tend to have a bluish coloration to their skin. have lungs that are more compliant than a person with healthy lung tissue.
tend to have a bluish coloration to their skin.
Air traveling from the tertiary bronchi must pass through the ________ to reach the pulmonary lobule.
terminal bronchioles
What anatomical feature of the stomach allows the organ to form chyme? (Module 22.10B) the rugae allows the lumen to expand the wide body gives ample space the long greater curvature produces an angle creating a pouch the 3 muscular layers allows mixing and churning the muscular pyloric sphincter contracts
the 3 muscular layers allows mixing and churning
During inhalation, View Available Hint(s) the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases. oxygen molecules move into the lungs, and carbon dioxide molecules move out of the lungs. the diaphragm and rib muscles contract. air moves up the trachea. the diaphragm relaxes.
the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.
If a patient being tested inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's tidal volume. total lung capacity. reserve volume. expiratory reserve volume. vital capacity.
vital capacity.
Which fat-soluble vitamin is found in leafy green and yellow vegetables but is not produced by intestinal bacteria? vitamin D3 vitamin E vitamin K vitamin A
vitamin A
The pyloric antrum secretes gastrin: whose primary function is to dilate regional capillaries, and to inhibit acid production in the stomach. which stimulates lipid synthesis in adipose tissue and increases glucose use by skeletal muscles. when stimulated by the vagus nerve or when food arrives in the stomach. whose primary effect is an increase in bile secretion by the liver, and the secretion of buffers by the pancreas.
when stimulated by the vagus nerve or when food arrives in the stomach.
What is the name sometimes given to the third set of molars? (Module 22.7B) permanent teeth wisdom teeth milk teeth baby teeth deciduous teeth
wisdom teeth
Of the 20 amino acids, ________ are essential amino acids that the body either cannot synthesize or that cannot be produced in amounts sufficient for growing children. 2 6 8 10 20
10
Each 100 mL of blood leaving the alveolar capillaries carries away roughly ________ of oxygen.
20ml
At which body temperature are the thermoregulatory capabilities of the body likely to be lost? 38ºC 32ºC 40ºC 27ºC
27ºC
Which amount of surfactant resulted in the greatest amount of airflow? 2 4 0 Amounts 2 and 4 gave the same airflow.
4
Of all the energy released in catabolism, about ________ percent is lost as heat warms the surrounding tissues. 20 10 40 80 60
60
Define bronchopulmonary segment
A bronchopulmonary segment is a region of the lung supplied by a segmental bronchus.
Wally decides to go on a hunger strike to further one of his favorite causes. After many days with nothing but water you would expect to observe lowered blood pH. ketone bodies in his urine. elevated levels of glucocorticoids. All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.
All of the answers are correct.
Which statement about pulmonary ventilation is correct? The volume of the anatomic dead space is inconsequential and can be ignored in respiratory calculations. Alveolar ventilation and respiratory minute volume mean/measure the same thing. Alveolar ventilation (VA) is less than the respiratory minute volume because some inhaled air never reaches the alveoli. Respiratory minute volume is the amount of air that reaches the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs each minute.
Alveolar ventilation (VA) is less than the respiratory minute volume because some inhaled air never reaches the alveoli.
From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood? View Available Hint(s) Bronchioles Alveoli Bronchi Trachea Nose
Alveoli
at the respiratory membrane
At the level of the alveoli, where does gas exchange occur?
Predict the effect of peripheral vasodilation on a person's body temperature. (Module 23.20A) Body temperature would decrease. Body temperature would increase. Body temperature would stay the same.
Body temperature would decrease.
________ crush and grind food. Cuspids Bicuspids Molars Incisors Both bicuspids and molars
Both bicuspids and molars
Both secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulate secretion from the liver and pancreas. Which of the following statements correctly describes their related functions? View Available Hint(s) CCK stimulates secretions that increase the pH of chyme, while secretin stimulates secretions that decrease its pH. CCK stimulates production of digestive juices, while secretin relaxes the hepatopancreatic sphincter so the juices can be released. Secretin increases production of bile by the liver, while CCK stimulates the gallbladder to contract, releasing the bile that was already made. Both hormones stimulate the production of pancreatic enzymes.
