Exam 3
Stucco
Use of stucco for buildings
Reverse perspective effect
Things get smaller as they go up to the ceiling creating an effect of distance
2. Balthazar Neumann: Vierzehnheiligen Church, Franconia, near Bamberg, Germany, begun 1744 Baroque In Central Europe (Baroque or Rococo ?)
-hilltop -previous church had site -freestanding altar -pastels, gold, and marble -twin towers at ent. -baroque
Michelangelo: Sistine Chapel, Vatican, ceiling 1508-12
-illusionist painting
Maderno: Santa Susanna
-Rome -Renovation by Carlo Maderno -II Gesu as point of departure but taller -More obvious movement into space -Layering of planes, and overlap of stories -Marking the terminal bays are pilasters that give way to engaged columns in the intermediate bays and to free-standing columns in the central bay
St. Peter's Basilica
-Rome -(Early designs by Bramante, Raphael, and Michelangelo) -Completion of dome, 1586-1592, Giacomo della Porta and Domenico Fontana -Nave and façade, Carlo Maderno -Baldacchino, Gianlorenzo Bernini -Colonnade, Gianlorenzo Bernini -Contain St. Peter's tomb
Unified nave
-no separate aisles
Greek cross plan
(Short stubby)
Rococo
-characterized by an elaborately ornamental late baroque style of decoration prevalent in 18th-century Continental Europe, with asymmetrical patterns involving motifs and scrollwork. -late baroque -Elegant and frothy, deriving from Auricular, Rocaille, and Baroque, themes, drawing on marine and shell motifs... like a mixture of coral, seaweed and stylized foliage. Colors were light and pale, often incorporating gold and silver -Decorative style, used for interiors especially
3 and 4 columns
-commonly used three and four columns at a time
Antonio Francisco Lisboa, Aleijadinho
- Born in Villa Rica ("Rich Town"), whose name was later changed to Ouro Preto ("Black Gold"), Brazil, in 1738 (sometimes said to be in 1730) -Son of Manuel Francisco Lisboa and his slave, Isabel. -His father, a carpenter, had immigrated to Brazil where his skills were so in demand that he appears to have been elevated to the position of architect -When Aleijadinho was young his father married and he was raised in his father's home along with his half siblings. -Aleijadinho first appears as a day labor working on the Nossa Senhora do Carmo Church in Ouro Preto, a church designed by his father. -It was shortly thereafter (around forty years old) that the signs of a debilitating disease (maybe leprosy, or a kind of bone degeneration) began to show and not long after that Aleijadinho received the nickname by which he has come down through history. -After that he became more and more of a recluse, working mostly at night. When he did go out in public he would be carried through the streets in a covered palanquin by his slave/assistants.
-Bernini, Fountain of the Four Rivers, Piazza Navona, Rome, 1648-51
- Centerpiece of Piazza Navona which was being developed over the ancient stadium of Domitian by Pope Innocent X Pamphili. -There are symbolic figures set amid splashing water and representing the major rivers of the continents to which Catholicism had spread: -Danube (Europe) -Ganges (Asia) -Nile (Africa) -Rio della Plata (America)
Toten
- natural object or animal believed by a particular society to have spiritual significance and adopted by it as an emblem.
Pelourinho, Salvador, Bahia (Baroque in Salvador (First Capital))
-(old town) -column used to abuse slaves
Vatican Obelisk
-1586: work on St. Peter's resumes under Pope Sixtus V -Moving the Obelisk overseen by the engineer Domenico Fontana -Was the largest intact specimen of the dozen Egyptian obelisks moving to Rome during the empire -now has cross at top, inscription at base -drum in place but not dome -Old façade od the narthex and stairs still in place -Not aligned -1586-1592: Giacomo della Porta and Domenico Fontana complete the dome
Rocaille
-18th century scroll ornament based upon water-worn elements such as rocks and seashells
pumpkin vault
-A hemispherical dome having a circular plan and a ribbed vault. Also called parachute dome, umbrella dome
Retable
-A structure forming the back of an altar -Overhanging shelf for lights and ornaments -Frame enclosing painted panels -Decorative screen set up behind and above an altar, generally forming an arch frame
Describe the form of Bernini's piazza of St. Peter's. What are the spatial and spiritual values associated with Bernini's design?
