Exam 3 HIST 2111

Civil War

The American Civil War was a war fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. Primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people, war broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina shortly after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States. The loyalists of the Union in the North proclaimed support for the Constitution. They faced secessionists of the Confederate States in the South, who advocated for states' rights to uphold slavery.

Colonization Society

The Society for the Colonization of Free People of Color of America, commonly known as the American Colonization Society (ACS), was a group established in 1816 by Robert Finley of New Jersey which supported the migration of free African Americans to the continent of Africa. The society in 1821-1822 helped to found a colony on the Pepper Coast of West Africa, as a place for free-born or manumitted American blacks.

Shakers

The United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing, more commonly known as the Shakers, is a millenarian restorationist Christian sect founded in the 18th century in England. They were initially known as "Shaking Quakers" because of their ecstatic behavior during worship services

Oregon

The boundaries were finalized for Oregon upon entering the Union as the 33rd state on February 14, 1859. The remaining northeastern portion of the territory became part of the Washington Territory.[2] In 1863, Idaho Territory was created from the eastern section of the Washington Territory, with other former eastern portions of the Oregon Territory becoming parts of Montana Territory and Wyoming Territory.[1] Washington became a state in 1889, followed by Idaho in 1890.[1]

Manifest Destiny was the belief that Americans had a God-given mission to expand westward and show the world how to become a democratic country.

True

Mexico lost about half its territory as a result of the Mexican-American War.

True

George B. McClellan

Union army commander appointed by Lincoln; was a great organizer; known for transforming inexperienced troops into an army of trained soldiers ready for battle..

Harriet Tubman

United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force

Thomas Stonewall Jackson

Confederate general whose men stopped Union assault during the Battle of Bull Run

Congressional Reconstruction

Congressional/ Radical Reconstruction • 1867-1877 • 14th-15th Amendments • Reconstruction Act-1867 laid out the process for readmitting Southern states into the Union • Impeachment of Johnson - violates tenor of office act - Republicans vote Ulysses E. Grant to take over • Military districts and Republican rule

Ulysses S. Grant

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War. o 1872 General Amnesty-President Ulysses S. Grant signed into law the Amnesty Act-removed voting restrictions and office-holding disqualification against most of the secessionists who joined the rebel cause during the Civil War, except for some 500 military leaders of the Confederacy.

Missouri Compromise

an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state South were slave states.nd Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all

First Battle of Manassas

battle at a junction 30 miles outside of Washington, northern forces were heading to Richmond, Virginia as the Confederates met them (Confederate Victory) • 2 battles at Bull Run/ Manassas o 1st battle 1861- Citizens come out and watch and eventually flee when Union solders flee, 800 Men Killed o Union General George McClelland

Freedmen's Bureau

established in 1865-70 by Congress to help millions of former black slaves and poor whites in the South in the aftermath of the Civil War. • Ease to transition to freedom • Education • Health care • Mediate African Americans and Whites

Abraham Lincoln won the electoral votes from half the free states.

false

Camp meetings were an important feature of the First Great Awakelao.

false

Economic recovery after the Civil War went smoothly with few setbacks.

false

Emotional reactions to the preaching of the Second Great Awakening were frowned upon and discouraged by the preachers

false

Family was unimportant to slaves, who did not try to create or maintain strong family networks.

false

Less than 20,000 Indians were forced west in the 19th century.

false

Most freed slaves were given free land to live on.

false

Reformers tended to be from working-class backgrounds and promoted the values of a working-class society.

false

Republicans in Congress did not care that Southern states passed Black Codes after the Civil War.

false

Southern cities shrunk in size during the mid-19th century.

false

The Adams-Onis Treaty gave Florida to Spain.

false

The Emancipation Proclamation ended slavery in the United States.

false

Wealthy Southerners were always found guilty when accused of crimes like murder and rape.

false

Western migrants were usually young single men; families rarely migrated west.

false

Oneida Community

founded by John Humphrey Noyes in 1848 -A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children.

