Exam 3 Human Anatomy

Structural organization: _________ and _______ nervous systems

central and peripheral

While dislocation of the sternoclavicular joint is possible, typically when a person falls on an outstretched hand the ________ fractures before the joint dislocates

clavicle

The muscles of the pectoral girdle originate on the axial skeleton and insert on the ________ and _______ These muscles both stabilize the scapula and move it to increase the arm's angle of movements

clavicle and scapula

On the medial and lateral sides of the knee there are strong _______ ligaments

collateral

The fascia lata partitions the thigh muscles into ________, each with its own blood and nerve supply

compartments

Oval convex portion fits into _______ depression

concave

The knee joint capsule does not cover the anterior surface of the knee joint; rather, the ________ ________ muscle tendon passes over the anterior surface

quadriceps femoris

For example, when the elbow is flexed, the effort (E) is not located on the anterior of the brachium, but on the ______ __________ of the radius.

radial tuberosity

The ______ _______ is also called the "carpus"

radiocarpal articulation

Three proximal carpal bones interface with the distal articular surface of the radius to form the _______ articulation.

raiocarpal

Together, the CNS and PNS perform several functions. Collect information with the help of "_________", which are specialized nerve endings that detect changes in the internal or external environment and pass themon to the CNS as sensory input

receptors

The "________ _______" is a long, strap-like muscle that extends vertically the entire length of the anteriomedial wall between the sternum and the pubic symphysis.The partitions of this muscle were discussed above

rectus abdominis

There are numerous ligaments that ________ the vertebral column.

stabilize

The autonomic motor component is further subdivided into the "_____ _____" (typically speeds up body activities) and the "______ _____" (typically slows down body activities).

sympathetic division parasympathetic division

The deltoid ligament is incredibly strong and rarely ____

tears

Pennate muscles have one or more __________ extending through their body, and the fascicles are arranged at an oblique angle to the tendon

tendons

All of these muscles are covered by the most superficial back muscles, which actually move the upper limb, including the _______ and ______ ______

trapezius and latissimus dorsi

A ________ _______ ______ lies within the joint cavity between the scapula and clavicle bones Several ligaments provide great stability to this joint

fibrocartilage articular disc

Both the _________ and ________ (Latin for "oblique parallelogram-shaped" and "greater" or "lesser") are located deep to the trapezius, and thus are not visibleon the surface(See right of Figs. on page 356). These rhomboid muscles are parallel bands that run inferolaterally from the vertebrae to the scapula. They are antagonisticto the serratus anterior and the pectoralis minor.

"rhomboid major" and rhomboid minor"

The ___________ is a highly modified hinge joint that permits dorsiflexion and plantar flexion, and includes two articulations within one joint capsule

"talocrural joint"

The hip joint is capable of:

(a)Flexion (b)Extension (c)Abduction/Adduction (d)Rotation (e)Circumduction

Axial muscles have a variety of actions:

(a)Support and move the head and spinal column (b)Function in nonverbal communication by affecting facial features (c)Move the lower jaw during chewing, assist in food processing, and help in swallowing (d)Aid the breathing process (e)Support and protect the abdominal and pelvic organs

Origin, insertion, and action of the temporalis:

1)Origin = superior and inferior portions of temporal bone 2)Insertion = coronoid process of mandible 3)Action = elevates and retracts mandible

Origin, insertion, and action of the rectus abdominis:

1)Origin = superior surfaceof pubis near symphysis 2)Insertion = xiphoid process of sternum and inferior surfaces of middle ribs 3)Action = flexes vertebral column and compresses the abdominal wall

The appendicular muscles, which are the subject of a later lecture, have a variety of roles:

1)Stabilizing and moving the pectoral and pelvic girdles 2)Moving the limbs

Orientation of skeletal muscle fibers:

1)Straight (rectus) 2)Across (transverse) 3)Oblique (oblique)

The elbow is an extremely stable joint for several reasons: Articulations:

1)The articular capsule is fairly thick and is usually effective in protecting the articulations. 2)The bony surfaces of the humerus and ulna interlock very well and provide solid bony support. 3)Multiple strong ligaments help reinforce the articular capsule.

Specific body regions of skeletal muscles:

1)The chest, or "pectus" (pectoralis) 2)Between the ribs (intercostal) 3)On upper arm (brachii)

Muscle heads/tendons of origin:

1)Two heads/tendons of origin (biceps) 2)Three heads/tendons of origin (triceps) 3)Four heads/tendons of origin (quadriceps)

Muscle attachments of skeletal muscles:

1)Zygomatic bone (zygomaticus) 2)Sternum, clavicle and mastoid process of skull (sternocleidomastoid

"______________" have widespread muscle fibers that converge on a common attachment site

Convergent muscles

Two distinct cell types form nervous tissue:

Neurons and glial cells

____________ is the most common typeof lever system in the body

Third class

The crutiate ligaments cross each other in the form of an "_____", hence the name cruciate.

X

Four ligaments support the ________ on the outside of the capsule

ankle joint

An "___________" is a muscle whose actions oppose those of the agonist, such as the biceps brachii muscle causing flexion of the forearm This opposing force enables us to control the speed of the agonist to allow smooth movements

antagonist

Sometimes the tendon forms a thin, flattened sheet, called an "____________" (Greek for "from sinew")

aponeurosis

Each motor neuron has a long extension called an "________"

axon

Parallel muscles have a central body, called the "________"

belly

The "_________" (Latin for 'two heads" and" femur") is a two-headed muscle that inserts on the lateral side of the leg.Its tendon of insertion is easily seen and palpated at the lateral margin of the popliteal fossawhen the knee is flexed. (a)Origin = long head on ischial tuberosity (the part of the pelvis you sit on) while the short head originates on linea aspera of femur (b)Insertion = head of fibula (c)Action = extends thigh (long head only), flexes leg (both long and short heads), and laterally rotates leg

biceps femoris

When analyzing muscle contraction and anatomists often compares it to the mechanics of a lever; this practice of applying mechanical principles to biology is known as "___________"

biomechanics

There are also several ______ associated with the glenohumeral joint that help decrease friction where both tendons and large muscles extend across the joint capsule

bursa

There are also other ligaments (that will not be discussed in this introductory class) and numerous _______ associated with the knee joint

bursae

There are numerous _____ associated with the knee

bursae

An example of second class lever is contracting the __________ to elevate the body onto the ball of the foot (distal ends of metatarsals)

calf muscles The weight of the body (R) is between the fulcrum (F) created by the distal ends of the metatarsals and the effort (E) created by the calf muscles pulling on the heel

The _______ ________ binds the clavicle to the coracoid process of the scapula

coracoclavicular ligament

The ____________ is a thickening of the superior part of the joint capsule and it runs from the coracoid process to the humeral head.

coracohumeral ligament

An example of a multipennate muscle is the triangular "_________ muscle" that covers the superior surface of the shoulder joint

deltoid

Muscle tissue has a reduced capacity to recover from ______ or _______ with age

disease or injury

The glenohumeral joint permits the greatest range of motion of any joint in the body, and so it is also the most unstable joint in the body and the one most frequently _______.

