Exam #3 Review

A 2 x 2 x 2 design has a). three factors with two levels each. b). six conditions and two cells each. c). eight factors with three levels each. d). eight conditions with two factors each.

a

A 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design has a). three main effects, three two-way interactions, and one three-way interaction. b). three main effects, one two-way interaction, and three three-way interactions. c). three main effects, one two-way interaction, and one three-way interaction. d). three main effects and one two-way interaction.

a

A 2 x 2 x 3 design has a). three factors and twelve conditions. b). three levels and twelve conditions. c). twelve factors and three levels. d). three levels and seven conditions

a

A 2 x 3 x 4 factorial design has a). three factors and twenty-four conditions. b). six levels and twenty-four conditions. c). three levels and twelve conditions. d). twelve levels and twenty-four conditions.

a

A baseline measure is a. an initial measurement of the dependent variable in a before‑after research design. b. a measure that is given in case a before‑after research design is spurious. c. a measure that is accompanied by a cover story. d. used to increase external validity.

a

A means comparison in which any one condition mean is compared with any other condition mean is known as which of the following? a). A pairwise comparison b). A post hoc comparison c). A planned comparison d). A complex comparison

a

A mixed factorial design is one that a). uses both between-participant and repeated-measures factors. b). uses factors with different numbers of levels. c). has both main effects and interactions. d). has more than one significant F value.

a

A replication that investigates the relationship between the same conceptual variables that were studied in previous research but tests the hypothesis using different operational definitions of the independent variable and/or the dependent variable is known as a(n) a). conceptual replication. b). constructive replication. c). participant replication. d). exact replication.

a

A researcher who uses only college students in her research may be trying to a. increase experimental control. b. reduce confounding. c. increase external validity. d. prevent a Type 1 error.

a

An experimenter conducts a study in which participants are randomly assigned to study in either a quiet condition or a noisy condition before their learning is tested. This research design has a. one independent variable and two levels. b. one condition and one independent variable. c. two conditions and two independent variables. d. two independent variables and two levels.

a

An experimenter studies the influence of ingesting sugar on memory. Children are randomly assigned either to eat a low calorie ice cream cone (low sugar condition) or a Ben and Jerry's cone (high sugar condition). They are then asked to learn ten vocabulary words that they did not previously know, and the number of trials it takes to learn them is measured. The independent variable in this experiment is a. the type of ice cream cone. b. the number of trials to learn. c. the number of children in each condition. d. the differences in the children's memory.

a

Before administering a manipulation designed to improve the mood of research participants, each participant completes a mood questionnaire. After the mood change is created, the participants then complete another mood questionnaire. The original questionnaire is used as a(n) __________. a. baseline measure b. manipulation check c. control variable d. alternate explanation

a

Carryover is said to have occurred in an experiment when a. the effects of one level of the manipulation are still present when the dependent measure is assessed for another level of the independent variable. b. there are changes in the research participants over time which are not related to the independent variable. c. research participants decide to stop participating in the study. d. participants become fatigued during the experimental situation.

a

Consider a 2 x 2 experiment design in which both study time and sleep time have been manipulated and learning has been measured. If a main effect of sleep time is found, this can be interpreted to mean which of the following? a). Sleep time affects learning, controlling for study time. b). Study time has no effect on learning. c). Study time and sleep time both influence learning. d). The interaction between study time and sleep time is not significant

a

In a one-way experiment testing the influence of mood states on performance, the manipulation check will be a measure of a. mood. b. performance. c. self-esteem. d. anxiety.

a

In a study manipulating levels of aggression, participants are asked to complete a Likert Scale indicating their current state of aggression. This measure is given after the dependent measure has been assessed. This measure will likely serve as a a. manipulation check. b. suspicion check. c. confounding variable. d. extraneous variable.

