Exam 3 Questions
Using the information given in question #1, how many non-modifiable risk factors does this person have? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5
A
When exercising in a hot environment, which of the following contributes the most to heat dissipation? A) evaporation B) radiation C) convection D) conduction
A
Which of the following are metabolic functions of the skeletal system? 1. Ca++ and phosphate reservoir 2. White blood cell formation 3. Support 4. Hematopoiesis 5. Protection of vital organs 6. Locomotion A) 1, 2, 4 B) 1, 4, 5 C) 4, 5, 6 D) 1-6 are correct
A
During exercise, heat production and heat transfer occur by the same mechanism as during resting conditions. But, during exercise, metabolism may increase 15-20 times the resting rate and heat production may increase to a level greater than heat dissipation. Therefore, the body will: A) increase metabolic rate another 10% to increase heat dissipation. B) store heat and body temperature will increase C) increase vasodilation to the internal organs, such as the liver, to facilitate heat storage. D) decrease blood flow to the skin in an attempt to reduce sweating rate and maintain electrolyte balance.
B
Environmental conditions that have the greatest affect on human thermoregulation are: A) ambient temperature, body weight, relative humidity B) ambient temperature, relative humidity, wind speed C) ambient temperature, cloud cover, barometric pressure D) ambient temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, body fat
B
In order to maintain VO2max levels the most important factor in the exercise prescription is: A) frequency B) intensity C) duration D) initial fitness level
B
Osteoclasts are bone cells that: A) regulate metabolic process of bone B) cause resorption of bone tissue C) are composed of calcium and phosphate salts D) cause deposition of bone tissue
B
Place the following heat stress injuries in order from the least severe to the most severe. 1. Heat exhaustion 2. Heat cramps 3. Heat stroke 4. Heat syncope A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 2, 4, 1, 3 C) 2, 1, 3, 4 D) 2, 4, 3, 1
B
Stage 1 hypertension is defined as values equal to greater than A) <120 SBP/<80 DBP (mmHg) B) 130-139 SBP/ 80-89 DBP (mmHg) C) 140 + SBP/ 90 DBP (mmHg) D) None of the above are correct
B
The greatest differences between sedentary and trained individuals are seen in which variable? A) HR max B) SV C) SBP D) DBP
B
______ is the conversion of liquid to vapor.
Evaporation
Acclimatization to heat involves which mechanisms? A) onset of sweating occurs earlier B) higher sweating rate C) increases in the partial pressure of oxygen at sea level that causes an increased unloading of oxygen during exercise D) a decreased heart rate at a given workload E) all of the above are correct F) a, b, and d are correct
F
Hypothermia is caused by which factors? A) core temperature < 35°C B) overdressing for environmental conditions C) a decreased heat production D) an increased heat loss E) all of the above are correct F) a, c, and d are correct
F
True or False: Acclimatization and acclimation have the same definitions and involve adaptation to a stimulus.
F
True or False: Metabolic syndrome is obesity, inactivity, high blood glucose, and high HDL levels.
F
True or False: Once an individual has acquired pre-diabetes they will soon have diabetes, as pre-diabetes is not a modifiable risk factor.
F
True or False: The dyslipidemia triad is defined as low triglycerides, high HDL-C, and small dense LDL-C.
F
True or false: An ideal fasting plasma blood glucose level for an adult is 138 mg/dL
F
True or False: An increase in cardiac mass due to systematic training is known as Athlete's Heart.
T
The ability to deliver and use oxygen under the demands of intensive, prolonged exercise or work is called _________________ ___________________.
cardiorespiratory fitness
The development or maintenance of cardiovascular fitness by altering between or concurrently training in two or more modalities is called _________________ ___________.
cross-training
The breakdown of the fibrin clots is called ____________ _____________.
fibrinolytic activity
A spectrum of disorders that range in intensity and severity from mild cardiovascular and central nervous disorders to severe cell damage, including the brain, kidneys and liver, is called _________ __________.
heat illness
The __________ __________ __________ is a scale used to determine the risk of heat stress from measures of ambient temperature and relative humidity.
heat stress index
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or an inherited characteristic that has been shown by epidemiological evidence to predispose an individual to the development of a specific disease is called ___________ ___________.
risk factor
Exercise-induced dehydration that develops despite an individual's access to unlimited water is termed _________ ___________.
voluntary dehydration
Non-shivering thermogenesis: A) refers to an increase in metabolic heat production from sources other than muscle contractions. B) refers to an increase in metabolic heat production from increases in CHO and fat metabolism. C) refers to an increase in metabolic heat production from increases in BMR. D) refers to an increase in metabolic heat production from the lasting effect of EPOC.