dislocated

Support by stabilizing the body walls and helping to prevent _____________ of internal structures

displacement

In the limbs, the insertion typically lies _______ to its origin

distal

The other talocrural articulation is between the _______ and _______

distal end of the fibula and the lateral articular facets of the talus

One of the talocrural articulations is between the_________ and _______

distal end of the tibia and the talus

Anterior compartment leg muscles _______ the foot and/or extend the toes (See Fig. on page 384). As was discussed in the wrist, tendons of the muscles within the anterior compartment are held tightly against the ankle by multiple deep fascia thickenings, collectively referred to as "extensor retinaculum"

dorsiflex

The term '________" means "conducting outward" or "away from the center of activity", which indicates that nerve impulses are transmitted from the CNS.-Thus, the motor division is responsible for output

efferent

A wide range of movements is possible in the sternoclavucular joint: (3)

elevation, depression, and circumduction

Moderate _______ is good for the joints and all parts of the human body

exercise

A _______ ______ _____ separates the ulna from the radiocarpal joint, which is why the ulna is not considered part of this joint

fibrocartilaginous articular disc

Surprisingly, there are NO muscles in the _______, but they are moved by flexors and extensors originating in the forearm or palm

fingers

The intrinsic muscles of the foot both originate and insert within the ______

foot

In a first class (#1) lever system, the ________is in the middle.

fulcrum (F) It is similar to a seesaw

A "nucleus pulposus", is the inner _________ core of the disc

gelatinous

The _______ ______ is a ball-and-socket joint formed by the articulation of the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula

glenohumeral joint

The muscles that move the __________ are classified according to those that originate on the axial skeleton (latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major) and those originating on the scapula(deltoid, coracobrachialis, teres major, subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor)

glenohumeral joint/arm

The fibrocartilaginous ______ ______ encircles and covers the surface of the glenoid cavity

glenoid labrum

Since the ______ spans the knee joint, it is also a flexor of the knee joint/leg

gracilis

Your authors refer to the medial collateral ligament as preventing "________" of the lowerleg relative to the thigh

hyperabduction

Skeletal muscles do not work in _________; rather they work together to produce movements

isolation

In the body a long bone acts as a _______ that moves the resistance (R), a joint serves as the fulcrum (F), and the effort (E) is generated by a muscle attached to the bone

lever

Body movement by pulling on bones and using them as _______

levers

Most of the anterior compartment muscles originate on the _________________ via a common flexor tendon.Muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm tend to flex the wrist, the metacarpal joints, and/or the interphalangeal joints of the fingers

medial epicondyle of the humerus

The "______ ______ ______" is responsible for transmitting motor impulses from the CNS to muscles or glands

motor (efferent) division

The neurons (nerve fibers) that stimulate muscle contraction are called "______________" (also referred to as "efferent neurons" because they travel awayfrom the center of activity, which is the central nervous system) and they are said to innervate muscle fibers within the muscle.

motor neurons

Together, the CNS and PNS perform several functions. The CNS, after processing and evaluation, then responds by sending nerve impulses via "_______ ______" in the PNS to "effectors" (muscles or glands)

motor neurons

The temporomandibular joint is a small, complex articulation located just anterior to the opening of the ear is the only _______ joint between skull bones

movable

If the tendon branches within the muscle it is called a "_________ muscle"

multipennate

All muscle tissue is composed of ____________ that exhibit specific characteristics

muscle cells (muscle fibers)

The artificial partitioning of the skeletal muscles in axial and appendicular divisions provides a useful guideline for subdividing the _______ system

muscular

Note that the "______" is actually part of the vertebral column, so the splenius capitis and semispinalis capitis (see above) extend the cervical portion of the vertebral column

neck

The ________ ________ extends from the ischium and pubis of the ossa coxae across the pelvic outlet to the sacrum and coccyx.

pelvic diaphragm

This aponeurosis of the foot extends between the __________ It also encloses the plantar muscles of the foot

phalanges of the toes and the calcaneus

One of these muscles, the "_______" (Latin for "pear-shaped"), can cause pressure on a major nerve that runs down the back of the thigh.In some persons the sciatic nerve even passes through the belly of the piriformis muscle!

piriformis

The posterior compartment of the leg is composed of many muscles separated into superficial and deep groups (See Fig. on 386).The superficial muscles and most of the deep muscles ________

plantar flex the foot and the ankle

The PCL also prevents the tibia from moving too far ________ of the femur

posteriorly

When a finger is jammed into an unyielding object the joint typically dislocates _______ where there is no ligamentous support

posteriorly

Severe joint disease may require joint replacement with an artificial ________.

prosthesis

The shoulder joint is _______ from above by an arch formed by the coracoid and acromion processes of the scapula, and by the clavicle.

protected

In the limbs, the origin typically lies _________ to the insertion

proximal

One of the muscles that contributes to the levator ani is the "_________"

pubococcygeus

The elbow may also be dislocated by ______ stresses, such as those experienced by gymnasts.

pulling

The anterior (extensor) compartment of the thigh is composed of the large "__________" (Latin for "four heads" and "femur"), the prime mover of knee extension and the most powerful muscle of the body (See Fig. on page 379). These muscles (also known as the "quads" have separate origins but a common insertion on the patella via the quadriceps tendon. The quadriceps tendon is continuous over the patella and becomes the patellar ligament as it attaches to the tibial tuberosity on the proximal anterior region of the tibia [See Fig. (a) on page 379]. These muscles function synergistically to extend the leg at the knee joint (as in kicking a football)

quadriceps femoris

When an individual exhales, the respiratory muscles ________ allowing the elastic recoil of the lung tissues to pull the chest wall inwards and the diaphragm upwards, collectively decreasing the dimensions of the thoracic cavity, creating positive pressure to force air out of the lungs

relax

In a second class (#2) lever system, the _________ is in the middle.

resistance (R) It is similar to lifting the handles of a wheelbarrow

The part of a lever from the fulcrum to the point of resistance (where your father is sitting) is called the "__________ _____"

resistance arm

The muscles of __________ are deep to the more superficial muscles of the thoracic wall

respiration

The ________ help hold the tendons close to the bone and prevent the tendons from "bowstringing" outward

retinacula

Traveling through the retinacular fibers are _______ ______, which are branches of the deep femoral artery, that supply almost all of the blood to the head and neck of the femur

retinacular arteries

The ligamentous fibers of the articular capsule, called the ______ ______, reflect aroundthe neck of the femur and provide additional stability to the capsule

retinacular fibers

The three posterior muscles that we will discuss are the ________, ______ and _______

rhomboid major, the rhomboid minor, and the trapezius

There are four "__________" muscles to provide strength and stability for the glenohumeral joint

rotator cuff

Most of the glenohumeral joint's strength is due to the _______ ______ muscles surrounding it.

rotator cuff (musculotendinous cuff)

In fact, the deltoid ligament will often pull off the medial malleolus before it ______

ruptures

A long, thin muscle called the "________" (Latin for "tailor" crosses over the anterior thigh.It is the longest muscleinthe bodyand it enables one to assume a cross-legged sitting position (hence the designation as the 'tailor's muscle"). (a)Origin = anterior superior iliac spine (b)Insertion = tibial tuberosity, medial side (c)Action = flexes thigh and rotates thigh laterally; flexes leg and rotates leg medially

sartorius

The anterior compartment, as was mentioned earlier, also contains the _______ ("tailor's muscle")

sartorius

The "__________" (Latin for "half membrane") is deep to the semitendinosus and inserts on the medial side of the leg.Its tendon of insertion, along with that of the more superficial semitendinosus, is easily seen and palpated at the medial margin of the popliteal fossa when the knee is flexed. (a)Origin = ischial tuberosity (b)Insertion = posterior surface of medial condyle of tibia (c)Action = extends thigh and flexes leg; medially rotates leg

semimembranosus

The "______ ______ ______" is responsible for receiving sensory information from receptors and transmitting this information to the CNS

sensory (afferent) division

Functional organization: ________ and _______ nervous systems.

