Exam 3- Final- Speech 212

informal audience analysis pg 62

the way in which a speaker gathers information about his or her audience in an unsystematic way.

voice projection pg 205

the way in which speakers use the strength of their voice to control volume and express confidence in a speaking situation.

selective listening pg 29

the ways in which a person attends to some auditory information (speech or sound), ignoring other information.

selective perception pg 29

the ways in which people attend to the things they like, ignoring things that they do not.

metaphors (pg 189)

tropes or figures of speech that compare two seemingly dissimilar things.

facts pg 112

verifiable truths or information; often contrasted with opinions and beliefs.

full sentence outline and speaking notes

pg 143-150

Attention-Getting Techniques for speech introductions

pg 164

strategies for choosing your words and adapting to your audience

pg 187

Biased language

pg 193

sexist laguage

pg 194

slang

pg 195

Using language that uses us: Cultivating Awareness.

pg 197 Language is slippery because meaning is made by two or more people. Audiences can often interpret a meaning from your words that you did not intend. Care should be taken to avoid biased and sexist language, as well as slang. Consider how you can be more inclusive with your language, bringing your audience together as a community by avoiding language that excludes or discriminates.

What is style?

pg 197 Rather than simply being about fashion, style refers to the way in which a person presents himself or herself to others. In the context of public speaking, style refers to the relationship between what one says and how he or she says it. Traditionally, the focus on style in public speaking concerns word choice and delivery.

Choosing your words

pg 197 Choosing the right language for a speech requires contextual reasoning about the speech situation and the audience. You need to know where you stand with the audience as either an insider or an outsider, whether the situation is formal or informal, and what expertise they do or do not have. In general, strive for clear, concrete, and vivid language, employing repetition and rhythm to assist memory and encourage interest.

vocal elements

pg 204-205

five informative strategies

pg 275-280 description definition explanation demonstration narration

expertise (pg 186)

refers to having knowledge or skills particular to a given field. In the context of public speaking, expertise is closely associated with credibility.

reasoning pg 311

refers to the ability to make an inference or a judgment based on evidence.

Connotation (pg 182)

refers to the feelings one associates with a sign.

Denotation (pg 182)

refers to the literal and primary meaning of a sign, what you would expect to find in a dictionary.

logic pg 311

refers to the structure of reasoning.

impression management (pg 182)

refers to the way in which a person navigates his or her self-presentation in body and language.

narrative arrangement pg 140

sequences a speech like a story moving from the beginning to the end.

informative speaking pg 271

speech that attempts to introduce or impart new knowledge and information to audiences.

Badwagon pg 324

"Everyone is doing it!" is the motto of the bandwagon fallacy, and it's a very common one used in advertising. Celebrity endorsements of products — from cars to sport shoes — rely on the bandwagon fallacy. The term "bandwagon" is actually a reference to the circus.

demonstration pg 279

"how to"

Style

(pg 181) refers to the way in which a person presents himself or herself to others. In the context of public speaking, style refers to the relationship between what one says and how he or she says it. Traditionally, the focus on style in public speaking concerns word choice and delivery.

disposition

(pg. 181) disposition refers to a person's mental and physical orientation toward the world and others. In the context of public speaking, audiences perceive your disposition through your style.

three common speech genres pg 239

- celebratory -informative -persuasive

Components of introduction pg 163

-To establish goodwill: An introduction should establish a general sense that you care about the audience and have thought about them in advance of the speech. -To establish credibility: Along with the conclusion, the introduction is the part of your speech in which you establish authority as a speaker. It is a place where you say, either directly or indirectly, that you are qualified as a speaker and can be trusted. As we discussed in the chapter on ethical speaking (see chapter 2), your credibility refers to the ethos, or the character-based focus, of public speaking. -To explain why you are speaking: The introduction is when the audience learns about your purpose (expressed in a thesis statement) and how you will speak toward this purpose, with a preview of your main points.

best practices for slide creation pg 223-228

-clarity and simplicity - bigger is better -keep text easy to read -tips for using color - watch your back -watch your audience -timing -beware of the handout

Aristotle's Triangle

Pathos, logos, ethos

stories pg 112

An account of real or imagined events or people for the purpose of illustration or entertainment

internal noise pg 25

Any thoughts, feelings, or bodily disturbances — such as a stomach growl that only you can hear — that distract you from attending to a message. Internal noise includes beliefs, attitudes, and values that get in the way of clearly or more fully listening to what a speaker has to say. "Hearing what you want to hear," as the common phrase goes, is a kind of internal noise.

external noise pg 25

Anything in a communication environment that one can sense or feel that distracts, or can distract, from a message. This includes everything from room temperature, street sounds, the failure of a microphone, and distorted feedback to applause and laughter, a fire alarm or cell phone ringing, even your own hiccups.