a

In order to compare the means of levels of task performance when mood state is manipulated experimentally, a researcher would likely use which of the following statistical tests? a. F test b. Chi-square c. Pearson correlation coefficient d. Alpha

a

Results of a study show that children who watch a nonviolent cartoon act more aggressively when they are hungry than when they are not hungry, but that children who watch a violent cartoon act more aggressively when they are not hungry than when they are hungry. This finding represents a a). crossover interaction. b). simple main effect. c). simple effect. d). marginal effect

a

The difference between the t test and the F test is that a. the t test is used to compare two group means, whereas the F test is used to compare any number of means. b. the t test is used in calculating the ANOVA, whereas the F test is used in calculating the correlation coefficient. c. the t test compares means, whereas the F test compares correlations. d. only the t test is used for descriptive analyses.

a

The different situations that create the independent variable in an experimental research design (for instance, providing participants with either a high or a low dose of a drug) are known as which of the following? (pg. 190) a. The levels of the independent variable b. The manipulated effects of the independent variable c. The means of the independent variable d. The degrees of freedom of the independent variable

a

The term factor refers to which of the following? a). An independent variable in a factorial design b). The dependent variable in an experimental design c). A measured variable in an experimental design d). A statistical analysis used in experimental research

a

To determine whether a beneficial influence of therapy that has been found in a sample of women would also be found in a sample of men, the researcher will need to use which of the following? a). A participant replication b). A conceptual replication c). An exact replication d). A cross-cultural replication

a

When the experimental manipulation creates the hoped-for changes in the conceptual variable, it is said to have a. impact. b. internal validity. c. experimental bias. d. internal realism.

a

Which of the following refers to a false or misleading statement given by the experimenter about what is being studied that is used to reduce the possibility of demand characteristics? a. Cover story b. Confound check c. Alternative explanation d. Experimental script

a

Which of the following represents the null hypothesis about the means of the dependent variable in a one-way ANOVA with two levels? a. The mean in level A is equal to the mean in level B. b. The mean in level A is greater than the mean in level B. c. The mean in level A is either greater than or less than the mean in level B. d. The mean in level A is significantly correlated with the mean in level B.

a

Which of the following statements is correct? a). The marginal means show the main effects, whereas the cell means show the simple effects. b). The marginal means show the interactions, whereas the cell means show the simple effects. c). The cell means show the main effects, whereas the marginal means show the simple effects. d). The marginal means show both the main effects and the simple effects.

a

Which of the following statements is true about interpreting a 2 x 2 factorial experiment? a). It is misleading to interpret the main effects when there is a significant interaction. b). It is misleading to interpret the interaction when there is a significant main effect. c). It is misleading to interpret the simple effects when there is a significant interaction. d). It is misleading to interpret the interaction when there are significant simple effects.

a

Which of the following statements is true? a. The t test is a special case of the F test. b. The t test can be used to compare two or more means. c. The F test can be used only to compare two means. d. The t test is used in correlational research, but the F test is used in experimental research.

a

Why would a researcher most likely use a "blind" experimenter? a. To decrease experimental bias b. To increase demand characteristics c. To eliminate the need for two control groups d. To test extrasensory perception

a

which of the following statements is true? a. Both the predictor and the outcome variables are measured in correlational research. b. Only the outcome variable is measured in correlational research. c. Only the predictor variable is measured in correlational research. d. Neither the predictor nor the outcome variables is measured in correlational research.

a

A post hoc comparison a). compares means in which specific differences were predicted by the research hypothesis. b). makes comparisons that were not planned ahead of time. c). helps to increase the experimentwise alpha. d). is an example of a complex comparison.

b

A repeated-measures design refers to which of the following? a. An experiment that has two or more levels of the independent variable. b. An experiment in which equivalence is created by having the same people participate in more than one condition. c. A design which is repeated more than once. d. An experiment in which the comparison of the scores on the dependent variable is repeated on different participants in the different levels of the independent variable.