A
Osteocytes: A) are mature bone cells that regulate metabolic process of bone B) cause resorption of bone tissue C) are composed of calcium and phosphate salts D) cause deposition of bone tissue
A
The central cardiovascular system is composed of A) the heart B) the heart and the lungs C) the heart and the arteries D) the heart, the lungs and the arteries
A
The predominate underlying risk factors for the metabolic syndrome are: A) abdominal obesity and insulin resistance. B) a BMI > 29 kg·m-2 and insulin resistance. C) hereditary links to Metabolic Syndrome, smoking history and high cholesterol. D) insulin resistance and lack of physical activity.
A
To adequately hydrate before an activity, it is recommended to do the following: A) Hydrate 4 hours prior to the activity by ingesting fluids at the rate of 5-7 mL.kg-1.BW-1 B) Hydrate 1 hour prior to the activity by ingesting fluids at the rate of 5-7 mL.kg-1.BW-1 C) Hydrate 2 hours prior to the activity by ingesting fluids at the rate of 5-7 mL.kg-1.BW-1 D) Hydrate prior to the activity by ingesting fluids whenever you are thirsty
A
When designing an exercise program for an individual it is important to remember that: A) In general, training less than 2 days per week does not lead to improvement in VO2max, whereas training more than 4 days per week leads to diminishing returns, although some minor improvement will be seen. B) Exercise sessions of less than 20 continuous minutes have no beneficial health or fitness effects. C) Greater improvements in VO2max are achieved if the exercise sessions are shorter (25-35 min) and the intensity higher (>90%) than if the sessions are longer (35-45 min) and the intensity lower (50-90%). D) a, b, and c are correct
A
Which of the following is not a recommendation for people who exercise in hot environments? A) If temperatures are above 90°F, always exercise with another individual B) Allow adequate time for acclimatization C) Exercise during the cooler parts of the day D) Wear clothing that is light in color
A
Which of the following statements is true? A) Children with diabetes are at risk for developing atherosclerosis. B) Incidence of type II diabetes in children and adolescence has increased dramatically in recent years, independent of a rise in obesity. C) 25% of overweight adolescents will become overweight adults. D) Most adult smokers did not smoke before they were 18.
A
____________ is the term to used to describe the adaptive changes that occur when an individual undergoes prolonged or repeated exposure to a stressful environment; the changes reduce the physiological strain produced by such an environment.
Acclimatization
_______________________ is a term that describes the natural aging changes that occur in blood vessels---namely thickening of the walls, loss of elastic connective tissue, increase in calcium content, and increase in diameter.
Arteriosclerosis
_______________ is a term that describes a pathological process that results in the buildup of plaque inside the blood vessels.
Atherosclerosis
A total cholesterol level of 240 mg·dL-1 represents _______ times the risk of a measurement of 200 mg·dL-1? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4
B
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease that occurs A) as the result of normal aging changes that occur in the vascular system. B) in response to endothelial cell injury or dysfunction. C) in response to lifestyle habits, such as eating a high fat diet. D) as the result of a loss of elastic connective tissue and hardening of the vessel walls.
B
Core temperature is normally maintained between: A) 31-34 °C B) 36-38 °C C) 39-42 °C D) 43-45 °C
B
During detraining, VO2max values will rapidly decrease in: A) 1 week, followed by a more rapid decrease in the next 3 weeks B) 1 month, followed by a slower rate of decrease in the next 2 weeks C) 1 day, followed by a slower rate of decrease in the next 2 days D) a linear fashion for 2 months
B
The "2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans" states that moderate activity should be done ______ day(s) per week or vigorous activity ______ days a week. A) 3-5, 1-2 B) 5, 3 C) Every, 1-3 D) 3-5, 1
B
The higher the relative humidity, the __________ the vapor pressure gradient between the skin and the environment. A) higher B) lower C) There is no relationship between relative humidity and vapor pressure.