Moral Suasion

is an appeal to morality in order to influence or change behavior. A famous example is the attempt by William Lloyd Garrison and his American Anti-Slavery Society to end slavery in the United States by using moral suasion

Black Codes

laws passed by Southern states in 1865 and 1866 in the United States after the American Civil War with the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans' freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt.

Temperance

many people became involved in reform movements during the early 1800s. One of the more prominent was the temperance movement. ---Temperance advocates encouraged their fellow Americans to reduce the amount of alcohol that they consumed.

Republican Party (1854)

organized in 1854 by antislavery Whigs, Democrats, and Free Soilers in response to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act; nominated John C. Frémont for president in 1856 and Abraham Lincoln in 1860

Constitutional Union Party

political party in the United States created in 1860 which ran against the Republicans and Democrats as a fourth party in 1860. It was made up of conservative former Whigs who wanted to avoid secession over the slavery issue.

Jefferson Davis

served as the only President of the Confederate States from 1861 to 1865. As a member of the Democratic Party, he represented Mississippi in the United States Senate and the House of Representatives prior to switching allegiance to the Confederacy.

Secession

Formal withdrawal of states or regions from a nation

Free Soil Party

Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.

Nat Turner Rebellion

slave rebellion that took place in Southampton County, Virginia, in August 1831, led by Nat Turner. Rebel slaves killed from 55 to 65 people, at least 51 being white. The rebellion was put down within a few days, but Turner survived in hiding for more than two months afterwards.

Texas and Florida's entrance into the US as states was problematic for Northerners because both allowed which practice?

slavery

The Democratic party split in 1860 over which issue?

slavery

Mudsill Theory

sociological term indicating the proposition that there must be, and always has been, a lower class for the upper classes to rest upon. The term derives from a mudsill, the lowest threshold that supports the foundation for a building.

"Redemption"

the action of saving or being saved from sin, error, or evil

Abolitionists and women's rights activists continued to work together after the Civil War to try to bring about equal rights for all.

true

About 10% of Union army soldiers were African American.

true

African American women tried to set their own wages and work hours during Reconstruction.

true

African Americans established dozens of black towns across the Southern US, where most or all of the property and businesses were owned by African Americans.

true

British abolitionists worked with American abolitionists to oppose slavery.

true

Debates over women's rights caused a split in the abolitionist movement.

true

Duels could arise when two gentlemen could not settle a dispute and need to satisfy their honor.

true

Even in territories that banned slavery, African Americans often faced prejudice exclusion from political and civic rights.

true

Food and water were often carriers of disease in the 19th century.

true

George McClellan ran for President as a Democrat in 1864 on a platform of ending the Civil War right away.

true

If a man owned 20 or more slaves, he was exempt from the Confederacy's military draft.

true

Immediate abolitionist included black and female activist.

true

Improvements to roads and railroads helped encourage Americans to move west.

true

In the 1870s, national attention shifted away from Reconstruction and towards economic issues.

true

Ironclad warships proved to be the future of naval warfare.

true

Kansas was allowed to vote on whether it wanted to permit slavery within its territory.

true

Lincoln hoped that the Emancipation Proclamation would weaken the Southern economy and Confederates' ability and morale to fight.

true

Mississippi had two black senators during Reconstruction.

true

Northern workers believed that slavery made their own wages lower and stole land that free whites could have used.

true

Plans for Reconstruction began during the Civil War.

true

Rose Greenhow was a spy for the Confederacy.

true

Sermons to slaves often emphasized the need for slaves to obey their masters.

true

Sexual celibacy or its opposite, sexual freedom, was a hallmark of several religious communities founded during the Second Great Awakening.

true

Slave marriages could be broken up at any point by their masters.

true

Southern cities grew in size and importance during the Antebellum era.

true

Southern women did not participate in reform movements in the same numbers that Northern women did.

true

Southerners were afraid that if slavery was not allowed to expand, abolitionists would be able to dominate national politics.