sensory and motor

The nucleus pulposus, which is composed of water with some supportive fibers, functions as a ________ ________ and provides resilience to the intervertebral disc

shock absorber

This loss of water also explains why the vertebral column _______ with advancing age

shortens

Because of their potentially extraordinary length, ____________ are often referred to as "muscle fibers"

skeletal muscle cells

As was seen with the styloid processes in the wrist, the medial and lateral malleoli of the ankle prevent the joints from ________

sliding too far from side-to-side

The Ligamentum teres ligament does not provide much ______ to the joint but it does typically contain a small artery that supplies some of the blood to the head of the femur

strength

A "__________" is a muscle that assists the prime mover (agonist) in performing its action, such as the teres major muscle assisting the latissimus dorsi in moving the arm

synergist

There are also several other ligaments that help reinforce the articular capsule that become ______ when the hip joint is extended in the anatomical position

taut

Lateral thigh compartment (thigh abductor) 1)A single muscle is located in this compartment and it is called the "______ ______ _____" (Latin for "to make tense", "band", and "wide").It attaches to a lateral thickening of the fascia lata, called the "iliotibial tract" (iliotibial band, IT band), which extends from the iliac crest to the lateral condyle of the tibia. (a)Origin = iliac crest and lateral surface of anterior superior iliac spine (b)Insertion = iliotibial tract (iliotibial band, IT band) (c)Action = abducts the thigh; medially rotates thigh

tensor fasciae latae

Muscles are grouped according to their primary actions into _______- types

three

The "___________ joint" is between the condyles of the femur and the condyles of the tibia

tibiofemoral

If all the muscle fibers are on the same side of the tendon, it is called a "___________ muscle"

unipennate

A transverse line drawn between the ischial tuberosities partitions the perineum into an anterior "________ _______", which contains the external genitalia and urethra, and a posterior"anal triangle", that contains the anus

urogenital triangle

An alternative term to hyperabduction of the lower leg is "__________", which means the part distalto the joint is abnormally angulated awayfrom the midline of the body

valgus deviation

Humans are bipedal animals, meaning that they _______

walk on two feet

Because the inferior portion of the rotator joint lacks rotator cuff muscles, this area is ______ and is the most likely site of injury

weak

The _____________ runs from the anterioinferior femur to the posterior side of the tibia

"posterior cruciate ligament" (PCL)

Muscles originating on the axial skeleton:

Latissimus dorsi and Pectoralis major

The ACL prevents the tibia from moving too far _________ of the femur

anteriorly

Disease of the joints can be diagnosed with a specialized flexible endoscope, called an "__________" that is inserted into the joint capsule

arthroscope

A loose _____________ surrounds the TMJ and promotes an extensive range of motion

articular capsule

A relatively loose ______ _______ attaches to the surgical neck of the humerus

articular capsule

Structurally, the knee is composed of two separate _______

articulations

At full extension, the tibia rotates _______ so as to tighten the ACL and squeeze the meniscus between the tibia and femur.

laterally This mechanism permits a person to stand for prolonged periods without using or tiring the muscles of the leg.

"Medial and lateral ________" (Greek for "wing-shaped") muscles are located near the TMJ.I am discussing them together in order to keep things simple. They help to maximize the efficiency of the teeth while chewing or grinding foods of various consistencies. Action = elevate and protract the mandible and move it from side to side during chewing.

pterygoid

Most skeletal extend between bones and cross at least one ________ joint. Upon contraction one of the bones moves while the other bone usually remains fixed

moveable

Most of the muscles that act on the thigh originate on the ______

os coxae

The deltoid ligament prevents _______ of the foot

overeversion

Decreased cardiovascular performance often accompanies aging, thus leading to poorer delivery of ________ and _______ to muscle cells

oxygen and nutrients

The articular capsule of the coxal extends from the acetabulum to the trochanters of the femur, enclosing both femoral ______ and ______

head and neck

The humeroulnar joint where the trochlear notch of the ulna articulates with the trochlea of the humerus. This is a _____ joint

hinge

The knee is primarily a _______ joint, but when the knee is flexed, it is also capable of slight rotation and lateral gliding movements

hinge

The rotator cuff muscles ______, _______, _______, ______, work as a group to hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity.

infraspinatus, subscapularis, supraspinatus, and teres minor

The process of respiration involves _________ and ______

inhalation and exhalation

The "________" (Latin for "great" and "on the side") forms the anteriolateral surface of the thigh.It is also a good site for intramuscular (I.M.) injections. (a)Origin = greater trochanter and linea aspera of femur (b)Insertion = same as above (c)Action = extends leg

vastus lateralis

Forearm muscles that move the _______, _____, ______

wrist joint, hand, and fingers

When you move the elbow joint, you move the bones of the forearm.Thus, the term "flexing the elbow joint" is synonymous with "flexing the _______"

forearm

Finally, one of the leg muscles discussed in the next section (_________) spans the knee joint and flexes the knee/leg

gastrocnemius

The PCL becomes taut on flexion, and so it prevents _______ of the knee joint

hyperflexion

An increase in muscle fiber size, which often follows regular exercise, is called "___________"

hypertrophy

There is a fibrocartilage _____ _____ which runs along the rim of the acetabulum and rings the head of the femur as it articulates with the acetabulum

acetabular labrum

The arrangement of the coxal prevents the head from moving away from the ______

acetabulum

the muscles of the medial compartment act as ________

adductors of the thigh.

Despite the support from the capsule and ligaments, the elbow joint is subject to ______ from severe impacts or unusual stresses

damage

During a person's lifetime the _______ are subjected to extensive wear and tear

joints

An extensive network of blood vessels and nerve fibers extends through both the ________ and ________

epimysium and perimysium

In children who fall on their outstretched hand there might be a fracture through the ______ _______ at the distal end of the humerus

epiphyseal growth plate

While there are many muscles of the pelvic diaphragm listed in your text, the largest and most important is the "_____ _____" group, which supports the pelvic viscera and functions as a sphincter at the anorectal junction, urethra, and vagina

levator ani

The most powerful and largest muscles in the body are those of the _______ _____

lower limb

The glenohumeral joint has several _________ that strengthen the joint only minimally

majorligaments

Occipital belly of ___________ (a)Action = moves the scalp slightly posteriorly (backwards)

occipitofrontalis

There is only ______ nervous system, but for the purpose of better understanding its structure and function, anatomists and physiologists have partitioned it into various divisions

one

The less moveable attachment of a muscle is called its "_______"

origin

The muscles of the vertebral column are very complex; they have multiple _______ and ______, and they exhibit quite a bit of overlap

origins and insertions

The ACL can also be replaced with a portion of the patient's own _______ ligament (NOT the quadriceps tendon as cited in the clinical view!) or with portions of their own hamstring tendons ("autograft")

patellar

Rarely the strong deltoid ligament can be ___ by excessive eversion of the sole of the foot

torn

The diamond-shaped region between the lower appendages is called the "____________"

perineum

The long, flat "____________" is a superficial lateral muscle that covers the fibula. (a)Action = everts foot and is a weak plantar flexor

peroneus (fibularis) longus

An alternate term to hyperadduction of the lower leg is "___________", which means the part distal to the joint is abnormally angulated towards the midline of the body

varus deviation

In a person's mid-30s, a slow progressive loss of __________ begins as a direct result of increasing inactivity

skeletal muscle mass The size and power of all muscle tissues also decreases .Often, the lost muscle mass is replaced by either adipose tissue (fat) or fibrous connective tissue

The tendons of forearm muscles typically are surrounded by _______ _______ and held adjacent to the skeletal elements by strong fascial structures.

tendon (synovial) sheaths

The "________" (Latin for "round" and "greater") works synergistically with the latissimus dorsi by extending, adducting, and medially rotating the arm. Action = same as latissimus dorsi

teres major

Overall, muscle _______ and endurance are impaired with age, and the individual has a tendency to fatigue easily

strength

The __________________ includes the brain and spinal cord. (a)The brain is protected and enclosed within the skull, while the spinal cord is housed and protected within the vertebral canal

"central nervous system" (CNS)

On the medial side of the ankle, the strong _________ extends from the medial malleolus of the tibia to the talus, calcaneus, and another tarsal bone

"deltoid ligament"

Each intervertebral disc consists of two components:

Anulus fibrosus and nucelus pulposus

_________________ are between the phalanges of the toes

"Interphalangeal joints"

_____________ are the articulations between the tarsal bones

"Intertarsal joints"

_______________ are between the metatarsals and the phalanges of the toes

"Metatarsophalangeal joints"

The ___________ runs from the posterior femur to the anterior side of the tibia

"anterior cruciate ligament" (ACL)

The ______________, which passes anteriorly from the malleolus of the fibula to the talus

"anterior talofibular ligament"

__________ __________ (which cannot grow in the presence of oxygen) are often found in soil or feces and can produce deadly toxins that can alter the function of human muscles (excessive contraction or paralysis).