C. Secretin increases production of bile by the liver, while CCK stimulates the gallbladder to contract, releasing the bile that was already made.
What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration? View Available Hint(s) C6H12O6 + 6 CO2 → 6 O2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy C6H12O6 + 6 H2O → 6 CO2 + 6 O2 + ATP energy 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 O2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy → C6H12O6 + 6 CO2
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy
Explain why carbohydrates are preferred over proteins and lipids as an energy source. (Module 23.9C) Proteins and lipids are rarer in food than carbohydrates. Carbohydrates travel easier through the blood than proteins and lipids. Carbohydrates can be stored and proteins and lipids cannot. Proteins and lipids are more important as structural components of cells and tissues. Carbohydrates yield more energy than proteins and lipids.
Carbohydrates travel easier through the blood than proteins and lipids.
Define compliance and resistance.
Compliance is the ease with which the lungs expand and recoil. Resistance is an indication of how much force is required to inflate or deflate the lungs
How is heat loss different between conduction and convection? (Module 23.19C) Conduction is the direct transfer of energy through physical contact and convection involves heat loss as cooler air moves across the surface of the body. Conduction is the loss of heat by evaporation from sweat glands and convection is the loss of heat by evaporation from the skin. Conduction is the loss of heat by evaporation from the skin and convection is the loss of heat by evaporation from the alveolar surfaces of the lungs. Conduction involves heat loss as cooler air moves across the surface of the body and convection is the direct transfer of energy through physical contact. Conduction involves radiation, whereas convection involves evaporation.
Conduction is the direct transfer of energy through physical contact and convection involves heat loss as cooler air moves across the surface of the body.
Which of the following accurately describes alveolar sacs? They form a common passage that is connected to multiple individual alveoli. They cover the inner surface of the thoracic wall. Each of them is formed by the branching of a terminal bronchiole inside a pulmonary lobule. Each of them forms a common chamber connected to several individual alveoli.
Each of them forms a common chamber connected to several individual alveoli.
_____ are primary inspiratory muscles; they _______ the rib cage? Internal intercostals; depress External intercostals; elevate External intercostals; depress Internal intercostals; elevate
External intercostals; elevate
Which is true regarding the blood air barrier? Active transport occurs across the blood air barrier. The total distance separating alveolar air from blood is approximately 0.5 mm. Gas exchange occurs across the blood air barrier. At the blood air barrier, neither oxygen nor carbon dioxide is lipid soluble.
Gas exchange occurs across the blood air barrier.
the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas.
Henry's law states that
Which is true regarding the Bohr effect on the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve? If the pH decreases, the saturation curve shifts to the left. If the pH decreases, hemoglobin releases more oxygen. If the temperature decreases, hemoglobin more readily gives up its oxygen reserves. If the pH increases, the saturation curve shifts to the right.
If the pH decreases, hemoglobin releases more oxygen.
Which statement is true regarding mitochondria and the processes that occur within them? The common substrate for mitochondria is glucose. If the supply of oxygen to the cell is severely restricted, the cytochromes cannot pass on their electrons and the ETS stops working. The function of the citric acid cycle is to remove hydrogen atoms from coenzymes and add them to organic molecules. Each NAD can carry three hydrogen atoms, and each FAD can carry only one.
If the supply of oxygen to the cell is severely restricted, the cytochromes cannot pass on their electrons and the ETS stops working.
Which statement best expresses Boyle's Law? Which statement best expresses Boyle's Law? View Available Hint(s) If the volume of a gas in a sealed container increases, the pressure of the gas increases. If the volume of a gas-filled container increases, the pressure of the gas in the container decreases. If the pressure of a gas in a sealed container increases, the volume of the container will increase. If the temperature of a gas increases, the volume of the gas will increase.
If the volume of a gas-filled container increases, the pressure of the gas in the container decreases.