true

Supporters of Indian Removal argued that it was in the best interest of Indians, because it would protect them from outside interference into their way of life.

true

The 13th Amendment ended slavery, except as a punishment for a crime.

true

The Compromise of 1850 was a collection of bills that tried to keep the United States together against sectional splits.

true

The Fugitive Slave Act required Northern citizens to assist in the capture of runaway slaves.

true

The Indian Removal Act gave the President the power to begin negotiating treaties with Indian groups that would force them to leave their eastern homelands in exchange for land in the west.

true

The Know-Nothings were an anti-immigrant political party.

true

The Second Great Awakening emphasized that all people are spiritually equal before God.

true

The Wilmot Proviso would have banned slavery from any lands gained in the Mexican-American War.

true

Women became increasingly active in politics and moral reforms effort in the 19th century.

true

Presidential Reconstruction

was the President's idea of reconstruction : all states had to end slavery, states had to declare that their secession was illegal, and men had to pledge their loyalty to the U.S.

Fort Sumter

• April 1861- war officially begins. Lincoln sends troops to Charleston Harbor • Charleston Harbor, South Carolina • April 15: Lincoln announces state of insurrection- (Rebels) 75,000 troops to fight rebels and bring them back into U.S- More States Succeed Federal fort- the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War

Sherman's March to the Sea

• Atlanta to Savannah • Cripple the South and its ability to continue o Destroy railroads o Destroying crops • People starve, (No Money) inflation, destroy farms and industries (Ruins the South) o Citizens write letters to confederate soldiers telling them everything is ruined and cause confederate soldiers to want to come home

Jennie Hodgers

• Jennie Hodgers/ Albert Cashier o Hides female identity and Enter the war as a man to fight- UNION o Goes undetected, and after the war continues living as a man until 1911. Continues living as a man in retirement home

Manifest Destiny

• it's our right as Americans by God, to spread out west; • Spread Christianity, Farm Lands/ Resources, Natives not using land right/properly-have to use it properly • What arguments could 19th century Americans make to oppose it? -Moral objections (Indian Removal think wrong), fear of the unknown, fear of war with British and Spanish

Charles Finney

•Itinerant preachers in the Second Great Awakening, he preached that each person had capacity for spiritual rebirth and salvation and that through individual effort could be saved. His concept of "utility of benevolence" proposed the reformation of society as well as of individuals.

The adoption of which animal made the Comanche a powerful force on the Great Plains?

Horse

Abolition—gradual and immediate

Immediate- Slaves were freed immediately, at a fast pace. immediate emancipation significance. Slaves did not have to continue being slaves. Gradual- An act was submitted before Pennsylvania legislature that suggested a gradual freeing of slaves over a span of almost 30 years. It outlined an idea that, if it worked, would have gradually freed slaves and given plantation owners and slaveholders the chance to slowly adapt.

Caning of Charles Sumner

In May 1856 Charles Sumner gave a speech openly attacking Andrew Butler of South Carolina. Preston Brooks, the nephew of Butler attacked Sumner with a cane two days later while Sumner was working at his desk. Northeners were horrified. Southeners rejoiced.

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

Harper's Ferry Raid

John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry was an effort by abolitionist John Brown to initiate an armed slave revolt in 1859 by taking over a United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Brown's party of 22 was defeated by a company of U.S. Marines

Justifications for slavery

Misinterpretation of religion, white's right to property, science concerning African Americans that was later disproven

John Ross

Principal Chief of the Cherokee Indians who tried to use legal means to fight against removal - asking for past treaties be honored and his people not to be removed from their land.

Sarah and Angelina Grimke

Quaker sisters from South Carolina who came north and became active in the abolitionist movement; Angelina married Theodore Weld, a leading abolitionist and Sarah wrote and lectured on a variety of reforms including women's rights and abolition.

