exam 3 newest

What are the characteristics of people with conceptual decision making style?

A broad perspective; they rely on intuition; a long-term perspective

The process of producing new and useful ideas concerning products, services, processes, and procedures is ____________

Creativity

What is an example of organizational systems being used for culture change?

Hearsay Social Inc

A firm with a(n) _____________ culture is more likely to develop reliable internal processes, extensive measurement and implement a variety of control mechanisms

Hierarchy

List criteria that relate to high control and therefore a task-oriented approach to leadership

High task structure; strong position power; good leader-member relations

The bias that occurs when knowledge of previous outcomes influences decisions about the probability of future occurrences is:

Hindsight bias

One way to perpetuate a firm's culture is to:

Hire those with a strong person to organization fit

What term refers to a person's productive potential, based on knowledge, skills and experiences?

Human capital

The goal is instill pride, respect and trust within employees is called ________ _________

Idealized influence

What are the steps in the general strategy of applying contingency leadership theories?

Identify important outcomes; identify situational conditions; identify relevant leadership behaviors

Culture provides employees with an organizational _____________

Identity

Negative consequences of work-family conflict are:

Increased health problems; increased absenteeism; poor performance at work

What are the characteristics of low conflict intensity in the workplace?

Indifference; little creativity

List the managerial implications for transformational leadership

Inspirational motivation should be considered the first step; the best leaders are not JUST transformational; transformational leadership works virtually

The intuition model is based on two distinct processes: a(n) _________ one and a(n) __________ one that is its opposite

Involuntary; voluntary

Bullying differs from other forms of incivility because it:

Is most often evident to others; affects even those who are not bullied; affects group dynamics and processes

Identifying ahead of time what can throw you off balance in a negotiation is:

Knowing your "hot buttons"

When Jamie, who is Lindsay's boss, says to drop everything and get the report done on time, Jamie is using:

Legitimate power

Hard influence tactics include:

Legitimating tactics; pressure

The theory which assumes that leaders will develop unique personal relationships with each of the people reporting to them is called ______-_________ _____ theory

Lesser-member exchange

The compatibility between an individual and a work environment that occurs when their characteristics are well matched is called _______-________ fit

Person-environment

Lists the Principles of Persuasion with an explanation of each

Scarcity: people want items and information that are hard to get; Liking: use informal conversations to learn about others and do sincere and timely praise and recognition; Reciprocity: both good and bad deeds will be repaid in kind; Consistency: get a personal commitment; Authority: people respect credible experts; Social proof: role model and peer pressure are powerful tools

What describes a committed employee?

Self-starter

What are the four phases of mentoring?

Separation; initiation; redefinition; cultivation

List the important characteristics of organizational culture

Shared concept; impact outcomes at multiple levels; learned over time; influences our behavior at work

Knowledge gained through experience that is hard to explain is _____ knowledge

Tacit

List the leader behaviors in the integrated model of leadership

Task-oriented; passive; relationship-oriented; transformational

Why might a company choose an open office layout?

To foster collaboration and innovation

Why is it important to assign blame correctly?

To keep your influence intact; to influence your behavior in the future

Confirmation bias has which components?

A decision is made before investigating it; information is sought that confirms the already made decision and discounts information that does not

A holistic hunch can be described as:

A decision that just feels right; a judgment based on subconscious synthesis of memories

The disadvantages of group decision making include:

A few people dominate; goal displacement; social pressure reduces creativity

The advantages of using intuition when making decisions are that it:

Accelerates the decision-making process; is advantageous with limited resources

Companies with a(n) ______ culture have an external focus and value flexibility

Adhocracy

Incivility is any form of socially harmful behavior and it includes such actions as:

Aggression; bullying; harassment

List all of the positive interpersonal attributes

Agreeableness; emotional intelligence; extraversion; communication skills

Research has found that key decision-making errors include:

Allocating resources poorly to study alternatives; selecting a solution without considering alternatives; making a quick decision without looking at all available information

A more user friendly, constructive and lower cost method of handling conflicts between managers and employers is _______ ________ ____________

Alternative dispute resolution

People who have a high tolerance for ambiguity and focus on tasks and technical concerns have which decision making style?

Analytical

List the steps one must take to become a better follow

Analyze the gap between your understanding of your boss and your understanding of yourself; Understand yourself, including your needs, goals, and expectations; Understand your boss

When decision makers are influences by the first information they receive even if it is irrelevant, it is:

Anchoring bias

The phase of organizational socialization that occurs before an individual actually joins an organization is _________ socialization

Anticipatory

Timeliness is important in making a(n) _____ to prevent a bad situation from becoming worse

Apology

Impression management encompasses which?