Applying Boyle's law, which of the following statements would be true for gas in a closed container at a constant temperature? If the volume of the container is increased, the pressure of the gas will increase. There is a direct proportionality between pressure and volume. If the volume of the container is decreased, fewer collisions of gas molecules occur per unit time. If the volume of the container is decreased, the gas pressure will increase.
If the volume of the container is decreased, the gas pressure will increase.
Which response is coordinated by the heat-gain center? Parasympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medullae releases epinephrine. Shivering decreases body temperature. The vasomotor center increases blood flow to the dermis. In children, hypothalamic TRH release increases.
In children, hypothalamic TRH release increases.
Which statement is correct? View Available Hint(s) Oxygen is released from the mitochondria as a product of cellular respiration. In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the alveoli into surrounding capillaries. Oxygen diffuses from large blood vessels into the body's cells. As oxygen diffuses from the lungs into capillaries, blood becomes deoxygenated.
In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells.
What does not happen to a carbon dioxide molecule once it enters the bloodstream? It is converted to a molecule of carbonic acid. It is converted by carbonic anhydrase. It binds to the protein portion of hemoglobin molecules within red blood cells. It binds to heme groups in hemoglobin. It dissolves in plasma.
It binds to heme groups in hemoglobin.
Choose the correct statement regarding the liver. It functions in the maintenance of normal concentrations of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids in the bloodstream. The round ligament extends along the edges of the bare area. The porta hepatis carries bile from the gallbladder to the duodenum. It temporarily stores the bile it produces.
It functions in the maintenance of normal concentrations of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids in the bloodstream.
Which of the following statements about the trachea is false? It alters its diameter in response to the autonomic nervous system. It is reinforced with C-shaped cartilages. It ends in the mediastinum. It is also called the windpipe. It is reinforced with D-shaped cartilages.
It is reinforced with D-shaped cartilages.
How did the pressure in the left intrapleural cavity change when the valve was opened? It went from a negative number to zero. The pressure in the intrapleural cavity equalized with the atmospheric pressure. It went from a positive number to a negative number and the pressure in the intrapleural cavity equalized with the atmospheric pressure. It went from a negative number to zero and the pressure in the intrapleural cavity equalized with the atmospheric pressure. It went from a positive number to a negative number.
It went from a negative number to zero and the pressure in the intrapleural cavity equalized with the atmospheric pressure.
Define respiratory rate. (Module 21.11A) Respiratory rate is the number of breaths taken each minute. Respiratory rate is the amount of air that remains in your lungs even after a maximal exhalation. Respiratory rate is the time it takes to inhale forcibly all of your air. Respiratory rate is the time it takes to voluntarily expel all of your air. Respiratory rate is volume of air moved each minute.
Respiratory rate is the number of breaths taken each minute.
Which of these physical changes to the respiratory structures does NOT cause the lung volume to increase? View Available Hint(s) The intrapulmonary pressure rises above the atmospheric pressure. The diaphragm contracts. The thoracic cavity volume increases. The ribcage is pulled upward.
The intrapulmonary pressure rises above the atmospheric pressure.
Distinguish between the conducting portion and respiratory portion of the respiratory tract.
The conducting portion includes the nasal cavity and extends through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and larger bronchioles. The respiratory portion includes the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli.
Which statement is not correct regarding the mucus escalator: The mucus escalator is a function of the respiratory mucosa. The mucus escalator traps all particles down to 1μm in size. Cilia sweep mucus and trapped particles toward the pharynx. Mucus reaching the pharynx will be swallowed or coughed out.
The mucus escalator traps all particles down to 1μm in size.
Which of the following descriptions accurately describes Boyle's law? View Available Hint(s) The partial pressure of a gas in the air you breathe in is equal to the total atmospheric pressure times the fractional concentration of the gas. How well a gas dissolves in a liquid such as blood depends on both its partial pressure and its solubility. The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs.
The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs.
Which is true regarding the respiratory changes associated with smoking? The rate of lung deterioration for former smokers is similar to that of nonsmokers, but it starts from a lower baseline. There is no value in quitting smoking, as far as risk for developing lung cancer is concerned. Individually, colon, breast, and prostate cancers each cause more deaths per year in the United States than does lung cancer, and just more than half of lung cancer patients survive more than 10 years. Smoking masks the lung function deterioration that occurs with aging.