B
Voluntary dehydration is: A) dehydration that occurs in normal temperatures B) exercise-induced dehydration despite unlimited access to water C) exercise-induced dehydration that occurs in normal temperatures with unlimited access to water D) exercise-induced dehydration that occurs in lean individuals
B
Which site of core temperature measurement generally responds the quickest to the initiation of exercise? A) Rectal B) Oesophageal C) Stomach D) All of the above
B
Which statement accurately describes the cardiovascular exercise response of an older individual in the heat: A) At higher workloads, there is a larger increase in cardiac output in an older individual when compared to a younger individual of similar fitness levels. B) At higher workloads, there is a smaller increase in cardiac output in an older individual when compared to a younger individual of similar fitness levels. C) At higher workloads, there is a larger increase in maximal heart rate of an older individual when compared to a younger individual of similar fitness levels D) Because heart rate max cannot increase, there is a compensatory increase in the DBP in an older individual when compared to a younger individual of similar fitness levels.
B
______ is a heart rate condition that can occur after aerobic exercise training that results in a heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute.
Bradycardia
Obesity can be determined by A) a BMI > 32 kg·m-2, a waist circumference > 110 cm for males and > 102 cm for females. B) a BMI > 30 kg·m-2, a waist circumference > 110 cm for males and > 102 cm for females. C) a BMI > 30 kg·m-2, a waist circumference > 102 cm for males and > 88 cm for females. D) a BMI > 32 kg·m-2, a waist circumference > 102 cm for males and > 88 cm for females.
C
Place the following phases of bone remodeling in the proper sequence: 1. Osteoblast appear 2. Osteoclast stimulated 3. Osteoid calcifies 4. Bone matrix deposited 5. Resorption occurs A) 1, 5, 2, 4, 3 B) 5, 2, 1, 4, 3 C) 2, 5, 1, 4, 3 D) 5, 1, 2, 4, 3
C
The benefits of a cool-down period following an exercise session include: A) increased venous return to aid in the increase of cardio hypo-tension. B) dissipation of pyruvic acid to aid in the decreased production of lactic acid. C) prevention of venous pooling, thereby reducing the risk of fainting and heart arrhythmias D) increase in venous return ,thereby increasing the dissociation of oxyhemoglobin and moving O2 to the recovering muscles.
C
The development or maintenance of cardiovascular fitness by alternating between or concurrently training in two or more modalities is called: A) in-season training B) fitness training C) cross-training D) Bo Jackson training
C
The relationship between CHD and level of physical activity can be described as: A) proportional B) direct C) inverse D) U shaped
C
Voluntary dehydration is most likely caused by: A) a decrease in the ability of the thermohydration center to sense water loss B) a decrease in the water intake by the individual because stopping exercise to hydrate would decrease performance times C) thirst is not an adequate mechanism to tell an individual to hydrate D) an overpowering coach
C
Which of the following are structural functions of the skeletal system? 1. Ca++ and phosphate reservoir 2. White blood cell formation 3. Support 4. Hematopoiesis 5. Protection of vital organs 6. Locomotion A) 1, 3, 6 B) 3, 4, 5 C) 3, 5, 6 D) 1-6 are correct
C
Which of the following factors does not affect an individual's response to exercise in the heat? A) acclimatization B) fitness level C) LBM D) hydration level
C
Which of the following is considered a peripheral adaptation to exercise training? A) Ventricular hypertrophy B) Reduced resting heart rate C) Increased number of mitochondria in the muscle
C
Which of the following statements regarding cardiovascular adaptations to dynamic resistance training is true? A) Resistance training results in a large increase in resting blood pressure. B) Resistance training is an effective way to improve cardiorespiratory fitness. C) Resistance training may provide a pressure load on the heart, resulting in ventricular hypertrophy D) Resistance training is recommended as a primary treatment for hypertension.
C
________________________ ______________________ are adaptations that occur in the heart and contribute to an increased ability to deliver oxygen.