Appearance; speech; behavior

What are the three techniques for preventing groupthink?

Appoint a devil's advocate; encourage subgroup debates; bring in outside experts

When meeting people for the first time, how can you project that you are interested?

Ask them questions about themselves

The tendency to base decisions on information that is recent and easily recalled from memory is:

Availability bias

Evidence-based decision making holds the promise of:

Avoiding decision-making biases; improving performance

Organizational values that have become so taken for granted over time that they become assumptions that guide organizational behavior are called:

Basic underlying assumptions

List the three levels of organizational culture

Basic underlying assumptions; espoused values; observable artifacts

People who have a low tolerance for ambiguity and focus strongly on people and the social aspects of a work situation have which of the following decision-making styles?

Behavioral

People who prefer to avoid conflict and focus strongly on people and the social aspects of a work situation have the ________ style of decision making

Behavioral

What approaches tries to find the unique behaviors that effective leaders have?

Behavioral styles

The ways to increase your own influence include:

Being credible; being trustworthy

List the five political tactic tactics and an explanation of each

Bending the rules: interpreting or not enforcing rules to serve your own interests; Create a favorable image: impression management; Ingratiation: "Brown-nosing"; Building a network: creating a support system inside and outside the organization; Blaming others: minimize association with failure

The three blaming styles researchers found in people from a large variety of industries include:

Blaming oneself; blaming others; denying blame

Which conditions lead to move positive outcomes for the person being mentored?

Both individuals have sufficient emotional intelligence; the mentor is a skilled coach; the mentor is male and the protégé is a minority

The nonrational model in which decision makers are limited by various constraints when making decisions is known as:

Bounded rationality

A technique used to help groups generate ideas by silently and individually writing them down and then sharing them is:

Brainstorming

During the decision-making process, a means of coming up with potential ways to solve a problem is:

Brainstorming

List the career functions of mentoring

Challenging assignments; sponsorships; exposure and visibility; protection; coaching

List the five characteristics of conflict and provide an example of each

Change in tactics: parties move from persuasive arguments to threats and power plays; Number of issues grows: more issues that bother each party are added to disagreement; Goals change: parties no longer want to resolve the problem, but to win or hurt the other; Number of people grows: more people or groups are drawn into the conflict; Issues move from specific to general: conflict widens from narrow and specific concerns to broader ones and even general intolerance of the other party

The __________ and ___________________ phase of the organizational socialization process requires to master important tasks and roles and to adjust their work group's values and norms

Change; acquisition

A form of interpersonal attraction that inspires acceptance, devotion, an enthusiasm is called _____________

Charisma

Companies with a(n) ________ culture have an internal focus and value flexibility rather than stability and control

Clan

A(n) _____ is an informal group bound together by the active pursuit of a single issue

Coalition

Making threats and actually carrying out punishment is which type of power?

Coercive

When Bill docked Joe's pay for being late to work again after being warned, Bill was using _____ power

Coercive

Judgmental heuristics are the _________ shortcuts we use to simplify the decision making process

Cognitive

List the four basic skills for leaders, according to your text

Cognitive abilities; interpersonal skills; strategic skills; business skills

What is the sense of "we-ness" that overrides individual differences and motives in a group?

Cohesiveness

The idea that culture facilitates _________ _____________ is exemplified when Southwest Airlines employees all deliver customer service with warmth, friendliness, and individual pride

Collective commitment

When responding to a personality conflict at work, it is critical to:

Communicate directly with the other person

According to the contact hypothesis, the key to decreasing intergroup conflict is:

Communication

List the three emotional responses followers want leaders to foster

Community; significance; excitement

The ________ _______ framework is the most widely used approached for classifying organizational culture

Competing values

Commitment is supervisor to ___________ because it is driven by intrinsic motivation and requires less supervision

Compliance

When someone reacts to an attempt to influence them by doing just the bare minimum, to get by, it is:

Compliance

People who have a high tolerance for ambiguity and focus on people and the social aspects of a work situation have which of the following decision making styles?