The rate of lung deterioration for former smokers is similar to that of nonsmokers, but it starts from a lower baseline.
Which of the following is a response coordinated by the heat-loss center? A gradual increase in muscle tone occurs. Hormones are released to increase the metabolic activity of all tissues. The respiratory centers are stimulated. The vasomotor center is stimulated.
The respiratory centers are stimulated.
Choose the correct statement regarding the trachea and bronchi. The lobar bronchi are supported by small rings of cartilage. The tracheal cartilages are complete rings of hyaline cartilage. The left primary bronchus descends toward the lung at a steeper angle. The right primary bronchus is larger in diameter than the left primary bronchus.
The right primary bronchus is larger in diameter than the left primary bronchus.
What is the definition of metabolism? The synthesis of more complex molecules from simple molecules or atoms. The breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules. The rate of a chemical reaction is equal in the forward and reverse directions. The sum of all chemical reactions, both breakdown and build-up reactions.
The sum of all chemical reactions, both breakdown and build-up reactions.
upper respiratory tract
The trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli all make up the
Which description accurately describes the attachment of the vocal ligaments (vocal cords)? The vocal ligaments lie within a pair of relatively inelastic vestibular folds. The vocal cords are suspended vertically between the corniculate cartilages and the epiglottis. The vocal ligaments are suspended almost horizontally between the thyroid cartilage and the arytenoid cartilages, inferior to the vestibular ligaments. The vocal ligaments are embedded in the vocal folds
The vocal ligaments are suspended almost horizontally between the thyroid cartilage and the arytenoid cartilages, inferior to the vestibular ligaments.
Which statement concerning the branching of the lower respiratory tract is incorrect? Tertiary bronchi branch several times, giving rise to bronchioles. There are six secondary bronchi-three for each lung. Each bronchiole branches to form roughly 6500 terminal bronchioles. There are two primary bronchi-one for each lung.
There are six secondary bronchi-three for each lung.
Which is the function of parietal cells? They produce a variety of hormones. They produce enzymes important for the digestion of milk. They secrete an inactive proenzyme called pepsinogen. They secrete a glycoprotein that facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12 across the intestinal lining.
They secrete a glycoprotein that facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12 across the intestinal lining.
alveolar ventilation rate
________ equals the respiratory rate × (tidal volume - anatomic dead space).
Hemoglobin inside red blood cells acts as: a buffer by reversibly binding the H+ ions produced from the dissociation of carbonic acid in solution inside the cell. a base that contributes HCO3- to the plasma. an enzyme that converts CO2 to carbonic acid. an acid that contributes H+ ions to HbH+.
a buffer by reversibly binding the H+ ions produced from the dissociation of carbonic acid in solution inside the cell.
The nasal cavity and superior portion of the pharynx are similar to the superior portion of the lower respiratory tract in that both consist of : simple squamous epithelia. a complex series of ducts and respiratory pouches. a ciliated respiratory mucosa. simple cuboidal epithelia.
a ciliated respiratory mucosa.
Define hepatocyte. (Module 22.21A) a pancreatic cell a salivary gland cell a gallbladder cell a small intestinal cell a liver cell
a liver cell
Pepsin is _______. a peptidase and an enzyme that digests protein a peptidase, an enzyme that digests protein and a protein that digests protein a peptidase a protein that digests protein an enzyme that digests protein
a peptidase, an enzyme that digests protein and a protein that digests protein
Distinguish between chemical digestion and absorption. (Module 22.5B) Chemical digestion involves the entry of food and liquid into the digestive tract, whereas absorption involves the discharge of indigestible food into material waste. Chemical digestion involves the discharge of indigestible food into material waste, whereas absorption involves the entry to food and liquid into the digestive tract. Chemical digestion involves the crushing and shearing of food, whereas absorption involves the movement of nutrients across the digestive epithelium into the interstitial fluid. Chemical digestion involves the breakdown of food, whereas absorption involves the movement of nutrients across the digestive epithelium into the interstitial fluid. Chemical digestion involves the movement of food along the digestive tract, whereas absorption involves the secretion of acids, enzymes, and buffers.
d. Chemical digestion involves the breakdown of food, whereas absorption involves the movement of nutrients across the digestive epithelium into the interstitial fluid.