Central cardiovascular adaptations
________________ is a derived fat that is essential for the body. It can be synthesized in the liver and ingested from animal sources from the diet.
Cholesterol
________ is the transfer of heat that occurs through movement of air or water molecules over the skin.
Convection
A warm-up period has the following beneficial effect(s) on cardiovascular function: A) it increases blood flow to the active skeletal muscles and the myocardium. B) it leads to the early onset of sweating which is important for regulation of body temperature. C) it may reduce the incidence of abnormal rhythms in the conduction system of the heart. D) a, b and c are correct
D
Cross training can be beneficial in which situations? A) multi-sport participation, B) prevention of boredom C) injury or rehabilitation D) all of the above
D
Exercise intensity can be prescribed by using: A) heart rate, either as a percentage of maximal heart rate, or as a percentage of heart rate reserve B) maximal oxygen consumption, using a percentage value C) rate of perceived exertion, either on a scale of 6-20 or 0(1) -10 D) a, b, and c are correct
D
Exercise performance may be impaired when competing in the heat due to: A) Lower cardiac output B) Reduced muscle blood flow C) Reduced mental drive to exercise D) All of the above
D
Given the following information, how many major modifiable risk factors for heart disease does this 55-yr-old male have? Total Cholesterol = 255 mg· dL-1 Non-Smoker Diabetic Sedentary Blood Pressure 150/96mmHg Mother died at 70 yrs from heart attack A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5
D
In determining cardiorespiratory adaptations, which component of the overload principle is the most important? A) frequency B) duration C) intensity D) total volume
D
Individual sweating rates are dependent upon: A) environmental conditions, ATP stores, fitness level, percent body fat, hydration status B) environmental conditions, relative humidity, iron status, percent body fat, hydration status C) environmental conditions, gender, percent body fat, degree of acclimatization, iron status D) environmental conditions, exercise intensity, fitness level, degree of acclimatization, hydration status
D
Osteoblasts are bone cells that: A) regulate metabolic process of bone B) cause resorption of bone tissue C) are composed of calcium and phosphate salts D) cause deposition of bone tissue
D
Place the statements below in an order that describes the pathological process of atherosclerosis. 1. oxidized LDL-C initiates cascade immune response 2. increased levels of LDL-C 3. macrophage ingest LDL-C that stimulate the release and adhesion of a mass (plaque) on the intima. 4. LDL-C is oxidized in the arterial wall 5. damage to the endothelium of the artery occurs. A) 1, 2, 4, 5, 3 B) 2, 4, 5, 3, 1 C) 1,5, 4, 2, 3 D) 2, 5, 4, 1, 3
D
The increase in SV as the result of endurance training is not due to which of the following? A) increased plasma volume B) increased cardiac dimensions C) increased venous return D) increased HRmax
D
The mechanism by which smoking increases the possibility of a thrombus or embolism to block an artery narrowed by atherosclerosis does not include which of the following? A) Increase blood platelet adhesion to each other B) Prostacyclin decrease C) Capillaries constrict D) Increase in HDL
D
The most important electrolytes to ingest after endurance activities are: A) Na+, Ca++, K+ B) Na+, Ca++, Cl-, K+ C) Na+, Pa+, K+ D) Na+, Cl-, K+
D
The process of bone remodeling serves which function? A) the repair of microfractures by replacing old bone tissue B) regulating blood Ca++ levels C) changing the shape of bones as growth occurs D) a and b are correct E) a, b, and c are correct
D
Trabecular bone: A) has a larger surface area than cortical bone B) has approximately 15-25% of its volume calcified C) carries out a majority of the bone's metabolic functions D) all of the above are correct
D
When comparing the effects and benefits of specific modality versus cross-training, which of the statements are accurate? A) Many forms of aerobic endurance activity or modalities can have the same overall effect on central cardiovascular function and adaptation. B) Specific activity or closely related activities that mimic the muscle action of the primary sport are needed to maximize peripheral adaptations. C) Cross-training can be beneficial for injury rehabilitation, baseline or off-season conditioning, and as recovery from an intense workout. D) a, b, and c are correct
D
When in a cold environment the body minimizes heat loss by all of the following mechanisms EXCEPT: A) activating shivering B) releasing norepinephrine C) increasing metabolic rate D) increasing blood flow to the skin
D
Which of the following is not a benefit of warming up? A) it increases blood flow to active skeletal muscles B) it increases blood flow to the myocardium C) it increases the disassociation of hemoglobin D) it increases blood flow to the digestive system
D
Which of the following is not an impact factor for the effect of physical activity on CHD risk factors? A) Increased HDL fraction B) Increased glucose tolerance C) Decreased fibrinogen levels D) Increased parasympathetic tone
D
Why does exercising in the heat pose such a burden on the cardiovascular system? A) The muscle and skin compete for blood flow. B) MAP must be maintained to perfuse vital organs. C) excessive sweating leads to decreased plasma volume, reducing SV and Q. D) a, b, and c are correct. E) a and c are correct.
