EXAM 3 QUESTIONS

endothermic

The homeostatic mechanism by which the body uses blood to distribute heat throughout the human body, which classifies us as ____

C. Orange juice

Which of the following is the best source of vitamin C? A.tomato juice B. apple juice C. Orange juice D. Cranberry juice

B. iron

Which of the following minerals forms the oxygen-binding site in the middle of each hemoglobin (Hb) protein molecule? A. selenium B. iron C. copper D. magnesium

c. Calcium

Which of the following minerals is NOT usually paired with intracellular enzyme as a cofactor in free radical defense? A.Zinc B.Selenium C. Calcium D. Copper

B. magnesium

Which of the following minerals, found in all plants, is necessary for ATP use and has been indicated to reduce hypertension? A.iodine B. magnesium C. fluoride D. phosphorus

C. fluoride

Which of the following minerals, when added to water supplies is responsible for lowering the rate of dental caries in the US? A.iodine B. magnesium C. fluoride D. phosphorus

D. all of the above

Which of the following pairs of minerals combines to form hydroxyapatite, the mineralization component of bone tissue? A.phosphorus and calcium B.zinc and iron C. potassium and calcium D. all of the above

C. eating green veggies

Which of the following represents the best options for options for obtaining appropriate vitamin K levels? A. taking supplements B. relying on your large intestine C. eating green veggies D. expose to excess sunlight

D. vitamin D

Which of the following substances are NOT an antioxidant? A.vitamin A B.vitamin C C.vitamin E D.vitamin D

B. vitamin K

Which of the following vitamins is essential for blood clotting? A. vitamin D B. vitamin K C. vitamin E D. vitamin A

A.meat

Which of the following will enhance the absorption of iron? A.meat B.Coffee C. soy protein D. tea

C. metabolism

___ is the sum of all chemical reactions required to support cellular function and hence the life of an organism. A. catabolism B. anabolism C. metabolism D. assimilation

C. Fluoride

____ combats tooth decay via three mechanisms: i. blocking acid formation by bacteria ii. preventing demineralization of teeth iii. enhancing remineralization of destroyed enamel A. phosphorus B. magnesium C. Fluoride D. Calcoum

B. phytochemicals

____are naturally occurring plant compounds that act as an antioxidant and gives fruits and veggies their vibrant colors. Examples: lignans, phytoestrogens, terpenes, carotenoids, anthocyanidins, and many more. A.electrolytes B. phytochemicals C.provitamins D. lingnans

B. oxidative stress

___refers to an imbalance in any cell, tissue, or organ between the number of free radicals and the capabilities of detoxifying and repair systems A.Antioxidant stress B. Oxidative Stress C.Free radical Stress D. phytochemical stress

d. all of the above

although the body produces free radicals during metabolism, there are also environmental sources of free radicals. Which of the following is an example of an environmental source of free radical? A. asbestos b. ozone c. smoking d. all of the above

Lipogenesis

anabolic conversion in liver of excess nutrients to triglycerides

Glycogensis

anabolic with conversion of excess glucose for storage by liver and muscles

Proteolysis

enzymatic catabolism of protein

D. UVB in sunlight

for most people, more than 90% of a person's vitamin D3 production comes from A. plant based sources B. uric acid cycle C. exposure to asbestos D. UVB in sunlight

Gluconeogenesis

liver formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

C. ATOMS

Cells are the basic building blocks of life, but ______ are the basic building blocks of all matter, living and nonliving.

B. 5

Considering atomic stability is based on outer (valence) electrons being paired together, which of the following electron totals would indicate an unstable or reactive atom?

Scientific data supports all of the following products and functional health claims EXCEPT: A.Consuming pomegranates and drinking POM Wonderful reduces your risk of developing certain types of cancer. B. Hershey's chocolate has flavanol antioxidants that provide cardioprotective effects C. Drinking antioxidant containing beverages like naked juices are healthy alternatives to whole fruits and vegetables D. NONE OF THESE FINDINGS ARE SUPPORTED SUBSTANTIALLY

D. NONE OF THESE FINDINGS ARE SUPPORTED SUBSTANTIALLY

A.mediterranean

Eating a variety of fruits and veggies rich in antioxidants and phytochemicals promote health. Which of the following diets emphasizes consumption of fruits and veggies? A.mediterranean B. Ketogenic C.South Beach D. Atkins

Electron Neutron Proton

Electron- negative - electron cloud Neutron- neutral - nucleus Proton - positive - nucleus

D. fortified/enriched

Foods that have had nutrients added to them are designated as __ foods. A.supplemented B. adulterated C.refined D. fortified/enriched

Free radicals take electrons indiscrimenately, which alters the ability and function of the cell.