Anaerobic bacteria

The muscles of the arms are divided into two compartments:

Anterior (flexor) compartment, which contains primarily elbow flexors Posterior (extensor) compartment, which contains elbow extensors

________, which means the muscle cell willrecoil to its resting length when the applied tension is removed

Elasticity

_________ of muscle decreases as persons age, typically due to increasing amounts of dense regular connective tissue, a process called "fibrosis"

Elasticity

What are the muscles of facial expression?

Epicranius Orbicularis oris platysma Buccinator

An important aspect of bipedal locomotion is the ability to ______ the knees in the extended position and stand erect without tiring the leg muscles.

"lock"

Deep to the articular capsule and within the knee joint itself is a pair of C-shaped fibrocartilage pads located on the condyles of the tibia which are called the __________

"medial meniscus" and the "lateral meniscus"

The __________________ includes the "cranial nerves"that arise from the brain, the "spinal nerves"that arise from the spinal cord, and "ganglia" (singular = ganglion, which in Greek means "swelling or knot") which are clusters of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS

"peripheral nervous system" (PNS)

The _____________________, which passes posteriorly from the malleolus of the fibula to the talus

"posterior talofibular ligament"

"__________" (Latin for "round" and "lesser") is located inferior to the infraspinatus. Action = same as infraspinatus (synergistic muscles)

Teres minor

"________" is one such toxigenic disease that often follows a dirty puncture wound.The resulting involuntary contraction (tetany) usually affects the muscles that move the mandible first, which is why the disease is commonly known as "lockjaw"

Tetanus

The pubococcygeus muscle was made famous by Dr. Arnold Kegel who advocated exercises (Kegel exercises) specifically targeted to strengthen the puboccygeus muscle to help ___________ and ____________

control urinary incontinence and to compress the vagina to aid in sexual enjoyment during coitus

The "_________" works as asynergist to the pectoralis majorin flexing and adducting the arm Action = adducts and flexes arm

coracobrachialis

The thigh muscles stabilize the highly moveable _______ _____ (acetabulofemoraljoint) and support the body during standing and walking

coxal joint

Also deep to the articular capsule of the knee joint are two ________ ligaments which limit the anterior and posterior movement of the femur on the tibia

cruciate (Latin for "cross-shaped")

The muscles that move the ankle, foot, and toes are housed within the leg and are called "_______ muscles" (Latin for "lower leg") Some of these muscles also help flex the leg

crural

As persons age, water is gradually lost from the nucleus pulposus and it becomes less effective as a ________. This leads to greater chance of vertebral injury

cushion

The knee fibrocartilage pads help stabilize the joint medially and laterally and act as _______ between the articular surfaces

cushions

The dorsal (posterior) surface of the carpal bones is covered by the "_______ _______"

extensor retinaculum

The "________ _________" are used for restful breathing and extend inferomedially from the superior rib to the adjacent inferior rib. Action = elevates the ribs by causing them to move up and out (like a bucket handle) during inhalation to increase the dimensions of the thoracic cavity.During exhalation the ribs return passively to their original position because of elastic recoil of lung tissue

external intercostals

The "_______ ________" not only forms an aponeurosis that contributes the rectus sheath, this aponeurosis also extends inferiorly to form a strong, cordlike "________ _______" that extends from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle. Action = When both contract, they compress the abdomen and flex the vertebral column. When only one contracts, it causes lateral flexion of the vertebral column

external oblique inguinal ligament

These muscles are called _______ muscles of the wrist and hand because the muscles originate on the forearm, not the wrist or hand

extrinsic

The deep fascia of the thigh ("______ ____") encircles the thigh muscles like a supportive stocking and tightly binds them

fascia lata

The TMJ contains an __________ which is a thick pad of fibrocartilage separating the articulating bones and extending horizontally to divide the synovial cavity into two separate chambers

articular disc

An example of first class lever is the ______________, where the muscles on the posterior side of the neck pull inferiorly on the nuchal lines of the occipital bone and oppose the tendency of the head to tip anteriorly

atlanto-occipital joint of the neck

When thinking about a muscle providing the effort (E), realize that the effort is NOT where the body of the muscle is located but rather where the muscle _______ to the bone

attaches

The "_____ ______" component innervates internal organs and regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands.The autonomic motor division is typically not under conscious control (is involuntary).

autonomic motor

The coxal is a _________ joint is the articulation between the head of the femur and the relatively deep, concave acetabulum of the os coxae

ball-and-socket

The medial (adductor) compartment of the thigh contains the ______, which was mentioned earlier

gracilis

The posterior thigh compartment also contains the ________ muscles that will be covered later when we discuss the muscles that move the knee joint/leg (a)These muscles extend the thigh and also move the knee joint/leg

hamstring

The posterior (flexor) compartment of the thigh contains the three "_____________-" mentioned previously, which gain their name because a ham is strung up by the tendons of these muscles while being smoked (See Fig. on page 383). These muscles also flex the knee joint/leg and are antagonistic to the quadriceps femoris muscles.The hamstrings have a common origin (ischial tuberosity), but different insertions

hamstring muscles

Your authors refer to the lateral collateral ligament as preventing "___________" of the lower leg relative to the thigh

hyperadduction

When the knee is extended, the ACL is pulled tight (taut) and prevents ________

hyperextension

If the erector spinae muscles on only one side contract, the vertebral column flexes _______ toward that same side

laterally

The MCL ligament runs from the femur to the tibia and prevents the lower leg from moving to far ________ relative to the thigh.

laterally

The "___________" (Latin for "widest" and "back") is a broad, triangular muscle located on the inferior part of the back.It is the prime arm extensorand is often referred to as the "swimmer's muscle" because many of its actions are required for certain swimming strokes Origin = spinous processes of T7-T12, many of the lower ribs, iliac crest, and thoracolumbar fascia. Insertion = intertubercular groove of proximal humerus Action = prime mover of arm extension and also draws the arm downward and backward while it rotates medially

latissimus dorsi

Elbow joints are enclosed within a single articular capsule and there is also a large ______ ______

olecranon bursa

An example of circular muscles is the "_____________" muscle that is found within the lips which surround the opening of the mouth (this is the first sphincter of the digestive tract

orbicularis oris

The axial muscles have both their ________ and _______ on parts of the axial skeleton

origins and insertions

The "___________ joint" is between the patella and the patellar surface of the anterior distal femur

patellofemoral

The muscles that move the ______ ______ are classified according to their location in the thorax as either anterior or posterior thoracic muscles

pectoral girdle

An example of a convergent muscle is the "_____________" muscle on the anterior of the chest that inserts onto the proximal end of the humerus

pectoralis major

The "___________" (Latin for "chest" and "greater") is a large, thick, fan-shaped muscle that covers the superior part of the thorax (See Figson pages355, 361). Origin = medial clavicle, costal cartilages of upper ribs, body of sternum Insertion = lateral part of intertubercular groove of proximal humerus Action = prime mover of arm flexion; also adducts and medially rotates arm

pectoralis major

The "_________" (Latin for "chest" and "lesser") is a thin, flat, triangular muscle deep to the pectoralis major(See right of Figs. on page 355). Action = protracts and depresses the scapula (when your shoulders are hunched forward, the pectoralis minor muscle is contracting

pectoralis minor

The two anteriorthoracic muscles we will discuss are the _________ and ________

pectoralis minor and the serratus anterior

The floor of the pelvic cavity is formed by three layers of muscles and associated fasciae, collectively known as the "_______ _______" (the term "diaphragm" refers to a muscle or group of muscles that covers or partitions an opening)

pelvic diaphragm

The _______ ______ muscles collectively form the pelvic floor and support the pelvic viscera.

