EXAM 3: Urinary System & Electrolyte Balance

A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to

absence of ADH.

When the blood pH falls below 7.35, ________ results.

acidemia

The amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys is regulated mainly by

aldosterone.

The renal sinus is

an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule.

At which point is the osmotic concentration of filtrate highest?

at the deepest point of the nephron loop between the descending and ascending limbs of the nephron loop

A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n)

buffer.

Increased blood volume will

decrease thirst.

The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the

distal convoluted tubule.

The condition called ________ is characterized by painful or difficult urination. This condition can be due to pathologic or benign causes.

dysuria

What is the term for painful or difficult urination? (Module 24.18A)

dysuria

The filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle consists of what three layers?

endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits

Which of the following is not a function of the urinary system?

excretes abundant protein molecules

What three elements form the filtration membrane? (Module 24.8A)

fenestrated endothelium, basement membrane, and foot processes of the podocyte

Antidiuretic hormone

increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water by increasing the number of aquaporins.

What has to happen to the external urethral sphincter to allow urination? (Module 24.16B)

it must be consciously stimulated to relax

Nephrons located close to the medulla with long nephron loops are called

juxtamedullary nephrons.

Name the major excretory organs of the urinary system. (Module 24.1A)

kidneys

Which organs are primarily responsible for regulating the potassium ion concentration in the ECF? (Module 25.5A)

kidneys

The primary role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to

limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids.

All of the following are true of the kidneys except that they are

located partly within the pelvic cavity.

A person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate ("baking soda") to settle an upset stomach risks

metabolic alkalosis.

In French, it's "faire de pipi," in Spanish, it's "hacer pipí," in English, it's "I have to pee." What's the medical term for this universal urge to pass urine?

micturition

When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases,

more urine is produced.

Which hormone(s) is released by cardiac muscle cells in response to increased atrial distension?

natriuretic peptides

Which segment of the nephron is solely involved in the reabsorption of water and sodium and chloride ions? (Module 24.7C)

nephron loop

Countercurrent multiplication takes place in the

nephron loop.

The functional unit of the kidney is the

nephron.

Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following except

phagocytosis.

Identify the body's three major buffer systems. (Module 25.8A)

phosphate buffer system, protein buffer system, and the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

The principal cation in cytoplasm is

potassium.

Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine except

proteins.

An X-ray image of the urinary system is called a

pyelogram.

Hyperventilation will ________ pH.

raise (increase)

Autoregulation of the rate of glomerular filtration does not depend on

release of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.

Trace the pathway of blood from the renal artery to the renal vein. (Module 24.5A)

renal artery, segmental arteries, interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, cortical radiate arteries, afferent arterioles, glomerulus, cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, renal vein

The glomerular capsule and the glomerulus make up the

renal corpuscle.

Identify the structure labeled "8."

renal papilla

The expanded beginning of the ureter connects to the

renal pelvis.

Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called

renal pyramids.

Hypoventilation leads to

respiratory acidosis.

Describe filtrate. (Module 24.4A)

similar to blood plasma without proteins

The left kidney lies ________ to the right kidney.

slightly superior

Intracellular fluid is found only within

the cells of the body.

Which of the following is greater?

the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the bottom of the nephron loop

If you have to urinate, but have to "hold it" until you can find a bathroom, what structure are you "holding it" with?

the external urethral sphincter

Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by

the kidneys.

With regard to mineral balance, the primary site of ion loss in the body is

the kidneys.

What structures enter and exit the kidney at the hilum? (Module 24.2A)

the renal artery and renal nerves enter; the renal vein and ureter exit at the hilum

The area of the urinary bladder bounded by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra is called the

trigone.

The most abundant waste solute in urine is

urea.

The inability to urinate is termed

urinary retention.

In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce

urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions.

A healthy adult typically produces ________ of urine per day.

1200 mL

Approximately ________ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day.

180

Typical renal blood flow is about ________ percent of cardiac output under resting conditions.

25

The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney. 1. afferent arteriole 2. arcuate artery 3. interlobar artery 4. renal artery 5. glomerulus 6. cortical radiate artery 7. efferent arteriole 8. peritubular capillary What is the proper order in which blood passes through these vessels?

4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8

In an adult female, the body consists of about ________ percent water.

50

Which structure is the collecting duct?

6

As the filtrate passes through the renal tubules, approximately what percentage is reabsorbed and returned to the circulation?

99

________ is/are an immediately life-threatening condition. However, if an individual survives the incident, full recovery is often possible.

Acute renal failure

In the PCT, ions and organic substrates are actively removed, thus causing what to occur? (Module 24.13A)

An osmotic flow of water out of the tubular fluid.

What effect does an increase in ADH levels have on the DCT? (Module 24.12C)

Increased ADH will increase the number of aquaporins in the DCT which increases water reabsorption and reduces urine volume.

What does the juxtaglomerular complex do in response to decreased filtration pressure? (Module 24.9B)

It increases renin production and release.

Describe metabolic alkalosis. (Module 25.9B)

Metabolic alkalosis occurs when pH increases due to the removal of hydrogen ions when bicarbonate ion concentrations are elevated.

Compare the minor and major calyces. (Module 24.3B)

The minor calyces collect urine from a single lobe and the major calyces collect urine from 4-5 minor calyces.

Identify routes of fluid loss from the body. (Module 25.2A)

Water can be lost during urination, evaporation at skin and lungs, and in feces.

Which of the following is characterized as a slowly progressing disease that is irreversible?

chronic renal failure

Urine passes, in the order given, through which of the following structures?

collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term calyx?

final urine enters here

Small amounts of ________ acids are generated during the catabolism of amino acids and compounds that contain phosphate groups

fixed

The process of filtration is driven by

glomerular hydrostatic pressure.

Which of the following is not found in the area labeled "3."

vasa recta

A(n) ________ acid is an acid that can leave solution and enter the atmosphere.

volatile

Regarding kidney function, in reabsorption,

water and solutes are transported from the tubular fluid, across the tubular epithelium, and into the peritubular fluid.

Metabolic water is

water produced through catabolic processes.

When does urine production end? (Module 24.15A)

when the fluid enters the renal pelvis