Compare glycogenesis and glycogenolysis. (Module 23.7A) Glycogenesis is the formation of glucose from non-carbohydrates. Glycogenolysis is the formation of non-carbohydrates from glucose. Glycogenesis is the formation of glycogen from non-carbohydrates. Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of non-carbohydrates into glycogen. Glycogenesis is the breakdown of glycogen to glucose. Glycogenolysis is the formation of glycogen from glucose. Glycogenesis is the formation of glycogen from glucose. Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen to glucose. Glycogenesis is the formation of non-carbohydrates from glucose. Glycogenolysis is the formation of glucose from non-carbohydrates.
d. Glycogenesis is the formation of glycogen from glucose. Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen to glucose.
Which nutrient group provides vitamins A, B12, pantothenic acid, thiamine, and riboflavin? vegetables grains dairy fruits
dairy
n breathing, the purpose of contracting the diaphragm and expanding the rib cage is to: equalize the pressure inside and outside the thoracic cavity. decrease thoracic pressure so that air moves into the lungs. compress air trapped in the anatomic dead space. increase the pressure within the thoracic cavity.
decrease thoracic pressure so that air moves into the lungs.
Damage to the type II pneumocytes of the lungs would result in all of the following except a decreased rate of gas exchange. increased tendency to alveolar collapse. decreased number of dust cells. increased surface tension in the alveoli. a loss of surfactant.
decreased number of dust cells.
Which of the following occurs when water is released (lost) during a reaction? catabolic hydrolysis dehydration synthesis catabolic synthesis dehydration hydrolysis
dehydration synthesis
At the left colic flexure, the colon becomes the sigmoid colon. ascending colon. transverse colon. descending colon. rectum.
descending colon.
Which muscles, when contracted, would increase the volume of air in the thoracic cavity? View Available Hint(s) diaphragm and internal intercostals diaphragm and external intercostals internal intercostals and external oblique
diaphragm and external intercostals
Cells perform catabolism to generate ATP, which can be used for all of the following except ion transport. protein synthesis. diffusion. muscle contraction. glycogen synthesis.
diffusion.
The _________ respiratory group functions in every breath cycle by triggering the ____________ muscles; whereas the ____________ respiratory group functions only when breathing demands increase above resting levels. dorsal; primary inspiratory; ventral dorsal; primary expiratory; ventral dorsal; secondary inspiratory; ventral ventral; primary expiratory; dorsal
dorsal; primary inspiratory; ventral
Name the three segments of the small intestine from proximal to distal. (Module 22.13A) duodenum, jejunum, ileum cecum, transverse colon, sigmoid colon ileum, jejunum, duodenum jejunum, duodenum, cecum ileum, jejunum, cecum
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
When and how do ketone bodies form? (Module 23.13B) during the absorptive state when carbohydrates are broken down by the liver during the postabsorptive state when glucose is being converted to glycerol and amino acids during the absorptive state when lipids and amino acids are broken down by the liver during the postabsorptive state when lipids and amino acids are broken down by the liver during the postabsorptive state when carbohydrates are broken down by the liver
during the postabsorptive state when lipids and amino acids are broken down by the liver
The term "hypercapnia" refers to elevated PO2. an increase in pH. labored breathing. elevated PCO2. the cessation of breathing.
elevated PCO2.
Blood leaving peripheral tissues has a partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) of 40 mm Hg. As a result, we can infer from a standard hemoglobin saturation curve that: peripheral tissues remove 50 percent of the oxygen originally in arterial blood. only 25 percent of the original oxygen remains in venous blood. nearly 75 percent of the original oxygen in the arterial blood remains in venous blood. the peripheral tissues remove more than 97 percent of the oxygen from the blood.
nearly 75 percent of the original oxygen in the arterial blood remains in venous blood.