-Acts as arms as if to come out and welcome people into the basilica as the mother of all
Describe and compare Borromini's and Bernini's styles [Lecture]
-Borromini: Stucco -Bernini: plaster, sculptor
Bernini: Santa Andrea al Quirinale, Rome, 1658-70
-Built as the church in a school for training Jesuit missionaries -Site was shallow and constricted -Pope imposed that the elevation be kept low -Available space was wider than it was deep: -Chose a transverse oval for ground plan: -Formally this was a logical solution...But less desirable liturgically since the geometric axis runs perpendicular to the ritual axis -To maintain emphasis on the altar and establish the short axis as the dominant one, Bernini placed pilasters, not chapels, on the crossaxis, forcing the visitor's attention back to the origin point of the dramatic action -Light from hidden sources...and integration of sculpture, painting and architectural elements
Baroque Music
-Cantata (vocal composition with an instrumental accompaniment) and the concert -Profuse ornamentation -Preference for some vocal or instrumental virtuous -Such as Antonio Vivaldi "The Four Seasons"
Gianlorenzo Bernini (1598-1680)
-Child prodigy -Age 17 first commissions from papal family -Gifted sculptor and architect -Continues to move in circles of successive popes -Son of sculptor, artistic education in part by Pop Urban VIII -Official architect of St Peters -Construction of the balacchino
São Bento Monastery (Benedictines), Rio de Janeiro, begun 1617-33 (Baroque in Rio de Janeiro (Second Capital))
-Church begun 1633, by Architect Friar Bernardo de São Bento Correia de Souza -Plan by military Engineer Francisco de Frias de Mesquita -middle courtyard -gilt interior -Altar of the Sacristy (Crazy looking altar)
Borromini with Giovanni Maria de Bitonto, Palazzo Spada, Rome, 1652-53 (For Cardinal Bernardino Spada)
-Colonnade and corridor connecting two small courtyards in a residence 9 meters long (29 feet) -
Contraste
-contrast
Illusionist painting
-flat ceiling painted to look 3D depicting architectural elements
Borromini, S. Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, Rome, 1634-67
-Commissioned by the Spanish Discalced Trinitarians in 1634. -The dormitory, refectory, and cloisters were built by 1638. -Church was constructed 1638-1641, and the façade 1665-1667. -Church dedicated to the newly canonized Saint Charles Borromeo -Building dedicated to the author of the Counter-Reformation Instructiones Fabricae employed a centralized plan rather a longitudinal plan. -Stucco has been used since ancient times. Still widely used throughout the world, it is one of the most common of traditional building materials. -Up until the late 1800s, stucco, like mortar, was primarily lime-based, but the popularization of portland cement changed the composition of stucco, as well as mortar, to a harder material. -Historically, the term "plaster" has often been interchangeable with "stucco"; the term is still favored by many, particularly when referring to the traditional lime-based coating. -16 giant columns support an unbroken entablature Uneven placement of the columns -Unstable arrangement that engages the viewer in a constantly shifting set of perceptual experiences! - Borromini introduced a pattern of octagons, hexagons, and trinitarian crosses -These diminish in size as they move upward -Creating an exaggerated perspective!!!
Who are the principal architects involved in the rebuilding of St. Peter's, and what did each of them contribute to the finished basilica?
-Completion of dome, 1586-1592, Giacomo della Porta and Domenico Fontana -Nave and façade, Carlo Maderno -Baldacchino, Gianlorenzo Bernini -Colonnade, Gianlorenzo Bernini
Gold Cavern
-Decorated interior churches with gold
Where did the 'Vatican Obleisk' come from originally? What is the point of installing it in the plaza leading up to the basilica of St. Peter?
-Egypt
2. Describe Guarini's style [Lecture]
-Ellipses -cantilevered vault -Baroque
Domenico Fontana (1543-1607)