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as a free state (2) Utah and New Mexico territories can decide whether to have slavery by popular sovereignty (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) Paid off texas debt from when it was independent (5) slave trade (not slavery) ends in DC (6) fugitive slave act; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

Frederick Douglass

(1817-1895) social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman. After escaping from slavery in Maryland, he became a national leader of the abolitionist movement in Massachusetts and New York, gaining note for his oratory and incisive antislavery writings. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

Mexican-American War

(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory. -nuceces river Vs. Rio Grande border Areas of fighting- California, central mexico

Seneca Falls Convention

(1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written. -Seneca Falls Convention, 1848 (Women Meeting; Men Silent) Declaration of Sentiments on the Declaration of Independence: • "We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men and women are created equal." • Elizabeth Cady Stanton • Lucretia Mott

Fugitive Slave Act

(1850) a law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders

Bleeding Kansas

(1856-1860) a series of violent fights between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces in Kansas who had moved to Kansas to try to influence the decision of whether or not Kansas would a slave state or a free state.

Underground Railroad

(FP) 1830, Harriet Tubman, a system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North

Paternalism

(n.) the policy or practice of treating or governing people in the manner of a father dealing with his children

Texas

-1821: Mexican Independence -1830: 7,000 Americans in Texas -1835-37: war with Mexico -March 13, 136: Alamo 1837: battle of San Jacinto; recognition of Texas independence -1845: population of 150,000(President Polk decides Texas is a state)

Technological Innovations (war)

-Communications and Transport. -Telegraph. The telegraph was invented by Samuel Morse in 1844, and telegraph wires soon sprang up all along the East Coast. -Railroads. -Army ambulance corps. ... -Weapons and Ships. -Long-Range Weapons and the Minie Bullet. ... -The Gatling Gun.

Indian Removal Act

-president Andrew Jackson -sign to law 1830 -Ira provisions: compensate Indians for "improvements" on land pay for removal give Indians supplies for 1 year -over 60,000ppl affected in southeast alone

James Polk

11th President of the United States from Tennessee; committed to westward expansion; led the country during the Mexican War; U.S. annexed Texas and took over Oregon during his administration

13th, 14th, 15th Amendments

13- the United States Constitution officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery to this day. 14- to the United States Constitution declared that all persons born or naturalized in the United States are American citizens including African Americans. 15- to the United States Constitution prohibits each government in the United States from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Abraham Lincoln

16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)

Dred Scott decision

A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.

Lucretia Mott

A Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 She had formed the idea of reforming the position of women in society when she was among the women excluded from the World Anti-Slavery Convention in 1840 She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848

Popular Sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people. -political doctrine that the people who lived in a region should determine for themselves the nature of their government

Elias Boudinot

A formally educated Cherokee who became the editor of the first Native American newspaper in the United States, Elias Boudinot ultimately signed the New Echota Treaty (1835), which required the Cherokees to relinquish all remaining land east of the Mississippi River.

Guerilla warfare

A hit-and-run technique used in fighting a war; fighting by small bands of warriors using tactics such as sudden ambushes

Confederacy

A loose union of independent states; name of government used by the southern states that seceded during the Civil War -was an unrecognized country in North America that existed from 1861 to 1865.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. -• Individual judgment • Free will • Emphasis on good works as ant part of salvation • Self-improvement • Self-reliance

John Brown

Abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858) Tried on treason

Election of 1844

Candidates: Henry Clay (Whigs- in an upset over Van Buren) and James Polk (Democrat). - Polk favored expansion, demanded that Texas and Oregon be added to the US and Clay had already spoken out against annexation. - Polk won the election by the difference of one state (NY, because some of its votes went to the Liberty Party candidate, losing Clay the state)

Mormons

Church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; Part of the Moral Reform

Battle of Antietam

Civil War battle in which Force Lee and confederates back to Virginia in Maryland. Was the bloodiest battle of the war resulting in 25,000 casualties- o Sept. 17, 1862 o 4,00 0 dead; 18,000 Wounded o Force confederate back to Virginia o Most dead during the battle than any other battle

Antebellum reform (the issues)

As a response to increasing social ills, the nineteenth century generated reform movements: temperance, abolition, school and prison reform, as well as others. This unit traces the emergence of reform movements instigated by the Second Great Awakening and the impact these movements had on American culture.