How do free radicals effect healthy cells?

D. bioavailable

Plant-based foods such as rhubarb and spinach often contain factors such as oxalates and phytates that bond to minerals and inhibit their absorption. This causes minerals to be less ___ than vitamins. A. obtainable B. inevitable C. invariable D. bioavailable

Luekacytes

Scientific name for white blood cells

D. All of the above

The CDC has developed seven strategies to increase American's intake of fruits and veggies. Which of the following is an example of one of these strategies? A.support schools in developing healthy food messages to students by incorporating activities such as gardening into curricula B. Promote farm-to-where-you-are programs, which is delivery of regionally grown farm produce to community instiutions, farmers markets and individuals C. Encourage emergency food programs, including food banks and food rescue programs, to increase their supply of fruits and veggies D. All of the above

C. red blood cells

The cellular components of blood responsible for the transport of oxygen and live for approximately 120 days are A. white blood cells B. platelets C. red blood cells D. plasma

B. platelets

The cellular components of blood that help in the clotting process A. white blood cells B. platelets C. red blood cells D. plasma

B.Scurvy

The disease resulting from a vitamin c deficiency is called ___ and results in bleeding gums, painful joints, weakness, depression, and increases susceptibility to infections A.Pellagra B.Scurvy C.Beriberi D.Rickets

A. bright red and irritated skin

All of the following are symptoms of iron-deficiency anemia EXCEPT A. bright red and irritated skin B. fatigue and weakness C. Dizziness and swollen sore tongue D. abnormal heart rate and shortness of breath

B.in the liver and then the kidney

At which sites is the inactive form of vitamin D converted to the active form? A.in the blood and then in the skin B.in the liver and then the kidney C. in the stomach and then in the small intestine D. in the liver and then in the gallbladder

D. all are correct

Blood A.transports nutrients, wastes, and respiratory gases B. protects against blood loss and infection C.maintains body temperature and blood volume D. all are correct

A.uptake of calcium from food by the intestines and absorption from the urine by the kidney

Blood calcium levels are regulated by hormones secreted from the parathyroid and thyroid glands. When blood calcium is low, which of the following would be stimulated by the parathyroid gland? A.uptake of calcium from food by the intestines and absorption from the urine by the kidney B. uptake of calcium from food by the intestines and secretion into the urine by the kidney C. Decreased Uptake of calcium from food by the intestine and absorption from the urine by the kidney D. Decreased Uptake of calcium from food by the intestine and secretion into the urine by the kidney

C. 5 liters

Blood is a connective tissue of the circulatory system, transporting absorbed nutrients to cells and waste products from cells. The volume of blood coursing throughout an adult body is about _____ and accounts for approximately 8% of human body weight. A.100 milliliters B.75 grams C. 5 liters D. 2 gallons

C. collagen

Bone tissue is a composite of fibrous protein strands of __ and are hardened with mineralized matrix containing large amounts of calcium. A. elastin B. hyaline C. collagen D.reticular

D. ALL OF THE ABOVE

Calcium has been shown to have the following health benefits for the body: A. reduces the risk of colon cancer B. lowers blood pressure C. blocks formation of kidney stones D. ALL OF THE ABOVE

$25

In general, how much money can be earned from donating plasma?

A. Formed..Stabilized..Store

In photosynthesis, bonds are being ____ between carbon atoms to ___ the atoms and energy as glucose.

C. thirties

Peak bone mass typically occurs when a person reaches his or her A. teens B. twenties C. thirties D. Forties

D. standard

Which of the following is NOT one of the 4 basic bone shapes? A.long B.irregular C.flat D. standard

B. hemoglobin

The protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen is A. collagen B. hemoglobin C. catalase D. fibrin

d. catalase

There are three enzyme systems that detoxify free radicals (defense). Which one contains iron as a cofactor and converts hydrogen peroxide to water & oxygen? A.Glutathione peroxidase B.Superoxidase Dismutase (SOD) C.Uric Acid D. Catalase

D. free radicals

Unpaired electron molecules that can damage cells and possibly contribute to the increased risk of certain chronic diseases are called... A.Antioxidants B. Phytochemicals C.Supplements D.Free Radicals

D. Cholesterol

Vitamin D is derived from __ A. estrogen B. Phytochemicals C. HDL's D. Cholesterol

C. Hydrogen Peroxide

Which free radical dense waste product is also repurposed and used as a free radical offense and is required by the thyroid gland to synthesize hormones? A. vitamin A B. Nitric Oxide (NO) C. Hydrogen peroxide D. Glycogen