-Engineer who moved the Vatican Obelisk
3. How do you describe Rococo Architecture and what is the difference between Rococo and Baroque Architecture?
-Extremely decorative -Rococo is more decorative in the interior rather than the exterior -Rococo is Baroque on crack
Baroque Paintings
-Exuberance of forms and sense of grandeur -Overt emotional context -Reflection of the political and cultural changes -Preference for opposition: Chiaroscuro (light-dark) -Realism and naturalism -Deep integration of compositional plans -The manipulation of volume that gives the work a sense of architectonic dimension
Salvador Cathedral, Salvador, 1657-72 (first chapel from 1604) (Baroque in Salvador (First Capital))
-Façade covered by stones of Lioz -coffered ceilings
Two Bell Towers
-Façade flanked with two bell towers
Façade in shell
-Façade with a shell shape vault above
San Roque Church, Lisbon, 1566-73 (Influences from Portugal)
-First architect was the Portuguese Afonso Álvares, followed by Baltazar Álvares -During the Iberian Union, the works were completed by King Philip II 's official architect, the Italian Filipo Terzi, who finalized the façade and the interior of the church. -The design of the building served as prototype for many churches built by the Jesuits in Portugal and its colonies in Brazil and Asia. -unified nave -choir balcony -illusionist ceiling -gilt interior -LISBON IS IN PROTUGAL
City of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, 1625 (Baroque in Salvador (First Capital))
-First capital of Brazil in 1624 -High city and Low city
São Francisco Church - Convent of Santo Antônio, Largo da Carioca, Downtown, Rio de Janeiro, 1608-20 (Baroque in Rio de Janeiro (Second Capital))
-Found gold and transferred capital to Rio de Janeiro -Cloisters
St. Peter's Complex, Vatican (Rome), Italy
-Gated -St. Peter's -Scala Regia -Sistine Chapel -Obelisk -Piazza Retta -Piazza Obliqua
Who built the Church of Il Gesù in Rome (patron and organization)? How does Giacomo Vignola's design of Il Gesù draw inspiration from Alberti's S. Andea in Mantua? In what way does it show innovation?
-Giacomo Vignola and Giacomo della Porta
São Francisco Church and Monastery, Salvador, façade: 1723 (Baroque in Salvador (First Capital))
-Gold Cavern -Azulejo tiles -monastery -highly decorative -gilt interior -coffered ceilings
Michelangelo
-In charge of renovation -La Pieta (1498) located in side chapel of St. Peter
What is the purpose of the baldacchino? How does it incorporate symbolism that reflects its purpose and also the patronage of the Barberini family?
-It marked the location of the tomb of St. Peter
Aleijadinho: Bom Jesus de Matosinhos Sanctuary, Congonhas do Campo, Brazil, 1796-1805 (Baroque and Rococo Architecture in Minas Gerais (General Mines)
-Joaquim José da Silva Xavier, known as Tiradentes (1746-1792), was a leading member of the Brazilian revolutionary movement known as the Inconfidência Mineira -They aimed full independence from the Portuguese colonial power and to create a Brazilian republic. -When the plan was discovered, Tiradentes was arrested, tried and publicly hanged. -This sanctuary in Minais Gerais, south of Belo Horizonte was built in the second half of the 18th century. It consists of a church with a magnificent Rococo interior of Italian inspiration; an outdoor stairway decorated with statues of the prophets; and seven chapels illustrating the Stations of the Cross, in which the polychrome sculptures by Aleijadinho are masterpieces of a highly original, moving, expressive form of Baroque art - A wealthy businessman, Feliciano Mendes, had built the church to fulfill a vow made while he was desperately ill. -Between 1800 and 1805 Aleijadinho completed the twelve soapstone figures by having his assistants strap his hammer and chisels to what remained of his hands, which did not at this point include fingers. -Since he no longer had feet to stand on he had pads strapped to his knees up which he'd climb the ladders needed to get him off the ground. -The Twelve Prophets from the old testament are arranged in front of the church. -The Prophet Isaiah is believed to be Tiradentes, and Amos to be Aleijadinho. -The Passion Figures at Congonhas -At the bottom of the stairs is a long courtyard that is bounded by half a dozen pavilions. -In each pavilions there is a scene from the Passion of Christ. -66 life-size figures carved in wood, beginning with the Last Supper and ending with the Crucifixion. -The main figures, Christ, Peter, James, John, the Good and Bad thieves and the Mary are carved by Aleijadinho while the other figures, Roman soldiers, on-lookers and lesser figures were carved by his assistants. -The figures were later painted by Athayde, who also painted (1828) the ceiling of Lisboa's Church of São Francisco in Ouro Preto. One of the figures watching the crucifixion is believed to be a portrait (or selfportrait) of Aleijadinho.