C.A.R.S. test pg 101

CARS: An Internet Research Checklist Retired professor Robert Harris has taught students how to responsibly research on the Internet for years. He has created a memorable checklist of questions you should ask about Internet sources, developed around four key terms: - Credibility: What are the author's credentials? Does the information appear to be edited or peer reviewed? -Accuracy: Is the information timely and comprehensive? Does it appear to serve a general audience or a special interest? Is the information dated? -Reasonableness: Does the information appear balanced and objective? Is the information biased toward a particular worldview? -Support: Does the information provide its sources (a bibliography)? Can you find other resources that corroborate the information?

Claim of Fact pg 317

Claim of Fact: A statement that asserts that something has happened, is happening, or will happen, or a statement that asserts that something is true: "X is Y." "I had a waffle for breakfast." A subset of the claim of fact is the claim of definition: "A vacuum is a space devoid of matter" or "A vacuum is used to remove dirt from a carpet" are both claims of fact and definition.

Claim of policy pg 317

Claim of Policy: A statement that asserts that something should or should not change, happen, or be done in the future: "We should/should not do X." "Let's go to the pool today!" is an example, as is "The House of Representatives should reinstate the Glass-Steagall Act." The key to distinguishing a policy claim from other types of claims is the significance or importance of an uncertain future. The claim, "We should not have gone out to such an expensive restaurant last night!" is actually a claim of value, not only because it concerns something that has already happened but also because it makes a judgment about that event. Remember: Policy implies the future!

Claim of Value pg 317

Claim of Value: A statement that asserts that something is good or bad. For example, "X is good/bad." What is "good" or "bad" can be of any kind of value (something is or is not useful, something is right or wrong, and so forth). "Jorge is a great dancer" is as much a claim of value as a claim about something morally weighty, like, "Capital punishment is justified." Sometimes claims of value are believed to be claims of fact. The key difference is the role of judgment. One is assessing the importance or worth of something in a claim of value.

defensive listening pg 30

Defensive listening occurs when you anticipate what the speaker is going to say, especially if it is contrary to what you believe, feel, or value.

external noise pg 30

Distractions from the environment make it hard to focus on what a speaker is saying, whether it's his or her speech volume, noise coming from the street, or your neighbor chewing gum.

Ethos pg 298

Ethos. Ethos, or appeals to your wisdom or character as a speaker, is the glue that holds both rational and emotional appeals together. Why? Because perceptions of your character and reputation usually guide how audiences will judge your arguments and influence how they will feel about what you are saying. In his system of persuasion, Aristotle was primarily concerned with how a speaker makes appeals to character in a given speaking situation.

cultural listening pg 30

If a speaker comes from a different part of the world or belongs to a foreign culture or community, it may be difficult to understand the perspective he or she is coming from. This includes language barriers as well as differing values.

pretend listening pg 30

If a speaker comes from a different part of the world or belongs to a foreign culture or community, it may be difficult to understand the perspective he or she is coming from. This includes language barriers as well as differing values.

rambling pg 142

If so, you may have experienced a rambling organizational pattern, which is when the main points in a speech appear to be offered at random. On the face of it, a rambling speech doesn't seem organized at all. And often, a rambling speech is simply unorganized.

pathos pg 296

In addition to logos, Aristotle introduced pathos and ethos, appeals that are commonly used to strengthen persuasive speeches. Pathos, or appeals to feelings and emotions, concerns that dimension of persuasive speaking that can arouse a sense of love or hatred, or make us fearful or assertive, proud or ashamed, or peaceful or angry. For this reason, Aristotle included a focus on word choice, illustrations, and other forms of evocative language within the domain of pathos.

Ad Hominem pg 324

Literally translated as "to the man" or "to the person," this fallacy reduces an issue to a person's character unfairly. Sometimes critiquing a person or something he or she did is not fallacious when the critique is fair. An ad hominem fallacy is not fair. Not to be confused with name-calling, which is simply calling someone a bad thing ("You're a dunderhead!"), the ad hominem fallacy is an argument that diverts an audience away from an issue to a person, or that unfairly suggests someone's character is to blame for a problem.