b

A scientist who decides to compare condition means after the experiment has already been run will need to use which of the following? a). Pairwise comparisons b). Post hoc comparisons c). Planned comparisons d). Complex comparisons

b

A threat to internal validity that refers to the fact that the researcher knows the research hypothesis and thus causes an invalid confirmation of the research hypothesis is known as a. a demand characteristic. b. experimenter bias. c. a placebo effect. d. an informed experimenter effect.

b

A variable other than the independent variable that is found to vary systematically among the conditions is known as a. an extraneous variable. b. a confounding variable. c. a baseline variable. d. a manipulation variable.

b

Daniel is testing the effects of watching cartoons on children's play. He has one group watch violent cartoons and another one watch non-violent cartoons. He then measures the children's aggressive play behaviors. What are the levels of Daniel's independent variable? a. hitting and slapping b. violent and non-violent cartoons c. aggressive and non-aggressive play d. nice and mean children

b

Experimental realism is the extent to which a. the experiment looks like it could actually work. b. the experimental manipulation involves the participants in the research. c. the researcher really acts like he or she cares about the participants during the experiment. d. the researcher can give a good cover story in an experiment.

b

Factorial designs are advantageous because a). random assignment is not needed. b). hypotheses can be tested that could not be tested in one-way designs. c). alpha levels do not need to be set as conservatively. d). they create more p-values.

b

In a matched group research design, the participants are a. given a resting baseline measure. b. assigned to conditions on the basis of information collected prior to the experiment. c. assigned to two or more similar conditions. d. likely to experience demand effects.

b

In a repeated-measures design with two levels, the dependent measure will need to be measured on each participant how many times? a. Once b. Twice c. Four times d. Cannot be determined from the above information

b

In an experimental design that has three levels of the independent variable, a significant F value indicates that a. the three means are all equal. b. the three means are not the same, but we cannot tell which means are different from each other. c. all three means are different from each other. d. two means are equal, but the third one is different.

b

In experimental research, the temporal priority of the independent variable is guaranteed through the use of a. the analysis of variance. b. the experimental manipulation. c. random assignment to conditions. d. the creation of initial equivalence.

b

In scientific research, validity refers to a. whether the research has been carefully conducted. b. whether the conclusions drawn about the research are correct. c. whether an experimental design has been used. d. whether the scientist has used a representative sample.

b

Incorrect conclusions about research that occur because a Type 1 or Type 2 error has been made lead to which of the following? a. External invalidity b. Statistical conclusion invalidity c. Confounding d. Internal invalidity

b

Julia compares means between two conditions of her factorial experiment within one level of another factor. These comparisons are known as a). main effects. b). simple effects. c). marginal effects. d). interactions.

b

Manipulation checks are a. used to determine if the manipulation has caused differences on extraneous or confounding variables. b. useful for interpreting the results when there is no significant relationship found between the independent and dependent variables. c. false statements about what is being studied. d. best presented before the dependent measure is assessed.

b

Researcher Franklin tests the limiting conditions of a previous finding by adding a new control condition to the design. Franklin's experiment is a(n) a). conceptual replication. b). constructive replication. c). participant replication. d). exact replication.

b

The F value is calculated as which of the following? a. The within-groups variance divided by the between-groups variance b. The between-groups variance divided by the within-groups variance c. The mean in the experimental condition divided by the mean in the control condition d. The between-groups variance divided by the within-groups degrees of freedom

b

The goal of treating all experimental participants in exactly the same way with the simple exception of the manipulation itself is known as a. statistical conclusion validity. b. standardization of conditions. c. construct validity. d. internal validity.

b

The level of the independent variable in which the situation of interest was created is frequently known as which of the following? a. The control condition b. The experimental condition c. The randomized condition d. The research hypothesis condition

b

The results of a study show that, regardless of whether they viewed cartoons or television shows, children who viewed a violent show acted more aggressively than children who saw a nonviolent show. This finding represents a a). cross-over interaction. b). main effect. c). simple effect. d). marginal effect.