pelvic diaphram

A majority of the muscles that move the thigh at the coxal joint originate on the _______ ______ and insert on the ______

pelvic girdle femur

Thus, there is no single unified capsule in the knee, nor is there a common _______ cavity

synovial

the TMJ is really two _______ joints: one between the temporal bone and the articular disc and a second between the articular disc and the mandible

synovial

Coxal (hip) joint, also know as the ___________ joint

acetabulofemoral

As was seen in the fingers of the hand, the joints between the phalanges of the toes are ______ joints

hinge

The "interphalangeal (finger) joints are ______ joints

hinge

Frontal belly of ____________ (See Fig. on page 324) Action = moves the scalp, wrinkles forehead, and elevates the eyebrows

occipitofrontalis

The "__________" (Latin for "straight" and "femur") is on the anterior surface of the thigh. (a)Origin = anterior inferior iliac spine (b)Insertion = quadriceps tendon to patella and then patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity (c)Action = extends leg; flexes thigh

rectus femoris

The coxal joint is secured by:

1)A strong fibrous joint (articular) capsule 2)Several ligaments 3)A number of powerful muscles

Skeletal muscles are named according to several criteria: Muscle action of skeletal muscles:

1)Adductor 2)Flexor 3)Extensor 4)Pronator 5)Levator (lifter)

The temporomandibular joint exhibits a variety of movements:(3)

1)Depression and elevation of the lower jaw as a hinge joint. 2)Protraction and retraction of the lower jaw as a gliding joint. 3)Side-to-side lateral movements to grind food between the teeth as a gliding joint

The radiocarpal joint is a condyloid articulation that permits:

1)Flexion 2)Extension 3)Adduction 4)Abduction 5)Circumduction (but no rotation)(a)Rotational movements (in the form of supination and pronation) occur at the distal and proximal radioulnar joints

Relative position

1)Lateral 2)Medial 3)Internal 4)External

___________ is essential forpropelling materials though our internal tubes (i.e.-peristalsis along the digestive tract).

Smooth muscle

The sensory division is subdivided into two components:

Somatic Sensory and Visceral sensory

The motor division is subdivided into two components:

Somatic motor and Autonomic motor

The _____ ______ of the coxal is extremely dense and strong

articular capsule

If the muscle fibers are on both sides of the tendon (which is the most common arrangement), it is called a "_________ muscle

bipennate

The ____________ deliver to the muscle fibers both nutrients and oxygen needed for the production ATP (a high energy compound used by the body's cells).

blood vessels

An "anulus fibrosus", which is the tough outer layer of fibrocartilage that covers each intervertebral disc and binds the disc to the _______ of adjacent vertebrae

bodies

All of the vertebral bodies between the axis (C2) and the sacrum are separated by pads of fibrocartilage called __________, creating symphyses

intervertebral discs

The ________ muscles of the hand are small muscles that both originate and insert on the hand; they are housed entirely within the palm

intrinsic

Muscles are considered organs because they are composed not only of muscle tissue, but also of ________, _________, and _______ tissue

epithelial, connective, and nervous

The "_______ ________" muscles are used to maintain posture and to help us stand erect and are found along the entire vertebral column

erector spinae

There are several _______ that support the temporomandibular joint

ligaments

One ligament of note is the _________ ________ that extends between C7 and the base of the skull

ligamentum nuchae It is very thick and sturdy, and helps stabilize the skull on the cervical vertebrae. You can palpate this thick ligament along the posterior midline of your neck

Another tiny ligament, the ______ _____ (which your authors refer to as the "ligament of the head of the femur"), originates along the acetabulum and attaches at the center of the head of the femur

ligamentum teres

The rectus abdominis is also partitioned into left and right halves by a vertical fibrous strip termed the "______ ______" (Latin for "white line")

linea alba

Where the aponeuroses of these three pairs of lateral muscles join with the anterior rectus sheath (which surrounds the rectus abdominis) there is a cutaneous depression formed just lateral to the rectus abdominis called the "_______ ________" (Latinfor a "line that is curved like a half moon")

linea semilunaris

A single muscle may be composed of thousands of cells, and each cell is as ______ as the muscle itself

long

The center of the trochlear notch may be broken when you fall on an _______ ______

outstretched hand

As was mentioned earlier in the course, intertarsal joints are ________

planar (gliding) joints

The plantar surface of the foot is supported by the "____________" formed from the deep fascia of the foot.

plantar aponeurosis

When a student falls asleep in a lecture hall, this muscular control of the bones and joints is lost, allowing the head to droop forward and the ____________ joint to become depressed

temporomandibular

The __________ is the articulation formed at the point where the mandibular condyle of the lower jaw articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone

temporomandibular joint

The term mastication refers to the process of chewing and is accomplished by muscles that move the mandible at the ____________ ______

temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

At the ends of a muscle the connective tissue layers merge to form a fibrous, cordlike "________", which typically attaches to bone

tendon

The deepest muscle is the "________ _______", whose fibers project transversely across the abdomen. Action = primarily compresses the abdomen

transverse abdominis

The ________________, which runs inferiorly from the malleolus of the fibula to the calcaneus

"calcaneofibular (lateral) ligament"

Origin, insertion, and action for the diaphragm

1)Origin = Inferior internal surface of lowerribs, xiphoid process of sternum, costal cartilages of inferior ribs, and lumbar vertebrae. 2)Insertion = "central tendon" (a strong aponeurosis that is the insertion for all peripheral muscle fibers of the diaphragm). 3)Action = contraction during inhalation causes flattening of the diaphragm (moves inferiorly), thereby expanding the thoracic cavity and compressing the abdominopelvic cavity. During exhalation the diaphragm recoils passively upwards, pulled by the elastic fibers in the lung tissue, to resume its dome shape

Origin, insertion, and action of masseter:

1)Origin = zygomatic arch 2)Insertion = lateral surface of coronoid process;lateral surface and angle of mandible 3)Action = Elevates and protracts mandible; prime mover of jaw closure

Muscle shape and size:

1)Shaped like a triangle (deltoid) 2)Shaped like a trapezoid (trapezius) 3)Long (longus) 4)Short (brevis) 5)Both long and round (teres) 6)Large (maximus) 7)Small (minimus)

The elbow joint has several supporting ligaments:

1)The "radial (lateral)collateral ligament" is responsible for stabilizing the joint at its lateral surface. 2)The "ulnar (medial) collateral ligament" stabilizes the medial side of the joint 3)The "anular (Latin for "ring-shaped") ligament" surrounds the head of the radius and binds the proximal head of the radius to the ulna.This ligament helps to hold the head of the radius in place

The perineum has four significant, bony landmarks:

1)The pubic symphysis anteriorly 2)The coccyx posteriorly 3)Bothischial tuberosities laterally

A small skeletal muscle cell in a muscle that moves the toe may have a length of about _____________ and a diameter of about ______________

100 micrometers 10 micrometers

In contrast, cells in the muscle on the anterior side of the arm may extend up to ____________ and diameter of __________(about the same thickness of a fine human hair).