Red Herring pg 325

Literally, a "red herring" refers to a very stinky fish, also called a "kipper," that turns red when it is smoked. It is so stinky that common lore says that hunters used the stinky fish to distract hunting dogs from finding their actual goal (a rabbit). While this fanciful origin story for the red herring is hard to prove, its imagery is still helpful. In an argument, a red herring is a statement that is distracting and actually has no relevance to the issue under discussion; a red herring misdirects the attention of the audience.

deductive reasoning pg 313

Making inferences or coming to conclusions based on a general principle or law; reasoning from the general to the specific. The classic example is the syllogism, "Penguins are flightless birds; Bob is a penguin; thus, Bob is a bird that cannot fly."

inductive reasoning pg 313

Making inferences or conclusions about a general principle or law based on particulars or specifics; reasoning from the specific to the general. Arguments that suggest causes or that use analogies are inductive in character: "Canada has socialized medicine; Denmark has socialized medicine. Both Canada and Denmark have very high taxes to help pay for their health-care systems. Therefore, if the United States socializes health care, taxes will have to be increased to help pay for it."

temporal pg 140

Organizing a speech temporally, or in a time sequence that the audience anticipates, is as powerful as spatial organization because humans also use time to make sense of the world. A temporal organization pattern can move back in time, but most of the time — pun intended — people think in chronological order: the arrangement of a series of events in the order in which they occurred.

· Speech anxiety & strategies for reducing anxiety pg 11-15

RESEARCH: research the speech ORGANIZE: put your main points into some sort of organization PRACTICE: plan how you will present the speech, and rehearse it to yourself DELIVER: deliver it to the class

vivid language (pg 189)

Simply stated, vivid language concerns words that are sensuous, cuing the mind to the experiences of touch, taste, sound, smell, and sight.

Ad Baculum (To the stick/club) pg 324

The ad baculum is a fear appeal that threatens force or violence if the audience does not accept the will of the speaker: "Either clean the floor with this toothbrush, or you're fired!" As with most emotional appeals, the ad baculum is not necessarily bad. We can think of many public service announcements that are reasonably justified and not fallacious, such as billboards that discourage texting and driving by showing gruesome images of car crashes.

logos pg 296

The appeal to reason is called logos. Scholars of Aristotle's classic treatise believe that logos is the most important component in the study of persuasion. Logos pertains to the rules of reasoning and how to use those rules to structure arguments that appeal to an audience's thought processes. Logos concerns what we refer to today as logic. In the case of most persuasion today, informal logic is a less technical and more causal way of making claims. We will discuss logos in greater depth in chapter 16.

cause and effect pg 142

The cause-and-effect pattern of organization is usually used in concert with temporal or problem-solution forms, and this pattern typically demands that speakers offer well-established or researched support.

syllogism pg 314

The most famous example of deductive reasoning is the syllogism, or three-part argument, which Aristotle famously illustrated with a philosophical wise guy, Socrates: Major premise: "All men are mortal." Minor premise: "Socrates is a man." Conclusion: "Therefore, Socrates is mortal."

problem-solution pg 141

The problem-solution pattern of organization is powerful because it is so pervasive in popular culture. One of the major reasons we speak publicly is in response to "problems"; therefore, this pattern of speechmaking is one of the primary patterns speakers use to persuade.

Slippery slope pg 325

This fallacy gets its name from the suggestion that if you walk on a slick surface you will inevitably fall. In other words, when one makes a slippery slope claim, he or she is arguing that something bad or undesirable will inevitably happen: "If you eat just one fast-food hamburger, you will get addicted and find yourself eating nothing but fast-food hamburgers."

Either-or pg 325

This fallacy happens when a speaker claims that you have only two choices in making a decision, when there may in fact be many other choices. This fallacy is often common in policy arguments. A related fallacy is the false dilemma, which presents an audience with two unhappy choices when there may in fact be different choices to be made: "Either you are with us, or you are against us!"

Non sequitur pg 325

This fallacy typically concerns a conclusion that does not logically follow from one or more premises. "All people are mortal; Socrates is a person; therefore, Socrates cannot dance." The example is ridiculous, but we've gone with this one here because a non sequitur is often harder to notice than other fallacies, as they often appear within otherwise sound arguments. Non sequiturs often follow words like "thus" and "therefore": "Global warming is caused by many factors, including the gas passed by livestock. Therefore, we should all be vegetarians." The argument here about vegetarianism makes some sense, but it is logically incoherent.

