Exam 3 Community Nutrition Chapters 10-15

What are some of the guidelines for introducing solid foods to children? Hint: think especially in terms of timing, order, and variety.

*4-6 months: iron-fortified rice cereal (mix with breast milk, formula, or water), followed by other cereals (baby can swallow nonliquid foods now); pureed fruits and vegetables *6-8 months mashed vegetables and fruits, infant breads and crackers, unsweetened fruit juices *8-10 months protein foods (soft cheese, yogurt, tofu, mashed cooked beans, finely chopped meat, fish, chicken, egg yolk), toast, teething crackers (for emerging teeth), soft-cooked vegetables, fruit *10-12 months whole egg (allergies are less likely now), whole milk (at one year)

Identify nutritional factors and lifestyle practices that increase health risk during pregnancy

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history and evolution of the SNAP program

-Established by the Food and Nutrition Act of 2008 -roots date back to the food assistance programs of the Great Depression; to help both farmers and consumers the gov began distributing the surplus farm foods to hungry citizens -Milo Perkins first administrator of the program -today SNAP enables recipients to buy approved food items and authorized food stores, goal is to improve diets of the low-income by increasing access to food and food-purchasing ability Read pg. 395-399

What role do multinational corporation play in food insecurity?

-Multinational corporations hire indigenous people for low-wages to grow crops to be exported for profit o leaves little fertile land for local farmers - Some multinational corporations also contribute to hunger through marketing o nutritional status suffers when tight budgets are pinched by the purchase of goods associated with prosperity

Review the importance of immunizations and their connection to nutrition

-adequate protein is needed for vaccinations to be effective, otherwise body uses as protein -immunization achievements within the last two decades are credited with preventing about 3 million deaths a year and protecting many millions from disease, malnutrition, blindness, deafness, and polio -30 million are unimmunized because vaccines are unavailable; poorly provided or not accessible and being misinformed pg. 582

federal poverty thresholds

-dollar amounts below which a family would be viewed as living in poverty -used for calculating all official poverty population statistics

What are some of the protective components of breast milk, and what do they do?

-first 2-3 days of lactation produce colostrum; containing antibodies and white cells from mothers blood, contain bifidus that promotes "friendly" bacteria lactobacillus bifidus: so harmful bacteria can't grow in infant digestive tract -allergy development -lower risk of chronic diseases: asthma, atherosclerosis, diabetes, cancers, childhood obesity, and hypertension -infections and illnesses; ear infections, pneumonia, diarrhea, and vomiting

Why has life expectancy risen?

-healthful diet, exercising, and paying attention to our work and recreational environments -expectancy has also risen as a result of better prenatal and postnatal care and improved means of combating disease in older adults

What are the eligibility requirements for WIC?

-infants, children up to 5 years, pregnant, breastfeeding, and non breastfeeding post-par tum women who qualify financially and are at nutritional risk: medically based, diet-based, and or conditions that make the applicant predisposed to medically based or diet-based risks such as alcoholism or drug addiction -homelessness and migrancy are also risks -financial eligibility is determined by income (at or below 185% of poverty guidelines) or participation in SNAP or Medicaid

What are the primary nutritional problems in infancy?

-iron deficiency *use of cow's milk earlier than recommended *breast feeding after six months without iron supplementation -food allergies *genetics is the most significant factor in susceptibility; less prevalent in breastfed infants

Explain the relationship of maternal weight gain to infant birthweight

-normal weight gain and adequate nutrition support the health of the mother and the development of the fetus -low weight gain in pregnancy is associated with the increased risk of delivering LBW infant; these infants have high mortality rates; less than 5lbs

How are US children doing on consuming recommended foods?

-review the section called "What are Children and Adolescents Eating" on page 463, including Table 12-2. Look for which dietary components are closest to and farthest from the standards -consumption of dairy products and protein foods are closest to standards -dark green vegetables and beans are farthest from recommendations

What are the current projections for how the 65+ population is expected to grow?

-will nearly double in number by 2040 to more than 82.3 million people -tend to consume a large amount of total health care and long-term care resources

What percent of requests for emergency food assistance go unmet?

27% of the requests for emergency food assistance go unmet

What percent of older adults actually live in nursing homes?