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States, A Southerner from Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

William Lloyd Garrison

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society. -published in Massachusetts until slavery was abolished by Constitutional amendment after the American Civil War. He was one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society, and promoted "immediate emancipation" of slaves in the United States.

Gag Rule

1835 any petition dealing with Anti-slavery will not be read, Post Office in South goes through mail and does not deliver Anti-Slavery mail.gress

Wilmot Proviso

1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico -was an unsuccessful 1846 proposal in the United States Congress to ban slavery in territory acquired from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. The conflict over the Wilmot proviso was one of the major events leading to the American Civil War.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

Battle of Vicksburg

1863, Union gains control of Mississippi, confederacy split in two, Grant takes lead of Union armies, total war begins JULY o Union control of MS River o Ulysses S. Grant Lincoln brings Grant from the West to the East

Battle of Gettysburg

1863, this three day battle was the bloodiest of the entire Civil War, ended in a Union victory, and is considered the turning point of the war JULY o Invasion of PA o 165,000 men involved o Picket's Charge Destructive to confederate, huge causalities and confederate doesn't have more soldiers to replace

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history- Hayes was a lawyer and staunch abolitionist who defended refugee slaves in court proceedings in the antebellum years.

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general) 3) North will not interfere with South's actions on race issues • Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) becomes President

Most southerners belonged to which two churches?

Episcopal Methodist Baptist Unitarian

Texas immediately became a state in the United States after its independence from Mexico.

False

Appomattox Court House

Famous as the site of the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse, where the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee To Ulysses S. Grant took place on April 9, 1865 (VIRGINIA)

Election of 1860

Lincoln VS. John C. Breckinridge The Republican Party, which fielded its first candidate in 1856, was opposed to the expansion of slavery. Abraham Lincoln, the party's nominee in 1860, was seen as a moderate on slavery, but Southerners feared that his election would lead to its demise, and vowed to leave the Union if he was elected. Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.

Worcester v. Georgia

Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it -Samuel A. Worcester

John Ridge

Ridge and a few other Cherokee signed the Treaty of New Echota and agreed to removal west of the Mississippi in exchange for $5 million; hacked with a hatchet to death

Stephen Douglas

Senator from Illinois who ran for president against Abraham Lincoln. Wrote the Kansas-Nebreaska Act and the Freeport Doctrine - introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty.

Declaration of Sentiments

Seneca Falls Convention, 1848 (Women Meeting; Men Silent) Declaration of Sentiments on the Declaration of Independence: • "We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men and women are created equal." • Elizabeth Cady Stanton • Lucretia Mott

Treaty of New Echota

Signed by only 500 Cherokee Indians who were bribed saying that all 17,000 Cherokee's must leave GA within 2 years to go to land in Louisiana Territory. IF not they would be forced to leave by the United States Army on the Trail of Tears.

Which of the following was NOT a part of the Compromise of 1850?

Slavery ends in D.C

Which of these states was a major producer of cotton?

South Carolina Georgia Alabama Louisiana

John Breckenridge

Southern Democrat that received 72 electoral votes in the presidential election of 1860. became the 14th and youngest-ever Vice President of the United States, serving from 1857 to 1861. He was a member of the Democratic party. He served in the U.S. Senate during the outbreak of the American Civil War but was expelled after joining the Confederate Army. He was appointed Confederate Secretary of War in 1865.

Who were Sarah and Angelina Grimke?

Southern abolitionist from a slaveholding family

Border states

States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri. They were slave states but did not secede. -any of the slave states that bordered the northern free states during the US Civil War.

Iron-clads

Steam propelled warship protected by iron or steel armor plates