Conceptual

Surveys have found that ___________ at work leads to absenteeism, staying away from work-related events, quitting, and termination

Conflict

When one party believes that its interests are negatively impacted by another party, a(n) __________ occurs

Conflict

A shared perception among group members about the intensity of disagreement over tasks or relationships is a:

Conflict state

Leader behavior associated with creating mutual respect or trust while concentrating on the group members' needs and desires is called __________

Consideration

Functional conflict is also referred to as _______ or _______ conflict

Constructive; cooperative

Research with students from Germany, Belgium, and England demonstrated that _______ did reduce prejudice

Contact

The situational theory which argues that a leader's effectiveness is dependent on how well a leader style fits the situation at hand is called _______ theory

Contingency

Which theory posits that the situation decides the effectiveness of a particular style of leader behavior?

Contingency

_____________ ____________ propose that the situation is the deciding factor on the effectiveness of a particular style of leader behavior

Contingency theories

List the psychosocial functions of mentoring

Counseling; role modeling; friendship; acceptance and confirmation

When working in a virtual environment, people can do what to reduce ambiguity?

Create accountability; share information; make use of attachments

Practices such as overcommitting, failing to take initiative, and hiding bad news are ways that people:

Create bad impressions

According to Edgar Schein, the most important role of an organization's leader is:

Creating and managing organizational culture

What is considered part of flextime?

Creating flexible scheduling; creating deadline flexibility; creating workday flexibility

The joint novelty and usefulness of a produce or service as judged by others is:

Creative outcome effectiveness

People who are very highly political run the risk of appearing self-serving and losing their _______

Credibility

When you pinpoint and pick a solution that best solves a problem, this is:

Decision making

Computer-based interactive systems that help decision makers use data and models to solve problems are _______ ________ systems

Decision support

A(n) ______ _______ is a graphical representation of the process underlying decisions that shows the consequences of making various choices

Decision tree

In terms of leadership, women use a more _____style while men use a more _____ style

Democratic; autocratic

What can be a good strategy for improving your level of fit?

Determine whether your values align with those of the company

Assigning someone in an organization or group the role of critic is known as _____ ______

Devil's advocacy

What can be used to send a message about organizational culture using physical space?

Distance between buildings; location of office furniture; physical spacing between people

List the stages in the evolution of sharing power from domination to delegation with the LEAST empowerment at the top of the list

Domination; consultation; participation; delegation

Who is best known for their writing on organizational culture?

Edgar Schein

Two lessons from the competing values framework are that organizational culture is related to measures of organizational _____________ and employees are more satisfied and committed to firms with a ____________ culture

Effectiveness; clan

A form of ______ brainstorming known as brainwriting allows participants to submit their ideas over a computer network

Electronic

What is true about emotional intelligence and leadership?

Emotional intelligence helps people lead, however, it does not solve all problems; Emotional intelligence helps people with transformational leadership

What best represents what is considered a rite or ritual?

Employees enjoy a beer on-site at the office; employees avoid certain "unlucky" foods in the break room; salespersons ring a large gong when they make a deal

Specialized language such as slogans and acronyms are useful for culture change because:

Employees will easily remember and repeat them

_______ _________ represents the extent to which a leader creates perceptions of psychological empowerment in others

Empowering leadership

The management practice that enhances employee performance, well-being, and positive attitudes is ________

Empowerment

The transfer of authority and responsibilities from management to employees is called structural _________

Empowerment

The values that employees actually exhibit based on their observations and what occurs on a daily basis are called: _______ _________

Enacted values

During the _______ phase of the three phase socialization process, employees come to learn what the organization is really like

Encounter

The three phases in Daniel Feldman's Organizational Socialization model are:

Encounter; change and acquisition; anticipatory socialization

How might a manger reinforce an adhocracy culture using work flow and organizational structure?

Encouraging brainstorming meetings

Big data, the vast quantity of data available to decision makers can:

Enhance productivity; allow for more narrow segmentation of customers; make information more transparent and usable

The tendency to stick to an ineffective course of action when it is unlikely that a bad situation can be reversed is:

Escalation of commitment bias

The second level of organizational culture is _______ _________

Espoused values

It is important for managers to reduce gaps between _______ and __________ values because the gap can influence attitudes and performance

Espoused; enacted

List the four influence tactics with the explanation

Exchange: trading favors, making or implying promises; Coalition tactics: getting others to support your efforts to persuade; Pressure: using intimidation or threats; Legitimating tactics: using one's authority or organizational rules or policies; support from superiors

List the implications for LMX Theory

Expectations must be clear; initiatives to improve poor LMX are critical; diversity must be embraced

Having valued knowledge or information needed by others is _______ power

Expert

The forms of power you possess independent of your job or position in an organization include:

Expert power; referent power

What are ways to improve meetings?