35 centimeters and have a diameter of about 100 micrometers

"____________" have their fibers concentrically arranged around an opening or recess

Circular muscles

"_________" (Latin for "a trumpeter") is a muscle located between the maxillae andthe mandible and composes much of the fleshy wall of the cheeks. Action = compresses cheek, holds food between teeth during chewing, aids in sucking and blowing

Buccinator

_____________ (found only in the walls of the heart) is essential for the pumping of blood.

Cardiac muscle

The motor division contains both ______ and ______ components

CNS and PNS

___________, which means it contracts to move bones or propel materials inside the body

Contractility

"__________" consists of the "occipitofrontalis muscle" and a broad epicranial aponeurosis ("_______ _________"). The occipitofrontalis muscle has two bellies, separated by the galea aponeurotica: the "frontal belly", which overlays the frontal bone and the "occipital belly", which covers the posterior of the head

Epicranius galea aponeurotica

_____________, which means it responds to electrical stimuli

Excitability

___________, which means a muscle cell is capable of extending in length in response to the contraction of opposing muscle cells (i.e.-the triceps brachii muscle on the back of your arm extends when the biceps brachii muscle on the front of your arm contracts).

Extensibility

_______ ________ of the wrist and digits pass between the extensor retinaculum and the underlying carpal bones

Extensor tendons

Medialthigh compartment (thigh adductors) 1)"_________" (Latin for "slender") (a)Action = adducts and flexes thigh; flexes leg

Gracilis

The elbow joint is composed of two articulations:

Humeroulnar joint and Humeroradial joint

"________" is located inferior toscapular spine. Action = adducts and laterally rotates the arm, like when you slow down your arm after pitching a baseball

Infraspinatus

Functions of skeletal muscles

Levers Maintenance of posture temperature regulation Storage and movement Support

"___________" (Greek for "chewer") is superficial to the temporalis and posterior portions of the buccinator.You can feel the contraction of the masseter near the angle of the mandible when you clench your teeth together

Masseter

Osteoarthritis has been a problem for ___________ and __________

Nolan Ryan (baseball player) and Dorothy Hamill (Olympic figure skater)

"_______ ______" consists of muscle fibers that encircle the opening of the mouth. Action = closes lips, puckers up the lips (kissing)

Orbicularis oris

The sensory division contains both _____ and _____ components

PNS and CNS

"____________" have fascicles that run parallel to its long axis

Parallel muscles

"____________" are so named because their tendons and muscle fibers resemble a large feather

Pennate (Latin for looks like a feather) muscles

"_________" (Greek for "a plate") consists of muscle fibers on the anteriolateral portions of the neck.If you stand in front of a mirror and tense the skin of your neck, you can see the broad sheets of this thin muscle bulging out. Action = pulls lower lip inferiorly, tenses skin of neck, and contributes to depression of the mandible

Platysma

What has the Action = retracts (adducts) and elevates scapula, and inferiorly rotates scapula

Rhomboid major and minor

_______ ________ -Action = same as splenius capitus

Semispinalis capitus

There are two functional divisions of the nervous system: the _____ division and the _____ division

Sensory Motor

Together, the CNS and PNS perform several functions. Process and evaluate ________ _______ so the CNS can determine the appropriate response

Sensory imput

"________________" (also called "afferent neurons" because they travel towards the central nervous system) send impulses to the brain and spinal cord about the activity of the muscles

Sensory neurons

_________ __________ -Action = When both contract it pulls the head back and extends and hyperextends the cervical vertebrae.When onecontracts it turns the head sideways in a direction towards the sameside on which the contracting muscle is located.

Splenius capitus

_____________ are classified as voluntary muscles because they are controlled by the "somatic (voluntary) nervous system" and we can voluntarily move our skeletal muscles

Skeletal muscles

______________, while they are easily observed by the bulges they cause on the exterior of the body, are NOT the only place where muscle tissue is found

Skeletal muscles

"__________" is located on the anterior surface of the scapula (between scapula and ribs). Action= medially rotates arm, like when you wind up to pitch a baseball

Subscapularis

"________" is located superior to the scapular spine. Action = abducts the arm as when you start to execute a pitch of a baseball, with your arm fully abducted

Supraspinatus

________ __________ as a result of the useful heat released when skeletal muscles convert chemical energy (from your food)to physical energy when you run or shiver

Temperature regulation

"__________" is a broad, fan-shaped muscle that extends from the temporal region of the skull, passes deep to the zygomatic arch, and attaches to the coronoid process of the mandible.You can palpate this muscle by placing your fingers along your temple and clenching your teeth together.

Temporalis

_________ for exercise decreases with age and rapid fatigue occurs

Tolerance

The muscle in the lateral compartment _______ the thigh.

abducts

An "_________" (also called a "prime mover) is a muscle that contracts to produce a particular movement, such as the triceps brachii muscle causing extension of the forearm

agonist

The _________ wall of the abdomen is reinforced by four pairs of muscles that collectively compress and hold the abdominal organs in place, assist in defecation, and, as was mentioned above, aid in forceful exhalation

anteriolateral

It is interesting to note that the __________ aspect of the leg along the shaft of the tibia lacks muscle attachment (no padding!)

anteriomedial

The ________ is frequently torn in knee dislocations

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

Deep fascia partitions the forearm muscles into _______ or ________

anterior or posterior compartments

The deep fascia partitions the leg musculature into three compartments (______, _____, ______), each with its own nerve and blood supply

anterior, lateral, and posterior

The intrinsic muscles of the foot support the _________ and ________. Most of these muscles are comparable to the intrinsic muscles of the hand

arches and move the toes to aid locomotion

Muscle fibers will waste away ("_________") if they are not periodically stimulated to contract by motor neurons

atrophy

Active joints develop larger and thicker ________ and the supporting ligaments increase in size

capsules

Flexor tendons of the digits and the "median nerve" pass through the tight space between the bones and the flexor retinacula, which is called the "__________"

carpal tunnel

This glenoid labrum helps to deepen the ________ of the glenoid cavity to help stabilize the head of the humerus in the glenohumeral joint

concavity

Like what was seen in the metacarpophalangeal joints of the hand, these are ________ joints that allow abduction, adduction, flexion, and extension

condyloid

The "metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints" are ______ joints

condyloid

Muscles originating on the scapula:

deltoid, coracbrachialis, teres major, and the 4 muscles of the rotator cuff

In a third class (#3) lever system, the _______ is in the middle.

effort (E) It is similar to a drawbridge.

The part of a lever from the fulcrum to the point of effort (where you and your friends are piling on to one end of the seesaw to lift your father at the other end) is called the "_______ _____"

effort arm

The lateral compartment of the leg contains several muscles that are very powerful _______ of the foot and weak plantar flexors

evertors

The anterior compartment muscles either __________ or ________

extend the knee or flex the thigh.