C. adequate vitamin d levels

Which of the following INCREASES the bioavailability of calcium? A. Presence of oxalates and phytates B.Gastrointestinal upset C. adequate vitamin d levels D. elevated estrogen levels

B.pasteurization

Which of the following advances in milk processing and distribution reduced the risk associated with ingested bacteria and yeast? A.homogenization B.pasteurization C.vitamin D fortified D.Opaque packing

D. scurvy

Which of the following conditions is NOT caused by a VITAMIN D deficiency? A. osteomalacia B. osteoporosis C. rickets D. scurvy

D. adult man

Which of the following individuals is least likely to require a diet with high calcium content? A. adolescent B. vegans C. menopausal women D. adult man

D. All of the above

Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences vitamin D3 synthesis in the skin? A. distance from the equator B. Skin color/tone C. Time of day D. All of the above

A.pelvic girdle

Which of the following is NOT a part of the axial skeletal system? A.pelvic girdle B.ribs C.Skull D.Vertebrae

C. Prevents anemia

Which of the following is NOT another function of selenium? A.helps convert thyroid hormones to their active form B. protects lipids from free radicals C. Prevents anemia D. Mediates inflammatory and immune system responses

B. Free radicals can add protons to lipids, proteins, RNA & DNA, causing them damage.

Which of the following is NOT correct? A. excessive sunlight, ozone, smoke, heavy metals, radiation asbestos and other toxic chemicals increase the number of free radicals in the body and can accelerate the progression of diseases in which oxidative stress is the contributing cause B. Free radicals can add protons to lipids, proteins, RNA & DNA, causing them damage. C. Free radicals, unstable molecules with unpaired electrons, are an unavoidable byproduct of cellular metabolism D. the body has defenses against free radicals - free radicals detoxifying enzymes and antioxidant chemicals.

d. ALL OF THE ABOVE

bone functions to a. form blood elements b. facilitate movement c. protect vital organs d. ALL OF THE ABOVE

Glycogenolysis

catabolic release of stored glucose from liver and muscles

Glycolysis

cellular conversion of glucose into energy, independent of O2.

C. capillaries

the small vessels which permit diffusion and movement between the blood and tissues are A. arteries B. veins C. capillaries D. lymph vessles

b. xerophthalmia

vitamin a deficiency can lead to the dysfunction of the linings and coverings of the eye, causing dryness of the eyes, a condition called ____. the condition can progress, causing ulceration of the cornea and eventually blindness. a. glaucoma b. xerophthalmia c. cataracts d. age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

A.atherosclerosis

vitamin e reduces oxidation (lose of electron) of LDL's and it's therefore hypothesized that vitamin E supplements can protect against hardening of arteries known as A.atherosclerosis B.hypertension C.myocardial infraction D.angiogenesis

C.femur

whIch of the following is NOT part of the appendicular skeleton? A.pelvic girdle B.shoulder girdle C.femur D. humerus

A. inadequate fat intake

which of the following DECREASES the bioavailability of calcium? A. inadequate fat intake B. low stomach pH C. adequate vitamin d levels D. elevated estrogen levels

C. Frequent hand washing with soap and water

which of the following activities is the best way to reduce your chances of catching a cold? A.avoiding outside activities on a cold day B. consuming the herb Echinacea C. Frequent hand washing with soap and water D. taking vitamin c supplements

d. homogenization

which of the following advances in milk processing and distribution does NOT have a negative effect on the milk or on human populations? A.sustainability with demand b. environmental impacts c..pasteurization d. homogenization

D.selenium

which of the following antioxidants is a cofactor of glutathione peroxidase and aids in regeneration of vitamins C and E. A.carotenoids B.phenolic acid C. lipoic acid D.selenium

C. rickets

which of the following conditions is a vitamin D deficiency disease in children? A. osteomalacia B. osteoporosis C. rickets D. scurvy

D. all of the above

which of the following is a function of calcium in the human body? A. bone and tooth formation B. clotting factor C. nerve impulse transmission D. all of the above

B. calcitriol

which of the following is the active form of vitamin D? A. parathyroid B. calcitriol C. retinol D. calcitonin

d. individuals who eat fortified foods regularly

which of the following people might NOT benefit from a vitamin supplement? a. women of childbearing age b.strict vegetarian c. individuals who do not drink milk or go out in the sun d. individuals who eat fortified foods regularly

A. vitamin D

which of the following vitamins helps bone health by regulating calcium and phosphorus? A. vitamin D B. vitamin K C. vitamin A D. vitamin E