Explain beforehand the meeting's goal; start and end on time; assign responsibilities for the meeting

Knowledge that can be explained with ease is ______ knowledge

Explicit

List the typical characteristics of transformational leaders

Extraverted; proactive; agreeable

What is one risk of neglecting to integrate cultures when companies merge?

Failed acquisitions

True or false: Only individuals can demonstrate a dominating conflict-handling style

False

That customers prefer meat that is sold as "85% lean" instead of 15% fat" is an example of:

Framing

When winning an argument with a rival overshadows the primary goal of trying to solve the problem, it is known as _________ __________

Goal displacement

The idea that people have beliefs about how leaders should behave and what they should do for their followers is called ______ leadership theory

Implicit

Leader-member relations result in the formation of two types of exchanges: the __________-_________ and the ________-__________

In-group; out-group

List the four purposes of a leader apology with their appropriate motive or desired outcome

Individual leader offended the other: encourage followers to forgive and forget; Institution follower offended another organizational member: restore functioning within the group when one member offends another; Intergroup when a follower offends an external party: repair relations with an external group that perceived harm by a member of the leaders' group; Moral when there is genuine regret for wrongdoing: request for forgiveness for regrettable (in)action

In transformational leadership, behaviors associated with providing support, encouragement, empowerment and coaching to employees are called _______ _______

Individualized consideration

Conscious efforts to affect and change a specific behavior in others are:

Influence tactics

The limitations under which managers make decisions result in acquiring manageable rather than optimal amounts of _________

Information

List the types of task-oriented leadership

Initiating structure; transactional leadership

The use of charisma to establish an attractive vision of the future, using emotional arguments and exhibiting optimism and enthusiasm is called __________ ________

Inspirational motivation

A creative win-win approach that seeks mutual gain for all parties is _______ negotiation

Integrative

Behaviors that encourage employees to look for innovative solutions to organizational problems are called:

Intellectual stimulation

List the four leader behaviors and their meanings

Interaction-facilitation: resolving disputes; facilitating communication / Group-oriented decision making: encouraging group members to participate in decision making / Representation and networking: presenting the work group in a positive light to others / Value-based: establishing a vision and supporting its accomplishment

Suggestions for ways to make better decisions include:

Investigating a greater number of potential solutions; considering a broader set of alternatives; slowing down when making decisions

Benefits of empowerment for organizations include:

Job satisfaction; improved performance; positive citizenship behavior

What can be systematically improved and developed?

Leader behaviors

What describes the behavioral styles theory of leadership?

Leader behaviors can be improved and developed; Leader behavior is more important than traits; There is no one best style of leadership

The theory which assumes that leaders develop unique relationships with each of the people reporting to them is called _____-______ _______

Leader-member exchange (LMX)

What is true regarding culture and change

Leaders are the architects and developers of organizational change; be sure culture fits the vision and mission of the firm; changing culture starts with targeting one of the three levels of organizational culture; use a structured approach when considering culture and change

What is it called when an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal?

Leadership

Bernard Bass concluded that leaders do the managing, whereas managers do the what?

Leading

List the characteristics of servant-leadership

Listening; awareness; stewardship; healing

Research has identified useful advice on building support for your ideas that include:

Locking it in to the budget and other procedures; getting your idea on the agenda; forming alliances with those who control decisions and resources

List all of the criteria that relate to moderate control and therefore a relationship-oriented approach to leadership

Low task structure; good leader-member relations; weak position power

It is important to recognize that failure to apologize in a timely manner can do what?

Make a bad situation worse

When employees understand why the firm does what it does and how it intends to accomplish its long term goals, the culture is said to be helping members:

Make sense of their surroundings

Companies with a(n) __________ culture have a strong external focus and value stability and control

Market

List the four elements of psychological empowerment and give the meaning of each

Meaning: belief that your goals align with your team and management; Competence: personal evaluation of your ability to do your job; Self-determination: sense that your have control over your work and its outcomes; Impact at work: feeling that your efforts make a difference to your organization

According to research, what differences are found among men and women in leadership roles?

Men use an autocratic style, while women use a participative style; Men are task-oriented, while women are relationship-oriented

Proper _______ can create a sense of oneness and membership in a firm and thus significantly influence the protégé's career

Mentoring

Researchers determine leadership characteristics by using a statistical procedure called __________-__________, which computes an average relationship between two variables

Meta-analysis

The extent to which group members feel comfortable disagreeing with other group members is:

Minority dissent

Low leader-member relationships result in out-group exchanges that are characterized by:

More formality in reward negotiations; less trust and respect; more formality in expectations

One take-away from path-goal theory is that effective leaders use how many of the eight types of leader behaviors?