3.4%... THE percentage increases with age, ranging from about 1% for persons 65-74 years to 3% for persons 75-84 years and 10% for persons 85 and older

food security

Access by all people at all times to sufficient food for an active and healthy life. Food security includes at a minimum the ready availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods and the ability to acquire them in socially acceptable ways

Afterschool Snack Program

Assists school-based after-school programs in providing healthful snacks to children

child and adult care food program

Assists states in initiating, maintaining, and expanding nonprofit foodservice programs for children and older adults or impaired adults in nonresidential daycare facilities. After-school programs operated by community groups may also serve snacks to teenagers age 12-18 in low-income areas.

National School Lunch Program

Assists states in making the school lunch program available to students and encourages the domestic consumption of nutritious agricultural commodities.

School Breakfast Program

Assists states in providing a nutritious, nonprofit breakfast for school students.

underweight

BMI-for-age < 5th percentile

health weight

BMI-for-age greater or equal to 5th percentile to < than 85th percentile

overweight

BMI-for-age greater or equal to 85th percentile to < 95th percentile

obese

BMI-for-age greater or equal to 95th percentile

summer food service program for children

Funds meals and snacks for eligible children during school vacation periods

food distribution program

Improves the diets of preschool- and school-age children and other groups and increases the market for domestically produced foods acquired under surplus removal or price support operations.

·Looking ahead, what are the keys to successful aging?

Prepare for old age early in life: psychologically, nutritionally, and financially •Reach out to others to forestall loneliness •Develop skills that can continue in later years •Develop the habit of adjusting to change •Arrive at maturity with as healthy a mind and body as possible -PYRAMID

Describe the purpose, eligibility requirements, and benefits of the federal nutrition programs available to assist low-income women and their children.

SNAP income < 130% poverty guidelines: increased ability to purchase food SNAP-Ed persons eligible for SNAP: nutrition education WIC pregnant women, postpartum and lactating women, infants, and children up to five years of age with income < 185% of poverty guidelines: checks vouchers to purchase healthful foods or direct food supplements, nutrition education, and referral to health services FMNP persons eligible for WIC: increased fruit and vegetable consumption Commodity Supplemental foods pregnant and postpartum women, infants, and children < 6 years of age with incomes < 185% of poverty guidelines: monthly food package of fruits, vegetables, meats, infant formula, beans, and other available foods EFNEP persons with incomes <125% of poverty guidelines who have children under 19 years of age: nutrition education Medicaid anyone with income <133% of poverty guidelines: complete health care Healthy Start pregnant women with incomes < 185% of poverty guidelines: certain high-risk pregnancies: prenatal and postpartum care EPSDT infants, children, and adolescents up to 18 years of age: health screening=dental checks, health education, hearing, vision

Review the major nutrition programs for older adults

See pages 530-535, especially Table 13-7

Suppose a woman is outside of the recommended amount of weight gain in pregnancy. What is the appropriate course of action?

Study pages 427-428 regarding weight gain, especially which groups tend to fall inside/outside of recommendations, and what the recommendations are.

CDC reflects the average growth, not how they grow -still helps to monitor growth

True

who are the most at risk for not gaining recommended maternal weight gain? what fraction of married women gain the recommended weight

about 3/4 of married women who deliver at full term gain recommended weight -African-American women and pregnant teenagers gain less than recommended

activities of daily living (ADLs)

bathing, dressing, grooming, transferring from bed or chair, going to the bathroom (toileting), and feeding oneself

baby boomers

born between 1946 and 1964: almost 1/3 of U.S. population -general characteristics o have the power to change the market place o make decisions based on personal beliefs o consonantly pressed for time o look for value and quality in their investments o will not age gracefully o like nostalgia

Know which particular nutrient deficiencies are of concern for older adults

calcium, vitamin D, vitamin B12

benefits of breastfeeding for mother

contracts the uterus and delays the return of regular ovulation conserves iron stores by prolonging amenorrhea may lead to a lower risk of type 2 diabetes, certain types of breast cancer, and ovarian cancer

How was food insecurity once viewed compared to how we see it now?

food insecurity was once viewed as a problem of overpopulation and inadequate food production, but now many people recognize it as a problem of poverty

national goals for maternal and infant health: HP 2020

goals and recommendations designed to improve the nutrition and health status of mothers and infants -focuses on mortality -addresses risk factors -examines incidence of developmental disabilities and folate intake

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)

improves the diets of low-income households by increasing their ability to purchase foods