b

Tova is participating in a study involving media awareness and conformity. After viewing a short film she fills out a conformity questionnaire. As Tova fills out the questionnaire, the questions lead her to guess that the research hypothesis is that the film will increase conformity. In this case the questions serve as a a. suspicion check. b. demand characteristics. c. confound check. d. naturalistic effect.

b

When conducting statistical analyses in an experimental design, in order to confirm the research hypothesis, the researcher hopes that which of the following is true? a. The within-groups variance is greater than the between-groups variance. b. The between-groups variance is greater than the within-groups variance. c. The mean in the experimental condition is greater than the mean in the control condition. d. The mean in the control condition is greater than the mean in the experimental condition

b

Whereas the main effects compare marginal means, the simple effects compare a). independent means b). cell means c). more significant means d). less significant means

b

Which of the following best describes confound checks? a. They are given before any of the dependent variables have been collected. b. They help determine whether the manipulation has unwittingly caused differences on other variables that we did not desire to manipulate. c. They are not usually given to all participants in all conditions. d. They are expected to influence responses on the dependent measure.

b

Which of the following is NOT used to help make inferences about causality? a. Association b. Causal correlation c. Temporal priority d. Control of common-causal variables

b

Which of the following is an advantage of experiments? a. All behavioral variables can be experimentally manipulated. b. The experimenter's ability to draw conclusions about the causal relationship between variables is maximized. c. They provide a better match to real-world situations than do correlational studies. d. They involve only a relatively minor oversimplification of the real situation

b

Which of the following is true? a). It is useful to conduct exact replications because they provide information about generalization to new operationalizations of the original variables. b). It is useful to conduct constructive replications because they provide information about the exact circumstances in which an effect does or does not occur. c). It is useful to conduct constructive replications because they require fewer conditions than the original experiment. d). It is useful to conduct participant replications because their interpretation is usually very clear.

b

Which of the following is used to be certain that the participants in the different conditions of a research design are, on average, equivalent before the experiment begins? a. Random sampling of participants b. Random assignment to conditions c. Temporal priority of the independent variable d. A measured dependent variable

b

Which of the following statements is true? a. Both the independent and the dependent variables are measured in experimental research. b. Only the dependent variable is measured in experimental research. c. Only the independent variable is measured in experimental research. d. Neither the independent nor the dependent variables are measured in experimental research.

b

Which of the following three characteristics are used in experiments to make inferences about the causal relationship between the independent and the dependent variable? a. Association, causal priority, and temporal stability b. Association, temporal priority, and control of common-causal variables c. Temporal priority, causal correlation, and control of common-causal variables d. Causal correlation, control of common-causal variables, and experimental rigor

b

Which of the types of validity is threatened when a researcher commits a Type 1 or Type 2 error? a. Construct validity b. Statistical conclusion validity c. Internal validity d. External validity

b

A 5 x 6 x 2 design has a). six factors and thirteen conditions. b). thirty factors and six conditions. c). sixty conditions and three factors. d). fifty conditions and three factors.

c

A priori comparisons, comparing only means for which specific differences are predicted by the research hypothesis, are also called a). post hoc comparisons. b). complex comparisons. c). planned comparisons. d). pairwise comparisons.

c

A researcher found that conclusions regarding his research were incorrect because a Type 1 error had been made. His error represents a type of a. internal invalidity. b. criterion invalidity. c. statistical conclusion invalidity. d. external invalidity.

c

An experiment is testing the effect of violent radio broadcasts on aggressive behavior. Each participant listens to a violent broadcast and then completes a survey. The participant then listens to a non-violent radio broadcast and completes a second survey. This is an example of a a. multiple regression design. b. between-participants design. c. within-participants design. d. cross-sectional design.

c

Aspects of the research that allow the participants to guess the research hypothesis are known as a. content validity. b. pilot tests. c. demand characteristics. d. confound checks.