Multiple

Research has found certain situational characteristics that drive creativity include:

Mutual accountability within a group; positive relationships with coworkers; interpersonal diversity

High LMX relationships create what?

Mutual obligation; trust

List employee characteristics in the path-goal theory model

Need for clarity; locus of control; need for achievement; task ability

What kinds of emotions tend to travel faster and farther within an organization?

Negative emotions

People perceive organizational politics as:

Negatively related to organizational commitment; negatively related to job satisfaction; positive related to job stress

A group of people wanting social support for their general self-interests is a _____

Network

List the three levels of political action with its distinguishing characteristic

Network level: cooperative support of general self-interests; Coalition level: cooperative pursuit of group interests in specific issues; Individual level: individual pursuit of general self-interests

What are the implications of social networking systems?

Network should align with career goals; number and quality will influence career success; developers' willingness depends on the protégé's relationship quality; create a mentoring plan and incorporate it into the firm; proteges should become proficient at using social networking tools

Companies are using electronic _____ as a tool to promote different types of cultures

Networks

Examples of laissez-faire leadership include:

Not giving performance feedback; allowing bullying to take place; not guiding employees in their work

The first level of organizational culture is _____ _______

Observable artifacts

List the inputs to leader behavior as illustrated by the model of transformational leadership

Organizational culture; traits; life experiences

What can be impacted by organizational culture?

Organizational effectiveness; employee attitudes; performance

List the four functions of organizational cultures

Organizational identify; collective commitment; sense-making device; social system stability

The process by which a person learns the values, norms and required behaviors which permit him to participate as a member of the organization is called:

Organizational socialization

Initiating structure represents leader behaviors that define what group members should be doing to maximize:

Output

Among the ways people can unintentionally create a bad impressions at work are:

Over committing; doing only the minimum; having a negative mindset

The bias that takes place because we are optimistic based on overestimates of what we are able to do is:

Overconfidence bias

The theory which states that leader behaviors are effective when employees see them as a source of satisfaction is called:

Path-goal

What describes networks?

People-oriented; broad agendas

What term refers to the measure of compatibility between your personality and values and the climate and culture of an organization?

Person-organization fit

Elements of structural empowerment that are inputs to psychological empowerment include:

Policies; job characteristics; practices

Leaders tend to create more positive LMX's with employees that they believe possess:

Positive personality; competence; agreeableness

The ability to marshal human, informational, and other resources to get something done is:

Power

Recall that favorable upward impression management tactics include:

Presenting oneself as a polite and nice person; praising and doing favors for one's supervisor; presenting information about one's job performance in a positive light

List the internal processes influenced by organizational culture

Procedures; human resources; policies

What do leaders want from followers

Productivity; flexible; honesty; reliability

What often determines the development of subcultures?

Products and technologies; divisions or departments; occupational groups

A lack of concern for others, impulsive behavior, and a lack of remorse or guilt when one's actions harm others is called ___________

Psychopathy

List all of the negative interpersonal attributes

Psychopathy; narcissism; Machiavellianism

Some tips for sparking creativity include:

Putting effort into it; daydreaming; solving problems when you're groggy

Soft influence tactics include:

Rational persuasion; inspirational appeals

Because employees with unrealistic expectations are more likely to quit their jobs, firms may want to use ________ __________ ___________ to aid employees in their expectations of a job

Realistic job preview

List three types of potential followers from research

Rebels; helpers; independents

When one's personal characteristics and social relationships become the reason for compliance, the base of influence is _______ power

Referent

The decision-making heuristic used when people estimate the probability of an event occurring based on impressions about similar occurrences is:

Representativeness bias

When someone reacts to an attempt to influence their behavior by refusing to comply it is:

Resistance

What information would be important to a manager who wanted to foster an adhocracy culture?

Results of customer satisfaction surveys; number of patents developed in R&D; number of new ideas submitted through suggestion systems

Individuals or organizations that obtain compliance by promising or granting rewards use _____ power

Reward

Individuals or organizations that obtain compliance by promising or granting rewards use which base of power?

Reward power

Because they are meaningful and visible, ______ _______ are considered one of the strongest ways to embed organizational culture

Reward systems

What are the characteristics of ethical leadership?