In inhaled dry air, which of the following is found in the highest concentration? water vapor (H2O) nitrogen (N2) oxygen (O2) carbon dioxide (CO2)
nitrogen (N2)
Which of the following organs is not part of the lower respiratory system? bronchioles oropharynx bronchi larynx alveoli
oropharynx
In emphysema, all of the following occur except patients present with cyanosis. the surface area for gas exchange decreases. compliance increases. there is elevated PCO2 in the blood. alveoli collapse.
patients present with cyanosis.
Which is more efficient in propelling intestinal contents along the digestive tract: peristalsis or segmentation? Why? (Module 22.4A) peristalsis; because it involves mixing and churning segmentation; because it involves pushing the bolus forward peristalsis; because it involves pushing the bolus forward segmentation; because it involves mixing and churning both segmentation and peristalsis are equally effective at propelling intestinal contents along the digestive tract
peristalsis; because it involves pushing the bolus forward
The haustra of the large intestine: consist of three separate longitudinal bands of smooth muscle. permit the expansion and elongation of the colon. mark the end of the ascending colon. contain numerous teardrop-shaped sacs of fat.
permit the expansion and elongation of the colon.
The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the pharynx. larynx. vestibule. trachea. glottis.
pharynx.
Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces
phonation
The production of sounds in the larynx is known as? amplification articulation phonation resonance
phonation
When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands, it is in the ________ state. deprivation postabsorptive absorptive preabsorptive starvation
postabsorptive
What branches from the trachea? terminal bronchioles primary bronchi secondary bronchi tertiary bronchi alveolar ducts
primary bronchi
The parotid salivary glands: produce a secretion containing large amounts of salivary amylase. produce a mucous secretion that acts as a buffer and lubricant. contain a mixture of secretory cells, some specialized for mucous secretion and others specialized for enzyme production. transport antibodies (IgA) into the saliva.
produce a secretion containing large amounts of salivary amylase.
Which of the following is not a function of the adult liver? producing blood cells synthesizing clotting factors synthesizing and releasing cholesterol producing bile storing iron
producing blood cells
Chymotrypsin, trypsin, carboxypeptidase, and elastase are examples of which type of major pancreatic enzymes that break down proteins? pancreatic alpha-amylase proteolytic enzymes nucleases pancreatic lipase
proteolytic enzymes
What is basal metabolic rate? (Module 23.17B) the minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person the minimum resting energy expenditure of a sleeping person the maximum energy expenditure during exercise of an average person the maximum energy expenditure during exercise of an athlete the amount of heat generated by an awake, alert person
the minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person
Without surfactant, _______. the surface tension of the liquid in the alveoli would be greater the surface tension of the liquid in the alveoli would be less and the alveoli would collapse the surface tension of the liquid in the alveoli would be less the alveoli would collapse the surface tension of the liquid in the alveoli would be greater and the alveoli would collapse
the surface tension of the liquid in the alveoli would be greater and the alveoli would collapse
Which of the following is not true of the Kupffer cells of the liver? they are also called hepatocytes they engulf bacteria they store heavy metals they destroy damaged RBCs they are phagocytic
they are also called hepatocytes
The visible and palpable prominence on the throat known as the Adam's apple is part of the corniculate cartilage. cricoid cartilage. glottis. epiglottis. thyroid cartilage.
thyroid cartilage.
Which pulmonary volume is defined as the amount of air that you move into or out of your lungs during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions, such as when doing your homework? inspiratory capacity tidal volume vital capacity inspiratory reserve volume
tidal volume
Gas exchanged between blood and the lungs passes through the capillary endothelial cells that surround the alveoli, as well as ________. type I pneumocytes type II pneumocytes alveolar macrophages thin cartilage plates
type I pneumocytes
Which part(s) of the respiratory system filter(s), warm(s), and humidify(ies) incoming air? oropharynx upper respiratory tract smallest bronchioles lower respiratory tract
upper respiratory tract
While multiple hormones have a role in regulating digestion, only one of them affects absorption. Which hormone acts to increase the absorption of nutrients? View Available Hint(s) gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) gastrin vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) cholecystokinin (CCK)
vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