Ad Populum (to the people) pg 324

This is an appeal to popular feelings or commonly held emotions about a claim or an assertion that is not supported by good evidence: "Four out of five dentists would recommend chewing Cleenzit gum!"

Ad Misericordian (Appeal to Pity)pg 324

This is an appeal to the misfortune and plight of another. For example, a familiar appeal to pity is a television commercial featuring a hungry child; viewers are asked to donate money to alleviate hunger.

five functions of presentation aids pg 219-222

To assist with thinking To encourage retention To excite multiple senses To engage the body and create interest To simplify complexity

oral citations pg 126

When orally citing sources, consider including the following information: - Author (with credentials if appropriate) - Type of source (book, article, interview, speech) - Title or description of source - Date of source Depending on the speech situation, you may not need to include all of the source information.

explanation pg 278

When using explanation, you position yourself as an educator. With this strategy, your job is to explain how or why something is the way it is.

spatial pg 139

When you organize the main points of your speech this way, you are attempting to help your audience visualize moving through a place (e.g., a building) or over an object (e.g., up or down the parts of a tree). This organizational pattern is especially useful for speech topics that concern geography in some way, such as when you are describing the migration of a people across the globe, the length of the Appalachian Trail, or landscape design.

Straw person pg 326

When you oversimplify an opponent's argument, or when you claim that your opponent argued something that she or he didn't, you commit the straw-person or straw-man fallacy. This fallacy gets its name from the idea that straw people (e.g., the Scarecrow from The Wizard of Oz) are easily taken apart or defeated. Next to the ad hominem fallacy, the straw-person fallacy is the most common reasoning error in political discourse.

topical pg 141

When you pattern a speech topically, you present your main points in respect to a series of topics, characteristics, parts, or types. With this organizational pattern, the order of your main points is less important than with spatial or temporal patterns. The challenge of arranging a speech topically is figuring out how to transition from one main point to the next.

selective listening pg 30

You attend to only that information you think is important or relevant to you. Listening only to the parts of a teacher's lecture that may be on an exam is an example.

values pg 68

a deeply held core belief.

techne pg 12

a habit of mind and body that is cultivated to make something; a craft.

genre pg 241

a label for a widely recognized form or pattern of discourse in a given culture.

selective exposure pg 29

a psychological theory suggesting that people prefer information that supports their views and avoid information that does not.

argument pg 292

a reasoned claim, or series of claims, supported by evidence.

argument pg 311

a reasoned claim, or series of claims, supported by evidence.

appeal pg 292

a request made to another person with the intent of influencing him or her.

attitude pg 68

a set of beliefs that cluster around a common object and that predispose behavior.

thesis statement pg 87

a single sentence that expresses the topic and purpose of a speech.

Specific Purpose Statement

a single sentence, often beginning with the word "to," that explains the specific topic and goal of your presentation.

Active listening pg 31

a technique of observing and responding to a speaker's spoken and nonverbal messages with the goal of mutual understanding.

concept map pg 82

a visual representation of the relationships between different concepts, usually depicted with arrows and lines.

three general speech purpose pg 85

all public speeches can be categorized by one of three general speech purposes. - to inform or teach (increasing listeners' understanding or awareness) - to persuade or seduce (altering listeners' beliefs or encouraging specific actions) -to celebrate, honor, or mourn (bringing a community together in speech on a special occasion, such as a birth, a death, or a toast at a party)

fallacy pg 323

an error in reasoning

definition pg 277

an explanation or description of the meaning of a term or concept.

beliefs pg 68

an idea about reality.

stereotype pg 53

an overgeneralization about a person or group based on their assumed characteristics.

general speech purpose pg 85

answers the question "why?" with regard to the topic, audience, and occasion, and is framed around informing, persuading, or celebrating.

prop pg 219

any physical object that helps you illustrate a point in your speech.

noise pg 24

anything that distracts from a message in the context of communication. Noise can be internal or external to the listener.

claims pg 316

arguments typically advance on one of three types of claims. Claim of Fact Claim of Value Claim of Policy

speech situation pg 77

both the exigency or reason for giving a speech as well as those things that constrain what can be said. The primary characteristic of the speech situation is the reason and purpose of a speech. Secondary elements include the space and place of a speech, as well as the characteristics of the audience.

informal logic pg 313

concerns the study of how people argue on an everyday basis by leaving some things unstated.