Rewarding ethical behavior; treating employees with concern; projecting ethical values to others

The planned and unplanned activities and ceremonies that are used to celebrate important events or achievements are called ____________ and ___________

Rites; rituals

What are some of the forms that resistance takes when opposing those who try to assert their power?

Sabotage; indifference; passive-aggressiveness

Because it offers growth opportunities to employees, __________-leadership is expected to promote leadership effectiveness

Servant

List the relationship oriented leader behaviors

Servant-leadership; empowerment; consideration

List the steps in a plan to influence others with the first step at the top

Set a goal and know what you want to achieve; Identify the person or persons who can help you achieve that goal; Determine whether you need compliance or commitment from the person; Decide on a base of power and influence tactic that will realistically be available to you; Describe how you will apply the bases of power tactics you chose

Managers can reduce the likelihood of escalation of commitment bias if they:

Set minimum targets for performance and compare results to targets; make decision makers aware of the costs of persistence

What characteristics will impress interviewers

Show your true self; be honest and ethical

Why is it a good idea to set a meeting time limit at 45 minutes?

Since meetings usually start on the hour, that leaves time for people to prepare for the next meeting; That is enough time to accomplish the goals while remaining on task

What term refers to the productive potential of relationships, goodwill, trust, and cooperative effort?

Social capital

When the work environment is perceived as positive and reinforcing, a firms culture is said to promote ___________ _________________ stability

Social system

How do soft influence tactics differ from hard influence tactics?

Soft tactics are friendlier

List the applications of socialization research

Stresses of a new environment can be reduced for employees; socialization can reinforce ethical behaviors; effective on boarding results in higher retention

A company's ability to make a profit without sacrificing the resources of its people, the community and the planet is called _________

Sustainability

According to Fiedler, a leader's style is either ______-motivated as he or she is focused on accomplishing goals or _______-motivated as he or she is more interested in developing relations with followers

Task; relationship

Why is it important to understand that some cultures reflect opposing core values?

The competing values inherent in different culture types can impact a company's success

The critical aspect of organizational politics that distinguishes it from other forms of influence is:

The emphasis on self-interest

Vague performance measures create uncertainty and politicking because:

There are unclear performance-reward linkages; people don't know what it takes to get ahead

What are the characteristics of basic underlying assumptions?

They are taken for granted over time; They guide the behavior of an organization; They reflect employee's core beliefs about the company

What are the three biggest complaints about meetings?

They do not achieve much; they last too long; they are not necessary

Why are stories, legends and myths considered powerful ways to communicate desires values and behaviors in an organization?

They reinforce characteristics of the desired culture

The pitfalls in understanding empowerment that lead to resistance include:

Thinking of it as a zero-sum game; not recognizing it is a matter of degree

Why do some companies emphasize role modeling, training and coaching programs?

To build a culture focused on growth and development

The extent to which a person has a high need for structure and control in his or her life is known as:

Tolerance for ambiguity

According to _______ theory, organizations should consider using personality and trait assessments in the selection and promotion process

Trait

Trying to identify the personality characteristics or interpersonal attributes that can differentiate leaders from followers is called:

Trait approach

Clarifying employees' roles and task requirements and providing followers the positive and negative rewards contingent on performance is called:

Transactional leadership

When Tom installed controls for things such as accounting procedures and inventory audits and then rewarded his employees for using the system, he was instituting ______ _______

Transactional leadership

Which type of leaders appeal to their followers to pursue organizational goals over self-interests

Transformational

True or false: Fiedler's situational theories support the idea that a leader who is failing in one context may actually be better suited and succeed in another

True

True or false: Organizational values are espoused through explicit statements

True

Apologies are important and are effective to the extent that they restore what in a relationship?

Trust

What can mangers do if the chosen alternative fails to eliminate the gap between the desires and actual situation?

Try implementing a different alternative; return to the problem identification step in the model; keep trying all alternatives that are feasible

Triggers such as change, strong competition, or vague performance measures create:

Uncertainty in organizations

Servant-leaders are less likely to:

Use behaviors that benefit themselves and hurt others

Political maneuvering in organizations is triggered by uncertainty most often caused by:

Vague performance measures; strong group competition; unclear objectives

List leader behaviors in the path-goal theory model

Value based; supportive; achievement oriented

The extent to which an individual focuses on either task and technical concerns or people and social concerns in making decisions is:

Value orientation

A(n) ________ represents a long-term goal that describes what an organization wants to become, and a(n) ______ ______ outlines an organizations long-term goals the actions necessary to achieve those goals

Vision; strategic plan

List the characteristics of a coalition

When the issue is resolved, they disband; They may or may not coincide with formal organization groups; They have fluid membership

Person factors that drive creative performance include:

Willingness to tolerate ambiguity; domain relevant knowledge; motivation to apply relevant knowledge

What is the term for the way work gets done?