Benedictional Loggia
-Maderno -where the pope stands and talks to the people
Francesco Borromini
-Maderno's great-nephew -Difficult and ill-tempered -Dressed eccentrically -Hypochondriac and melancholic
Counter Reformation
-Martin Luther nails 95 theses to the door of church which leads to Protestant Reformation -Catholic church est. the society of Jesus -Council of Trent and beginning of Counter Reformation -Jesuits build II Gesu -Charles Borromeo's Instructiones Fabricae Et Supellectilis Ecclesiasticae: architecture most social of all arts -1517-1577
The City of Rome under Pope Sixtus V (1585-1590)
-Michelangelo: Capitoline Hill, Capitoline Hill, Rome
Ouro Preto (Black Gold) formerly Villa Rica (Rich Village): Unesco World Heritage Site, designated in 1980 (Baroque and Rococo Architecture in Minas Gerais (General Mines)
-Ouro Preto (Black Gold)
Pietro da Cortona: S. Martina e Luca
-Rome -Greek cross plan with semicircular apses -Arms are longer -Façade is independent of the mass and space behind it -Exterior is less indicative of the interior space
Aleijadinho: São Francisco de Assis Church, Ouro Preto, Brazil (Baroque and Rococo Architecture in Minas Gerais (General Mines)
-follows shell 6 swirl -illusionist
Il Gesù
-Rome, Italy -Giacomo Vignola and Giacomo della Porta -Society of Jesus -Pivotal postion, standard, reference -Built as the Mother Church of the Jesuit order -First of many Counter-Reformation churches built in Rome -Prototype -Reflects the practicality & decorum urged by the Council of Trent - "Mother church of the Jesuit order." -Giacomo Vignola gained the patronage of the Farnese family, Cardinal Allessandro Farnese donated the funds to build the church. Vignola died in 1573 and Giacomo della Porta finished the project. -Central portal with pairs of colossal Corinthian columns and pilasters, triangular and segmented pediments, volutes link upper section with sides. -Central coat of arms with IHS, the monogram of Christ and symbol of the Jesuits. Inscription on frieze acknowledges patronage of Cardinal Farnese.
Old St. Peter's Basilica
-Rome, Italy, 318-322 -Build by the Roman Emperor Constantine above the tomb of St. Peter -368 feet long, 190 feet wide, one of the largest buildings in the world for a long time -Size was to accommodate pilgrims -Reconstructions of the baldacchino over the tomb of St. Peter
Baroque Architecture
-Spatial complexity and drama created by light from undisclosed sources -Dynamic play of concave and convex curves: baroque curvilinearity -ellipse or oval compositions -integration of painting, sculpture, and architecture
What are the origins and characteristics of Baroque architecture?
-Spatial complexity and drama created by the light from sources -Dynamic play of concave and convex curves -Ellipse or oval compositions -integration of painting, sculpture, and architecture
Salomonic columns
-Spiraled columns
Bernini: St. Peter's Square
-St. Peter's was the mother of all churches and its colonnades stretched out to almost hug the Catholics and have a warm welcoming
Danube
-The Danube is Europe's second-longest river, after the Volga River, and also the longest river in the European Union region. It is located in Central and Eastern Europe.
Rio della Plata
-The Río de la Plata — rendered River Plate in British English and the Commonwealth and La Plata River in other English-speaking countries — is the river and estuary formed by the confluence of the Uruguay and the Paraná rivers
Why is the basilica of St. Peter in Rome located where it stands? Why did the Pope decide to tear down the original church and build a new one?