formal audience analysis pg 62

employing various tools and methods for gathering information about people, such as focus groups, interviews, or surveys.

common knowledge pg 93

events, ideas, things, or even beliefs that are widely known and understood in a given community.

description pg 276

evoking sights, sounds, and smells to give an audience a mental sense of an event, process, or object.

enumeration pg 169

explicitly numbering an order of things. In public speaking, enumeration refers to the composition of transitions in oral delivery, or mental signposts. Many terms and phrases are handy for this purpose, for example: "first," "second," "third," "one," "two," "next," and "finally."

tropes (pg 189)

figures of speech. Popular tropes include metaphor, simile, and irony.

dialect pg 205

forms of language—including pronunciation, idioms, slang, and so forth— that are particular to a geographic region.

historical arrangement pg 140

how a given object or event occurred in documented, historical fact.

Speech exam one

https://quizlet.com/432840734/spcm-212-exam-1-flash-cards/

speech exam 2

https://quizlet.com/447489774/speech-test-2-flash-cards/

visualization pg 13

imagining the outcome of a possible course of action or behavior.

coercion pg 294

influencing someone to do or think something by threats, unwarranted emotion, and/or force that includes distorting, hiding, or preventing conscious choices.

three parts of a speech pg 136

intro, body, conclusion

opinion pg 120

judgments that may or may not depend on facts or knowledge.

Common Tropes at a Glance (pg 191)

metaphor: using a word, an idea, or a concept in order to represent something dissimilar"Gah! This algebra problem is a bear!" simile: a smaller metaphor that uses or implies the word like"Love is like an ATM machine, and you've overdrawn. "irony: saying one thing but meaning something else"That was as fun as getting kicked in the rear end!"

similes (pg 189)

metaphors that use or imply the word "like."

internal previews pg 169

more detailed forms of transitions that review major points to come, or that summarize points that have been said, respectively.

internal summaries pg 169

more detailed forms of transitions that review major points to come, or that summarize points that have been said, respectively.

statistics pg 113

numerical facts or measurements about a large group or collection.

malapropism (pg 193)

the accidental confusion of ideas or similar-sounding words, sometimes referred to as a "Freudian slip."

communication apprehension pg 8

the anxiety or fear experienced by communicators.

speech anxiety pg 8

the communication apprehension specific to speech making.

communication pg 28

the coordination of behavior using symbols.

brainstorming pg 79

the creative process of developing ideas and solutions to problems.

tone pg 201

the emotional quality or character of human expression; in public speaking, tone references the feelings of the speaker as they are expressed in delivery.

supporting materials pg 111

the facts, statistics, testimony, examples, and stories that bolster your claims.

examples pg 112

the illustration of a claim of fact or opinion

tonework pg 201

the labor of the speaker to craft, control, or change the expression of feeling in public speaking.

speech pg 201

the meeting place of the body and language, typically understood as meaningful, vocal expression.

gesture pg 208

the movement of the head, hands, and arms to communicate an idea or feeling.

listening pg 24

the process of actively making meaning of messages. - For our purpose of speaking in public, then, let us say simply that listening is the process of actively making meaning of messages.

invention pg 77

the process of discovering materials and arguments for a speech.

persuasion pg 291

the process of influencing others to do, think, or believe something through speaking and writing.

alliteration (pg 189)

the recurrence of the same sound in a series of words.

plagiarism pg 38

the representation of someone else's ideas or words as your own; plagiarism is intellectual theft.

identification pg 65

the shared sense of identity between or among two or more people, usually in reference to a common thing, experience, or event.

testimony pg 121

the sharing of an individual's viewpoints, perspectives, or opinions.

jargon (pg 187)

the specialized or peculiar language of a particular community or group.

vocalics pg 203

the study of the nonverbal character and expressiveness of the human voice.

demography pg 52

the study of the statistical characteristics of a given population.

rhetoric pg 295

the study of the ways in which speaking and writing influence people to do or think what they otherwise would not ordinarily do or think.

narration pg 280

the telling of a story, or a verbal account of an event or series of events.

irony (pg 191)

the trope for saying one thing but meaning another.

feedback pg 205

the unpleasant sound created when an audio input is too close to an output (e.g., a loudspeaker); in public speaking, feedback refers to verbal or nonverbal responses to a speaker that indicate an understanding or misunderstanding of a message.

accent pg 207

the way in which a person's speech pronunciation can indicate class allegiance or where she or he is from.

more fallacies on power point presentation

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