Work flow

List the mechanisms for changing organizational culture

Work flow and structure; organizational goals; rite and rituals; systems and procedures

Apologies are needed when:

You will need to influence the offended party in the future; it is important to restore trust; another has been harmed by your actions

According to a recent survey, what makes managers most uncomfortable?

"Building relationships with people I dislike"

List the five different styles of handling conflict and a description of each

Integrating: cooperatively identify the problem, generate and weigh alternatives, select a solution; Obliging: smoothing it over by minimizing differences to please the other party; Dominating: ignores the other party's needs by relying on formal authority to force the solution; Avoiding: passive withdrawal from the problem and suppression of the issues; Compromising: give and take, especially between peers or when they have opposite goals

Common causes of conflict include:

Interdependent tasks; insufficient communication; unclear job boundaries

Decisions that come to mind on their own and are not evaluated for validity are known as ________

Intuition

Lists five hints for choosing a negotiation method and give an explanation

Know who you are: those whose personalities have high levels of agreeableness are better at integrative negotiations; Manage outcome expectations: compare expected outcomes

Automated experiences are based on:

A partly subconscious applying of information that was previously learned; well-known situations

Rank the steps in using the dialectic method for creating functional conflict

A proposed course of action is generated; assumptions underlying the proposal are identified; a conflicting counterproposal is generated; advocates for each position present and debate their proposals; a decision for a position is made; the decision is monitored

A shared belief held by team members that the team is a safe place for interpersonal risk taking and that those who do will not be rejected or punished is:

A psychological safety climate

What should be considered in assessing the feasibility of an alternative?

Are customers resistant?; Does time permit?

Characteristics of the rational decision-making model include the assumption that managers:

Are objective; possess all information needed to make the best decision

The approaches to resolving intergoup conflict include:

Creating a psychologically safe climate; the contact hypothesis; conflict reduction

The ______ ______ is a group process that anonymously generates ideas or judgments from physically dispersed experts

Delphi technique

People with a _______ decision-making style have a low tolerance for ambiguity and are oriented toward tasks

Directive

It is important to act __________ to resolve a conflict because left alone it is likely to grow

Early

Avoiding or reducing work-family conflict is possible if:

Employers have a family-supportive philosophy; family and spouses support sharing domestic responsibilities

A group that is comfortable with minority dissent is more likely to:

Experience job satisfaction; related positively to group participation

List the six methods of alternative dispute resolution and an explanation of each

Facilitation: a third party informally urges parties to deal directly and constructively with each other; Conciliation: a neutral third party acts as a conduit between disputing parties; Peer review: a panel of trustworthy coworkers who remain objective hear both sides and offer recommendations; Ombudsman: a trusted person hears grievances confidentially and tries to arrange a solution; Mediation: a trained 3rd party neutral actively guides the disputing parties to explore innovative non-binding solutions; Arbitration: disputing parties agree to accept the decision of a trained, neutral arbitrator in a formal, court like setting

True or false: Whether your own supervisor supports the idea of flextime is not important; as long as there is a company policy that does support it, employees will utilize it

False

When company policies enable employees to work from different locations, companies, are using _______ _______

Flex space

Conflict reduction offers several options for reducing intergroup conflict that include:

Fostering positive attitudes such as empathy and compassion; eliminating specific negative interactions; team building

Advantages of group decision making include:

Greater commitment to a decision; better understanding of the reasons for a decision; a greater pool of knowledge

When people who are members of a cohesive in-group so strive for unanimity that they fail to realistically appraise alternative courses of action it is:

Groupthink

Starting in the 1970s, OB experts came to understand that conflict:

Has both positive and negative outcomes

List the four steps in the rational decision making model with the first step in the process at the top and the last step on the bottom

Identify the issue; Come up with potential solutions; Evaluate the possibilities and select a solution; Put the solution into practice and evaluate it

List the five conflict management styles with a situation appropriate for its use

Integrating: resources and commitment from others are needed to solve a common problem; Obliging: you believe you may be wrong and preserving the relationship is important; Dominating: the issue is trivial or a speedy decision is needed; Avoiding: the issue is trivial or the potential dysfunctional effect outweighs the benefits of a solution; Compromising: goals are mutually exclusive or parties are equally powerful

List the seven symptoms of groupthink and provide an explanation of each

Invulnerability: breeds excessive optimism and risk taking; Inherent morality: ignores ethical implications; Rationalization: protects "pet" ideas and assumptions; Stereotyped views of the opposition: underestimates opponents; Self-censorship: stifles critical debate; Mind guards: protect themselves against adverse information; Peer pressure: loyalty of dissenters is questioned

List the steps in Bagley's ethical decision tree with the first question on the top and the last question on the bottom

Is the proposed action legal?; Does it maximize shareholder value?; Is it ethical to take this action?; Would it be ethical to not take this action?