-The circus was the site of the first organized, state-sponsored martyrdoms of Christians in 65. Tradition holds that two years later, Saint Peter and many other Christians shared their fate
Baroque Literature
-The ornamented style -The use of antitheses and hyperboles (I could sleep for a year!) -Play of words
Borromini, S. Ivo alla Sapienza, Rome, 1642-50
-The university buildings and part of the cloister were begun by Giacomo della Porta ca. 1587. -Borromini built the church and the end wall of the cloister between 1642-1650. - Conceptual structure: two interlocking triangles -"pumpkin" vault containing Christian symbols & symbols of the Barberini family, the building's patrons - Borromini was a stuccoist in his initial training -He brought a love for stucco decoration to all his subsequent architecture. -Bee: a symbol of Pope Barberini -(What the Barbarians didn't do, the Barberini did)
Tuscan Columns
-Type of Columns used in baroque time
Ultra Baroque
-Ultra decorative domes -Mexico
Waves
-Wave pattern used on columns
Nave
-Why add a nave? -Centralizing plane thought to be too Pagan -Nothing of the old nave should bee left uncovered -Need for a benedictional Loggia -Change plan from Greek cross to Latin cross by adding nave
Bernini: Baldacchino
-a ceremonial canopy of stone, metal, or fabric over an altar, throne, or doorway -located in St. Peters Basilica -Marks St. Peter tomb location -Bernini
Fresco
-a painting executed on wall surfaces by working pigments into wet plaster
Coffered ceiling
-a series of sunken panels in the shape of a square, rectangle, or octagon in a ceiling, soffit or vault
Pendentives
-a spherical triangle that transforms a square bay into a circle for the springing of a dome
Estipite
-a tapering pilaster, shaped like an inverted pyramid and derived from Mannerist architecture
Choir balcony
-above the entrance of the church
2. Guarini, Capella SS. Sindone - Chapel of Holy Shroud Cathedral, Turin, 1667-90
-add to east end of the cathedral of Turin to house important relic of the holy shroud
Carlo Maderno: St. Peter's Nave and Façade, Vatican, 1606-1626
-additional Nave creates a Latin cross plan -Criticism: too low, too lumpy -Original idea had two bell towers but when under construction they were removed because of foundation problems (under ground spring) -Façade similar to St. Susanna -Façade layered planes, freestanding columns
piazza / piazza oblique / piazza retta
-an open space surrounded by buildings
Arabesque
-an ornamental design consisting of intertwined flowing lines, originally found in Arabic or Moorish decoration
1. Balthasar Neumann, Wurzburg Residenz/Palace Wurzburg, Germany, 1719-44 Baroque In Central Europe (Baroque or Rococo ?)
-baroque -for prince bishops of the Sconborn family -symmetrically disposed around a deep entrance court -23 year construction -complex sequence of reception rooms
1. Guarini, San Lorenzo, Turin, 1666-1687
-based on octagon all set in square, -elliptical choir -geometric complexity -greek cross, circle, oval -open dome
Campanile, belfry
-campanile: in Italy, the name given to a freestanding bell tower -belfry: the tower or steeple in which bells are hung
Gilt interior
-gold leaf or gold paint applied in a thin layer to a surface.
Baroque
-original meaning in 1700's: derogatory term for the exuberant and extravagant aspects of the art of 1550-1700 -Current meaning: refers to the art and architecture of the late 16th to early 18th century -characterized by an emotional rather than intellectual response to a work of art and by an interest in exploiting the dramatic moment -Spreading the prestige and teachings of the Church -All the arts were deployed in this public-relations effort, and the artistic style that developed to restate traditional Catholic teachings became known as the baroque -The baroque was a didactic, theatrical, dynamic -Spatial complexity and drama created by the light from sources -Dynamic play of concave and convex curves -Ellipse or oval
Carlo Maderno (1556-1629)
-renovation and façade design of Santa Susanna, Rome
Plasteresco
-richly ornamented in a low-relief style suggesting silver work. -silversmith
Retable Facade
-seen in Hospital Provincial San Fernando
Baroque and Rococo Arch in Latin America
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Baroque Architecture
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Rococo Architecture
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A. Terminology
1. Paintings by Jean-Antoine Watteau -very life like -all in oil
Pastel colors, light and pale
Light colors is a characteristic of Rococo
Latin cross plan
Long Cross (Plain Latin cross)
Borromini & Rainaldi, Sant' Agnese Church, Piazza Navona, Rome, 1652/53
PIAZZA NAVONA -Once the Stadium of Domitian -Ancient Roman circus or racetrack -Around it: narrow irregular streets of Rome's medieval core -Sant' Agnese Church next door on left: Borromini and Rainaldi -Four rivers fountain: Bernini
Borromini & Rainaldi, Sant' Agnese Church, Piazza Navona, Rome, 1652/53
SANT' AGNESE CHURCH - Begun 1652 by Carlo Rainaldi, upon a commission of Pope Innocent X Pamphili. -Borromini was appointed one year later, in 1653, after Rainaldi had been fired. -In 1657, Borromini was dismissed and replaced by Rainaldi who completed the church.
saucer vaults
Saucer looking vaults used
Salomónica, Solomonic, or Barley-Sugar Column
spiral columns
What are the origins and characteristics of Baroque architecture? [Lecture, Buildings Across Time, p. 339]
started with Protestant Reformation, Martin Luther, dramatic, theatrical, dynamic
I. Baroque Architecture
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I. Rococo Architecture
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