c

Consider a 2 x 2 experiment design in which both study time and sleep time have been manipulated and learning has been measured. An interaction between study time and sleep time can be interpreted to mean which of the following? a). Sleep time affects learning, controlling for study time. b). Sleep time has no effect on learning. c). The effect of study time on learning is different in the different levels of sleep time. d). If the main effects are also significant, the interaction between study time and sleep time cannot be interpreted.

c

Differences on the dependent measure between the levels of one factor within one level of another factor are known as a). an interaction. b). a main effect. c). a simple effect. d). a p-value.

c

Exact replications are most likely to be conducted because the researcher wants to a). add a new condition to a previous experiment. b). examine other possible conceptual variables involved in the results of a previous experiment. c). see if an effect that has been found in one laboratory or by one researcher can be found. d). repeat the original experiment with a different population of participants.

c

Factorial experimental designs can have a). at most two independent variables. b). at least three independent variables. c). more than one independent variable. d). no more than three independent variables.

c

Having more than two levels of the independent variable is necessary to a. detect causal relationships. b. control for common-causal variables. c. detect nonlinear relationships. d. produce adequate equivalence across the conditions.

c

How many main effects and interactions are there in a 2 x 4 x 3 design? a). Three main effects and one interaction b). Four main effects and twenty-four interactions c). Three main effects and four interactions d). Two main effects and two interactions

c

In a factorial design in which the factors are crossed, a). each of the factors has more than two levels. b). each of the factors has a different number of levels. c). each level of one factor occurs with each level of the other factor. d). there are more levels than conditions.

c

In behavioral research, the expected causal relationship between the independent and the dependent variable is assumed to be which of the following? a. Deterministic b. Relativistic c. Probabilistic d. Absolutistic

c

In comparison to one-way experiments, factorial experiments a). are more limited in the number of possible independent variables. b). are analyzed using the ANOVA. c). provide information about interactions between and among variables. d). are more time consuming and thus less useful.

c

Marginal means indicate the means of which of the following? a). A simple effect b). An interaction c). A main effect d). A crossover interaction

c

The extent to which changes in the dependent variable can confidently be attributed to the influence of the independent variable is known as a. pilot testing. b. experimental impact. c. internal validity. d. internal analysis

c

The goal of random assignment to conditions is to a. ensure that the independent variable occurs prior to the dependent variable. b. ensure that participants are selected randomly from the population. c. ensure that the participants in the different conditions of the experiment are, on average, equivalent before the experiment begins. d. select which individuals will receive which dependent measure.

c

The goal of the ANOVA is to a. correlate the means of two or more independent variables. b. correlate the means of two or more dependent variables. c. compare the means on a dependent variable across levels of an independent variable. d. compare the means on an independent variable across different levels of a dependent variable.

c

Toby is conducting an experiment in which he predicts an interaction between appearance and partner sex (same or different). One-half of the participants complete the study dressed in casual clothes, and the other half complete the study dressed in formal attire. All participants are observed in interaction with a same-sex partner and then with an opposite-sex partner. This is an example of a ___________factorial design. a). between-subjects b). within-subjects c). mixed d). control group

c

When participants are measured on the variable of interest before the experiment begins and are then assigned to conditions on the basis of their score, the design is called a a. one‑way design. b. two‑way design. c. matched‑group design. d. before‑after design.

c

Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of repeated-measures designs over between-participant designs? a. The potential for carryover effects b. The potential for practice and fatigue effects c. The potential for lowered statistical power d. The potential for guessing the hypothesis

c

Which of the following is NOT a method by which experimenters control for extraneous variables? a. Limited‑population designs b. Random assignment to conditions c. Matched‑group designs d. Before‑after designs

c

Which of the following is a possible disadvantage of before‑after research designs? a. High statistical power b. Statistical conclusion invalidity c. Retesting effects d. High random error

c

Which of the following sets of the sequential assignment of participants to four conditions represents the use of blocked random assignment to conditions? a. 1,2,4,4,1,3,3,4 b. 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4 c. 1,3,2,4,4,2,1,3 d. 1,2,1,3,4,4,2,3

c

Which of the following types of validity refers to the extent to which the measured variables actually measure the conceptual variables? a. Statistical conclusion validity b. Internal validity c. Construct validity d. External validity

c

A complex comparison is a). a means comparison in which any one condition mean is compared with any other condition mean. b). a means comparison in which specific differences between means, as predicted by the research hypothesis, are compared. c). a means comparison that was not planned ahead of time. d). a means comparison in which more than two means are compared at the same time.