Devil's advocacy has been shown by researchers to have the following advantages:

It develops analytical skills and emotional intelligence; it develops more solutions; it makes better recommendations

Groupthink can result in decisions that:

Lack moral judgment; fail to realistically evaluate alternative options; maintain the cohesiveness of the group

Name the four unethical negotiation tactics and an explanation of each

Lies: subject matter includes limits, authority to bargain, time pressures, and available resources; Deception: promises or threats, excessive initial demands careless misstatements of facts; Maximization: converts win-win to win-lose; Puffery: exaggerating the value of what is being given or given up, the importance of issues

Among the top responses of employees to incivility at work are:

Lost work time avoiding the offender; decline in performance; intentionally decreased time at work

In resolving a conflict, using judgmental language:

Makes people defensive

What is an assumption of the rational decision-making model are faulty?

Managers have all of the resources needed to make rational decisions; Managers have complete information; Managers leave emotion out of their decision

Decision making that involves at least two parties with distinct preferences and a give and take between them is __________

Negotiation

A(n) ________ is a situation in which it is possible to do something that eclipses expectations

Opportunity

A _________ is the divide between an actual and a desired situation

Problem

List the creative performance behaviors in sequence with the first one at the top

Problem formulation/definition; Preparation/Information gathering; Idea generation; Idea evaluation/validation

Conflict that offers different opinions outside of managers' personal feelings is:

Programmed conflict

Anti-bullying strategies for groups and organizations include:

Providing conflict management training; developing a system for reporting bullying; developing a workplace bullying policy

List the three benefits of the rational decision-making process and explain each

Quality: Decisions follow more logically form available knowledge; Transparency: The reasoning behind a decision is available for scrutiny; Responsibility: It discourages decisions based on personal or bureaucratic considerations

The non ______ models of decision making explain how mangers really come to decisions

Rational

The decision-making model that assumes managers are fully objective and have all the data needed is the:

Rational decision model

In-group members exaggerate the differences between their group and others, creating a distorted perception of ___________

Reality

The reasons people often avoid conflict are that they fear?

Rejection; ager; failure

Deciding to choose a solution that meets enough minimum qualifications is:

Satisficing

Harassment that uses the internet and ________ ____________ is known as cyber or virtual bullying

Social media

Incivility is any form of socially harmful behavior that includes such actions as:

Social undermining; interactional injustice; abusive supervision

An influential model of cooperative conflict outlines which desired outcomes?

Stronger relationships; fair agreements; learning

The least effective way to use evidence-based decision making is to:

Support a decision made intuitively

When the demands from work and family domains are mutually incompatible:

The result is work-family conflict

The constraints in Herbert Simon's normative model of decision making include:

Time available; financial resources available; personal characteristics

True or false: Consensus does not require unanimous agreement

True

True or false: Personality conflicts cannot be avoided in life or the workplace

True

List the four guidelines for developing intuitive awareness and describe each

Trust judgments based on intuition: rely on your feelings, including your gut feel; Test your intuitive success rate: look at the times you relied on your intuition, calculate your success rate, and assess the reasons why your intuition was wrong at times; Ask for feedback: confirm your intuitive judgments by seeking feedback from reliable individuals; challenge your intuition: test your intuition and hunches by forming counterarguments

What are characteristics of a workplace characterized by too much conflict

Unhappiness; decreasing performance level; deficiency in teamwork

What situations cause conflict in the workplace?

Unrealistic expectations about pay; decisions made by consensus; lack of compatible value system

The model of decision-making styles is based on what dimensions?

Value orientation; Tolerance for ambiguity

Criteria that should be used in evaluating alternatives are:

Whether it will solve the problem; what it will cost; whether it is ethical

________-_______ conflict can be reduced if employees have a supportive family to share responsibilities at home

Work; family

What are some examples of negotiations that an employee may make with an employer?

Working hours; promotion; salary