Emergency Food Assistance Program

improves the diets of preschool- and school-age children and other groups and increases the market for domestically produced foods acquired under surplus removal or price support operations

commodity supplemental food program

improves the health and nutrition status of low-income pregnant, postpartum, and breastfeeding women; infants and children up to 6 years of age; and older adults through the donation of supplemental foods

infant mortality rate

infant deaths under one year of age, expressed as the number of such deaths per 1,000 live births

What is the biggest risk factor for illness worldwide?

malnutrition

the benefits of breastfeeding for infants

nutrients and healthy weight improved cognitive development protects against food allergies reduces risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) lower risk of chronic diseases protects against infections and illnesses

Review the major nutrition programs of the USDA targeted to children

pg 476-482: especially tables 12-3 & 12-7 -National School Lunch Program -School Breakfast Program -After school snack program -special milk program for children -summer food service program for children OTHERS THAT ALSO BENEFIT CHILDREN -Child and Adult Care Food Program -Commodity Supplemental Food Program -Emergency Food Assistance Program -Food Distribution Program -Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations -Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) -Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Woman, Infants, and Children (WIC) -WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program

Understand the status of and contributors to nutrition-related problems in children

pg. 469-471 -undernutrition -iron-deficiency anemia -high blood cholesterol levels -dental caries -eating disorders -overweight and obesity

What happens when developing countries have better access to education, credit and health care?

pg. 566 -education and literacy, better job opportunities, health, and nutrition -family well-being, better economic status, healthy babies -well-nourished mother and child, more income for housing, food, education -community involvement, healthier and better educated children -more options in social, economic, cultural life

Identify nutritional factors and lifestyle practices that increase health risk during pregnancy.

poverty access to healthcare inadequate diet iron-deficiency anemia in early pregnancy alcohol or drug abuse pregnancies close together age 15 and under

WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program

provides fresh, nutritious unprepared foods such as fruits and vegetables from farmers' markets to low-income women, infants, and children; expands the awareness and use of farmers' markets; and increases sales at farmers' markets

Special Milk Program for children

provides subsidies to schools and institutions to encourage the consumption of fluid milk by children

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)

provides, at no cost, supplemental nutritious foods, nutrition education, and referrals to health care to low-income pregnant, breastfeeding, and postpartum women; infants; and children to age five who are determined to be at nutritional risk

How are we progressing toward the HP 2020 objectives relating to aging

review Table 13-2; pg. 509

benefits of breastfeeding for society

saves lives saves money helps make a more productive workforce better for the environment

What region(s) of the US suffer the greatest food insecurity?

states in the Northeast, Midwest, and West had lower levels of food insecurity, whereas those in the South generally had higher-than average rates

weaning period

the time during which an infant's diet is changed from breast milk to other nourishment

Multinational corporations

transnational companies (TNC) with direct investments and/or operative facilities in more than one country. U.S. oil and food companies are examples

oral rehydration therapy (ORT)

treatment of dehydration (usually due to diarrhea caused by infectious disease) with an oral solution; as developed by UNICEF, ORT is intended to enable a mother to mix a simple solution for her child from substances that she has at home.

Older Americans Nutrition Program

type of intervention: congregate and home-delivered meals funding source: DHHS & AoA services: meals; transportation; shopping assistance; limited nutrition education, information, referral, and attention to needs of homebound older adults

Senior Farmers' Market Nutrition Program

type of intervention: income subsidy funding source: USDA services: provide low-income seniors with coupons that can be exchanged for eligible foods at farmers' markets, roadside stands, and community-supported agriculture programs

SNAP

type of intervention: income subsidy funding source: USDA services:electronic benefits transfer (EBT) for food purchases

Adult day care food program

type of intervention: meal program, supervised daycare funding source: USDA services: meals and snacks for participating daycare programs

SNAP Nutrition education

type of intervention: nutrition education funding source: USDA & NIFA services: provide information about making healthful choices

medicare/ medicaid

type of intervention: third-party payment system funding source: DHHS, CMS, & SSA services: covers medical and related services provided by participating hospitals, HMOs, private medical practices, ambulatory centers, rehabilitation and skilled nursing facilities, home health agencies, and hospice programs. Eligible nutrition services vary depending on the setting of care and the deemed medical necessity

What are the key contributors to (i.e., most important reason for )food insecurity and homelessness? Note: this is different than the key characteristics of the homeless

unemployment high housing and health care costs poverty low wages

As children become teenagers, what are the changes and influences on their dietary choices?

unhealthful eating patterns become more pronounced -social influences -individual influences -physical environmental influences -lifestyle -media and advertising

What are the global recommendations for breastfeeding?

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