d

A confounding variable is an example of ___________, whereas an extraneous variable is an example of __________. a. systematic error; experimenter error b. random error; systematic error c. experimenter error; random error d. systematic error; random error

d

A participant replication should be conducted - when there is doubt a). after any other study is conducted. b). only after several studies have been conducted. c). to be certain that the results generalize to all human beings. d). when there is a specific reason to believe that a result will not generalize

d

Cover stories are most likely to be used to prevent which of the following? a. Experimenter bias b. Placebo effects c. Confounding d. Demand characteristics

d

Experimental control refers to which of the following? a. The use of random assignment to conditions b. The conduct of research in a laboratory c. The manipulation of the independent variable d. The extent to which unwanted influences on the dependent variable have been eliminated.

d

Experimental designs are called one-way designs if they have a. one experimental condition. b. one dependent measure. c. one random variable. d. one independent variable.

d

Experimenter bias refers to a. the mistreatment of participants. b. the participants' interpretation of the experimental manipulation. c. differences in the participants' responses to the experimental manipulation. d. differences in how the experimenter treats the participants

d

In an experimental research design, the research hypothesis is that a. the participants in the different conditions will show different responses to the dependent variable. b. the participants in any one condition will show the same responses to the dependent variable. c. the independent variable will produce a significant impact on the experimental manipulation. d. the means on the dependent variable will be different in the different levels of the independent variable

d

Researchers who do not know the research hypothesis are known as a. artifact-free experimenters. b. baseline experimenters. c. blind experimenters. d. naive experimenters.

d

The difference between a factorial experimental design and a one way experiment is that a). there is a stronger manipulation used in the factorial design. b). causality can be found more clearly in the factorial design. c). post hoc tests are possible in the factorial design. d). there is more than one independent variable in the factorial design.

d

The primary goal of replication is to a). examine new conditions of an old experiment. b). test a different research hypothesis than was previously tested. c). investigate if the procedures in a previous study were detailed enough to be followed exactly. d). determine the extent to which an observed relationship generalizes across different tests of the research hypothesis.

d

The term experiment refers to which of the following? a. A research design in which the dependent variable is not measured. b. A research design in which the independent variable is measured. c. A research design in which the dependent variable is manipulated. d. A research design in which the independent variable is manipulated.

d

Which of the following is NOT a necessary goal for the creation of a valid experimental manipulation? a. Impact b. The creation of initial equivalence c. Standardization of conditions d. Matching of groups

d

Which of the following statements is true? a. All experiments must have one or more control conditions. b. All experiments must have two or more control conditions. c. All experiments must have two or more dependent variables. d. Some experiments do not have a control condition.

d

Which of the following topics would be most appropriate to study as an independent variable in an experimental design? a. participant race b. participant intelligence c. participant gender d. participant mood

d

Which of the following ways represents the correct reporting of results according to APA format? a. F was significantly different on rated aggression across the levels of the cartoon condition, F = 10.98, p < .01. b. Results showed the p-value to be significant, p < .01. c. There were significant differences on rated aggression, F(1,38) = 10.98. d. There were significant differences on rated aggression across the levels of the cartoon condition, F(1,38) = 10.98, p < .01.

d

Which of the following would NOT be found in the ANOVA summary table? a. The p-value b. The degrees of freedom c. The F value d. The condition means

d

Which of the following would NOT be useful in reducing extraneous variables? a. An experimental script b. Automated devices c. Controlling the length of the experimental session d. Providing different information to each participant

d