The rectus femoris muscle of the anterior thigh compartment group helps __________

flex the thigh in addition to moving the knee joint/leg

Examples of third class levers are _________ and ________

flexion of the elbow and elevation of the mandible to bite off a piece of food

While the movement between a single set of vertebrae is limited, when you add the movements of all the intervertebral joints, ______, _______, ______ ______, and ________ is possible

flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and some rotation

The "_________" (Latin for "belly" and "leg") is the most superficial muscle.It has two thick bellies that collectively form the prominence of the posterior part of the leg often referred to as the "calf".This muscle spans both the knee and the ankle joints; it flexes the leg and plantar flexes the foot. (a)Origin = superior posterior non-articular surfaces of lateral and medial condyles of femur (b)Insertion = calcaneus via the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon (c)Action = flexes leg and plantar flexes foo

gastrocnemius

Later, when we study the digestive tract, we will learn much more about these sphincters and I will cite the circular muscles surrounding the lips as creating the first sphincter along the __________ tract

gastrointestinal

The ACL can be replaced with _________ from a cadaver ("allograft")

iliotibial tract tissue

An axon of a motor neuron transmits a nerve ________ to a muscle fiber

impulse

When a parallel muscle shortens, such as when the "biceps brachii" contracts, the body (belly) of the muscle __________ in diameter

increases

The tendons of the rotator cuff muscles encircle the joint, except for the ________ portion, and fuse with the joint capsule

inferior

The more moveable attachment of a muscle is called its "_________"

insertion

Additional movements in the carpus region are made possible by _______ _______, which are planar joints that permit gliding movements between the individual carpal bones

intercarpal articulations

The "_________ _________" are used during forceful exhalation and are located at right angles to the more superficial external intercostals. Action = Depresses the ribs during forced exhalation (Note that the abdominal muscles discussed below my alsocontract during forced exhalation thereby increasing abdominal pressure and forcing the diaphragm superiorly)

internal intercostals

Immediately deep to the external oblique is the "_______ _______", which also forms an aponeurosis that contributes to the rectus sheath. Action = same as external oblique

internal oblique

The most common cause of ankle strain is excessive _______ of the sole of the foot, resulting in partial or complete tearing of the anterior talofibular ligament and the calcaneofibular ligament (these ligaments are not as strong as the deltoid ligament).

inversion

It is at the intertarsal joints that _________ and _______ of the foot occur.

inversion and eversion

The "lateral (fibular) collateral ligament" (LCL) reinforces the ______ surface of the knee joint

lateral

Most of the posterior compartment muscles originate on the _____________ via a common extensor tendon.Muscles in the posterior compartment tend to extend the wrist, the metacarpal joints, and/or the interphalangeal joints.

lateral epicondyle of the humerus

On the lateral side the ankle joint is strengthened by 3 ligaments, which your authors simply referred to as the ___________. However, I want you to know them in more detail!

lateral ligaments

A "_________" is an elongated, rigid object that rotates around a fixed point called the "fulcrum" (a good example of a lever is the long board of a seesaw)

lever

There are cartilage pads and a large number of ________ that help stabilize the knee

ligaments

There are supporting _____ on the palmar (anterior) side, lateral side, and medial side of these joints

ligaments

The sternoclavicular joint is the articulation between the clavicle (collar bone) and the ________ of the sternum

manubrium

The "medial (tibial) collateral ligament" (MCL) reinforces the ______ surface of the knee joint

medial

The LCL ligament runs from the femur to the fibula and prevents the lowerleg from moving too far _______ relative to the thigh

medially

The medial collateral ligament is attached to the medial ________ (see discussion below) of the knee joint as well, so an injury to the medial collateral ligament usually affects the medial meniscus

meniscus

A joint capsule surrounds these gliding joints and slight, restricted _________ is possible

movement

Our "____________" allows us to sense and respond to our external environment and also allows us to control the internal activities of our bodies to maintain "_________"

nervous system homeostasis

However, excessive exercise should be avoided because it aggravates potential joint problems and may lead to "____________"

osteoarthritis

The ________ ________ is partitioned horizontally into four segments by three fibrous "tendinous intersections" (tendinous inscriptions) It is these tendinous intersections which form the traditional "six-pack" of a muscular, toned abdominal wall

rectus abdominis

The "___________" (Latin for "half tendon") is superficial to the semimembranosus and inserts on the medial side of the leg.It bulges out the most creating the most prominent medial lip of the popliteal fossawhen the knee is flexed. (a)Origin = ischial tuberosity (b)Insertion = proximal medial surface of tibia (c)Action = extends thigh and flexes leg; medially rotates leg

semitendinosus

The "______" (Latin for "flat fish") is a broad, flat muscle deep to the gastrocnemius that resembles a flat fish.It can be seen and palpatedjust inferior to the bellies of the gastrocnemius and lateral to the gastrocnemius tendon (See Fig. on page 386). (a)Action = plantar flexes the foot

soleus

The "______ ______" component conducts nerve impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles, causing them to contract.The somatic motor division is typically under voluntary control

somatic motor

The patella, which we learned earlier is a sesamoid bone, is embedded within femoris tendon, and the "patellar ligament" extends inferiorly to the patella and attaches on the anterior surface of the _________

tibia (at tibial tuberosity)

The "__________" is the primary dorsiflexor of the foot at the ankle.(a)Action = dorsiflexes foot and inverts foot

tibialis anterior

The "_______ ______" components transmit nerve impulses from blood vessels and viscera (internal organs) to the CNS.The visceral senses primarily include temperature and stretch (of muscles of the organ wall).These functions are said to be involuntary because most of the time you do not have voluntary control over them and are not conscious of them. However, you may become aware of visceral sensations when they are extreme (i.e.-painful bloating of the stomach after eating too much).

visceral sensory

These sphincters may be __________ closed (to store the material within an organ) or opened (to facilitate movement of materials.

voluntarily

Blood vessels also remove _________ produced by the muscle fibers

waste products

Origin, insertion, and action of sternocleidomastoid muscles:

(a)Origin = manubrium and sternal ends of clavicles. (b)Insertion = mastoid processes of temporal bones (c)Action = when both contract, the head is pulled forward and down (flexion of cervical vertebrae and flexion of atlanto-occipital joint).When one contracts, it turns the head sideways in a direction opposite the side on which the contracting muscle is located (lateral flexion of the cervical vertebrae and rotation of the atlantoaxial joint).

The _______ _______ is a gliding (planar) joint between the acromion of the scapula (shoulder blade) and the lateral end of the clavicle (collar bone) If you palpate your clavicle in a lateral direction to the tip of your shoulder, you can feel this joint.

acromioclavicular joint

The fibrous joint capsule is strengthened superiorly by the _________ ________.

acromioclavicular ligament

The coracoclavicular ligament is responsible for most of the stability of the joint because it indirectly prevents the clavicle from losing contact with the ________.

acromion

If the coracoclavicular ligament is torn, the _______ and ________ no longer align properly (A-C separation)

acromion and clavicle

The term "_______" means "inflowing" or "towards the center of activity", which indicates that nerve impulses are transmitted to the CNS

afferent

An "___________" covers the distal surfaces of the tibia, the medial malleolus, the lateral malleolus, and the talus

articular capsule

Support and stability to the sternoclavicular joint are provided by the fibers of the ______ ______ and by reinforcing ligaments

articular capsule

The knee joint has an _______ _______ that encloses on the medial, lateral, and posterior regions of the knee joint

articular capsule

The "_________" (Latinfor "two heads" and "arm") is a large, two-headed muscle on the anterior surface of the humerus. Origin = long head originates on the supraglenoid tubercle of scapula while the short head originates on coracoid process of scapula Insertion = radial tuberostiy and bicipital aponeurosis (see Fig. on page 361) Action = flexes elbow joint and is powerful supinator of forearm. An example of this supination movement occurs when you tighten a screw with your right hand. [The tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii crosses the shoulder joint, so this muscle helps flex the humerus as well, albeit weakly

biceps brachii

When an individual inhales, several muscles __________ to increase the dimensions of the thoracic cavity creating negative pressure (partial vacuum) to pull air into the lungs

contract

The entire wrist complex is ensheathed by a tough ______ ______ capsule that has reinforcing broad ligaments to support and stabilize the carpal bone positions.

connective tissue

The adverse changes cited above can be delayed by regular, moderate exercise, coupled with __________.