D
During steady state exercise in moderate ambient conditions, which of the following impact heat loss? A) ventilation rate (breathing rate) B) humidity C) airflow (wind) D) A & B only E) All of the above
E
For primary hypertension to occur A) Q must be elevated B) TPR must be elevated C) neither Q nor TPR can be elevated D) a and b E) either Q, TPR, or both will be elevated
E
Heat illness is more common in overweight individuals because the increased adiposity: A) causes an increase in blood viscosity thereby increasing stroke volume B) causes a decreased ability to dissipate heat C) increases the metabolic cost of the physical activity D) all of the above are correct E) b and c are correct
E
The impact of exercise training on coronary heart disease risk factors include(s): A) an increase in HDL lipoproteins and a decrease in total cholesterol B) incomplete normalization of hypertension although both systolic and diastolic blood pressures will decrease somewhat C) direct elimination of cigarette smoking D) a, b, and c are correct E) a and b are correct
E
The most important element of training for deriving a health benefit from the activity is: A) duration B) intensity C) frequency D) a, and b E) a and c F) a, b, and c
E
Ventricular hypertrophy with aerobic training: A) results primarily from a "volume load" B) is when the end diastolic diameter is increased C) is when the ventricular wall becomes thinner D) none of the above E) A and B only
E
Which of the following are reactions in the body caused by cigarette smoking? A) stimulated sympathetic nervous system B) increased heart rate C) increased blood pressure D) reduced oxygen transport E) all of the above are correct F) none of the above are correct
E
____________ is a protein present in blood plasma that, under the proper physiological circumstances, is converted into fibrin threads that form the basis of a blood clot.
Fibrinogen
A lipoprotein in blood plasma composed of protein and cholesterol or triglyceride whose purpose is to transport cholesterol from the tissues to the liver is called _____________ _______________ ________________.
HDL
_________ _________ ________ is the difference between maximal heart rate and resting heart rate.
Heart rate reserve
_________ is the most severe form of heat-related illness that occurs when the body's thermoregulatory system is no longer able to control core temperature.
Heat stroke
A lipoprotein in blood plasma composed of protein; a small portion of triglyceride, and a large portion of cholesterol whose purpose is to transport cholesterol to the cells is ___________________ ________________ ________________.
LDL
______________ is a specific type of protein whose function is to transport fat in the bloodstream.
Lipoprotein
________________ _________________ _______________ are adaptations that occur in the vasculature or the muscles that contribute to an increased ability to extract oxygen.
Peripheral cardiovascular adaptations
___________ _________ is the moisture in the air relative to how much moisture, or water vapor that can be held by the air at any given ambient temperature.
Relative humidity
True or False: A source of conductive heat transfer for an athlete while cycling includes sitting on the bike saddle.
T
True or False: Individuals with low HDLs may consider aerobic exercise to raise them as research has shown that moderate to high intensity aerobic activity over time is associated with raising HDL levels.
T
True or False: Oxygen consumed to bring physiological variables to resting level is known as excess post-exercise oxygen consumption.
T
True or False: Oxygen deficit at the start of exercise is met by the phosphagen and glycolytic energy systems.
T
Excessive fluid consumption combined with excessive sweating and sodium loss can lead to a low plasma sodium concentration known as ___________.
hyponatremia
The ______ acts as the body's thermostat.
hypothalamus