good nutrition

There are two different types of articulations found in the vertebral column:

symphyses and gliding joints

Note that severe cases of compartment syndrome may require a "___________"

decompression fasciotomy

The "_______" (Greek for "shaped like the letter delta, Δ") is a thick, powerful muscle that functions as the prime abductorof the arm and forms the rounded contour of the shoulder.It is also a good location for administering intramuscular (I.M.) injections. Origin = acromial end of clavicle, the acromion, and the spine of the scapula Insertion = deltoid tuberosity on lateral midregion of humerus Action = anteriorfibers flex and medially rotate arm; middlefibers prime mover of arm abduction; posteriorfibers extend and laterally rotate arm

deltoid

The "_________" is an internally placed, dome-shaped skeletal muscle that forms a partition between the thoracic and abdominal cavities.It is the most important muscle associated with breathing

diaphragm

The knee joint is the largest and most complex ________ of the body. It is also one of the more commonly injured joints in the body.

diarthosis

The axon travels through the epimysium and perimysium and enters the _________, where it sends a nerve impulse to an individual muscle fiber

endomysium

Prior to the closure of the ___________________ in early adulthood, some injuries to a young person may result in displacement or fracture of an epiphysis, with potential adverse effects on the future development of the bone and joint

epiphyseal growth plates

When the left and right erector spinae muscles contract together, they _______ the vertebral column

extend

As was noted with the erector spinae muscles, the transversospinalis muscles can _____________ or _______

extend the spine or cause lateral flexion

The palmar (anterior) surface of the carpal bones is covered by the "_______ ________" [See Fig. (a) on page 366)

flexor retinaculum

Most muscles of the posterior compartment act as both ________ and _______. Some of these muscles also _______ the thigh.

flexors of the knee and extensors of the thigh abduct

Bundles of muscle fibers, termed fascicles, lie parallel to each other within each muscle. However, the organization of fascicles in different muscles varies and appears in _______ different patterns

four

The _______ _______ are three thickenings of the anterior portion of the articular capsule that may or may not be present and provide only minimal support.

glenohumeral ligaments

The humeroradial joint where the capitulum of the humerus articulates with the head of the radius. This joint is currently poorly classified(my opinion is that it is a _______ joint

gliding

A second type of intervertebral articulation occurs at the synovial joints between adjacent superior and inferior articular processes, creating _______ ________ joints.

gliding (planar) joints

The "_________" (Latin for "______" and "largest") is the largest and heaviest of the three gluteal muscles.It is the chief extensor of the thigh.It is also a common site for intramuscular (I.M.) injections. (a)Origin = iliac crest, sacrum, and coccyx (b)Insertion = iliotibial tract (iliotibial tract, IT band) of fascia lata, linea aspera of femur, and gluteal tuberosity of femur. (c)Action = extends and rotates thigh laterally

gluteus maximus buttock

Three of these pairs of muscles (external oblique, internal oblique, and transverse abdominis) form an aponeurosis called the "_______ ______" which surrounds and enfolds the central superficial muscle, the rectus abdominis

rectus sheath

At the wrist, the deep fascia of the forearm forms thickened, fibrous bands termed _______

retinacula

The "____________" (Latin for "saw located in front") is a large, flat, fan-shaped muscle positioned between the ribs and the scapula.Its name is derived from the saw-toothed (serrated) appearance of its origins visible on the upper ribs (See right Figs. on page 355).This muscle is the prime moverin scapular protraction. Action = protracts and depresses scapula (synergistic to pectoralis minor), stabilizes the scapula, and superiorly rotates scapula (so glenoid cavity moves superiorly)

serratus anterior

Another example of a parallel muscle that bulges when it contracts is the "rectus abdominis", which forms the "_________" of a well sculpted abdomen

six-pack

The number of contractile filaments within muscle cells decreases with age, causing the muscle cells (muscle fibers) to diminish in _______

size (atrophy)

An articular disc partitions the sternoclavicular joint into two parts and creates two separate _______ joint cavities

synovial

The "_______ ______" components are the general somatic senses, such as touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temperature, and proprioception (sensing the position or movement of joints and limbs), and the special senses.These functions are considered voluntary because we have some control over them and we tend to be conscious of them

somatic sensory

A circular muscle is also called a "________" because the contraction of the muscle closes off an opening

sphincter

Circular muscle bands, called "__________", contract at openings ("orifices"), of the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts

sphincters

Abdominal wall muscles work together to flex and _______ the vertebral column. When these muscles unilaterally contract, they laterally flex the vertebral column

stabilize

The TMJ is poorly _______ and thus a forceful anterior or lateral blow to the mandible can result in partial or complete dislocation of the lower jaw.

stabilized

The ______ ______ is considered by your authors to be a saddle joint Some references agree that it is a saddle joint and some say it is a gliding joint

sternoclavicular joint

The only anteriolateral neck muscles that we will discuss in this class are the left and right "____________" muscles, which form the lateral borders of the "suprasternal fossa"of the skin

sternocleidomastoid

The coxal (acetabulofemoral) joint's bony architecture is therefore much _______ and more stable (but less mobile)than that of the shoulder (glenohumeral) joint. The coxal joint supports the weight of the body

stronger

The muscles of the vertebral column must keep us upright against the force of gravity, which explains why these muscles are _______ than the flexor muscles of the abdominal wall (i.e.-rectus abdominis)

stronger

The ______ ______ ______ is a narrow sheet that extends between the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus.

transverse humeral ligament

Deep to the erector spinae, a group of muscles collectively called the "________ __________" connect and stabilize the vertebrae

transversospinalis muscles

The "_______" (Greek for an "irregular four-sided figure") is a large, flat, diamond-shaped muscle that extends from the skull and vertebral column to the pectoral girdle laterally.It is visibleon the posterior surface of the body (See left of Figs on page 356). Origin = occipital bone (superior nuchal line), ligamentum nuchae, and spinous processes of C7-T12- Insertion = clavicle, acromion process, and spine of scapula- Action = elevates and retracts (adducts) the scapula, draws head back

trapezius

convergent muscle fibers are often ________ shaped, resembling a broad fan with a tendon at the tip

triangular

The "___________" (Latin for "three heads" and "arm") is the large, three-headed muscle on the posterior surface of the arm.It is the prime extensor of the elbow joint, and so its action is antagonisticto that of the biceps brachii. (a)Origin = longhead originates at infraglenoid tubercle of scapula, the lateralhead originates on posterior humerus above radial groove, and the medialhead originates on posterior humerus below radial groove (b)Insertion = all three parts of this muscle merge to form a common insertion on the olecranon of the ulna (c)Action = primary extensorof the elbow joint [only the long head of the triceps brachii crosses the glenohumeral joint, where it helps extend the humerus

triceps brachii

Another example of first class lever is the pulling of the "____________" on the olecranon process to extendthe elbow

triceps brachii" muscle n this instance, the effort arm is very shortand the resistance arm is very long

The gastrocnemius and soleus are collectively known as the "________" (Latin for "three heads" and "calf"), and together they are the most powerful plantar flexors of all the lower leg muscles.These two muscles share a common tendon of insertion, the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon.

triceps surae

The appendicular muscles control the movements of the ______ and _______, and stabilize and control the movements of the pectoral and pelvic girdles

upper and lower limbs

Maintenance of posture by contracting specific muscles to stabilize joints so the body can maintain its ________ position

upright

The "__________" (Latin for "great" and "intermediate") is positioned deep to the rectus femoris and is sandwiched between the other two vastus muscles. (a)Origin = anteriolateral surface of femur (b)Insertion = same as above (c)Action = extends the leg

vastus intermedius

The "__________" (Latin for "great" and "medial" forms the anteromedial surface of the thigh. (a)Origin = intertrochanteric line and linea aspera of femur (b)Insertion = same as above (c)Action = extends leg

vastus medialis