Exam 3
Anne Fisher uses the term _____ to describe those who display support in public but are resentful of the change and are waiting for the opportunity to return to the "old ways" of working to which they remain committed.
"vicious compliance"
______ treats occasional failure as natural and as an opportunity to develop better understanding and to improve future perdormance.
A learning organization
Federal Express abandoned its new aircraft routing system after the implementation caused difficulties with the union. The difficulties included all of the following EXCEPT:
A wildcat strike
According to David Buchanan et al., which of the following is the main threat to the sustainability of change in an organization?
Accountability for development being unclear.
A problem associated with sustaining change is:
Assuming that successful change will automatically by sustained
In which of the following ways can a change manager best develop social awareness?
By focusing on how his or her proposal can help others meet their goals.
In which of the following ways can a change manager best develop interpersonal influence?
By playing down power differences
According to Dunphy and Stace, the disadvantage of the tell and sell change management style is that it _____
Can be seen as cosmetic
Of the six images of managing change, the _____ and _____ images have their foundations in the field of organization theory.
Caretake; nurturer
The introduction of and transition to new techniques and behaviors occur during the ____ phase of action research.
Change actions
The introduction of and transition to new techniques and behaviors occur during the _____ phase of action research
Change actions
The introduction of and transition to new techniques and behaviors occur during the _____ phase of action research.
Change actions
According to Beckhard, which of the following is true of the classic organizational development approach?
Changing attitudes and behavior is a focus of the change effort.
According to Dunphy and Stace, the style of change adopted when an organization needs major adjustments to meet environmental conditions, where there is little time for participation, and where is support for radical change is called ______
Charismatic transformation
According to Dunphy and Stace, the style of change adopted when an organization needs major adjustments to meet environmental conditions, where there is little time for participation, and where there is support for radical change is called ______
Charismatic transformation
Underpinned by the _____ image, the organizational development (OD) approach is one where its adherents present their developmental prescriptions for achieving change as being based, at least traditionally, upon a core set of values, values that emphasize change should benefit not just organizations but the people who staff them.
Coach
Underpinned by the _____ image, the organizational development (OD) approach is one where its adherents present their developmental prescriptions for achieving change as being based, at least traditionally, upon a core set of values, values that emphasize that change should benefit not just organizations but the people who staff them.
Coach
Which of the following is NOT a component of appreciative inquiry (AI)?
Communicating to the world
_____ change theorists and practitioners take an "it depends" approach in which the style of change, especially the style of leadership, is dependent on the scale of the proposed change and the readiness of the staff to receive it.
Contigency
______ change theorists and practitioners take an "it depends" approach in which the style of change, especially the style of leadership, is dependent on the scale of the proposed change and the readiness of the staff to receive it.
Contigency
According to the text, a study that used university staff and students as participants found that political skill
Correlates with measures of self-monitoring and emotional intelligence.
In the context of the core set of the organization development (OD) field, _______ values relate to social justice, freedom of choice, and involvement.
Democratic
As per Bass and Avolio's transformational leadership involving "the Four Is," individualized consideration means
Developing others to their highest levels of ability
In which of the following types of networks are members connected indirectly by their link to the change manager?
Divergent network
Which of following is NOT one of the "four hard lessons" identifies by Robert Reisner for organizations undertaking a major change initiative in a turbulent economic environment?
Don't make private enterprises compete with government enterprises
Which of the following is NOT one of Barry Staw and Jerry Ross's factors that lead to escalation?
Economic determinants
Which of the following is NOT a core set of values contained in the organization development (OD) field?
Economic values
According to the text, which of the following is NOT a major organizational change experienced by Nova Scotia Power from 1982 to 2002?
Expropriation
Change managers are more successful where they hold lower level positions in the organization's informal network, regardless of their roles in the formal hierachy.
False
Change managers are superheroes who do not have a dark side.
False
The J-curve does not help in managing the expectations of others with regard to justifying a deterioration in performance.
False
The first step in Kotter's eight-stage model of transformational change is to develop the vision for change.
False
The primary role of a change manager is to direct staff during complex situations
False
The three-stage model for change that includes the processes of unfreezing, changing, and refreezing was developed by Joseph Juran.
False
There is a high likelihood that even if a change manager does not follow most of the advice in checklists, organizational transformation can still be achieved.
False
Which of the following is a desirable characteristic in a change manager?
Flexibility and resourcefulness
According to Kotter's eight-stage model of transformational change, during the stage in which management would ensure that there is a strong change group to guide the change, the actions taken would include _____
Forming a powerful guiding coalition
According to Lewinian/OD views of organizational change, organizational development (OD) is linear in that it
Has movement from past to present to future.
Which of the following is NOT an issue that Fineman raises in question of whether positive organizational scholarship (POS) can really live up to its "positive" aims?
He suggests that negative aspects frequently outweigh the positive.
Which of the following is an undesirable characteristic of a change manager?
Inability to convey enthusiasm
According to the ____ image of managing change, with respect to sustaining change, the change manager develops understanding of the meaning and significance of the changes and what will count as successful outcomes.
Interpreter
Underpinned by the _____ image, the sense-making approach maintains that change emerges over time and consists of a series of interpretive activities that help to create in people new meanings about their organizations and about the ways in which they can operate differently in the future.
Interpreter
According to Cummings and Worley, organization development (OD) practitioners need _____ skills, which include having a well-developed set of values and personal integrity and the ability to retain their own health in high-stress organizational situations.
Intrapersonal
A focus on measurement of progress is important because:
It is a means of monitoring change and is likely to have a significant impact on how people act
One of the main criticisms of the contingency approach is that
It is more ambiguous and difficult to explain than the simpler "off the shelf" competition from checklists and stage models.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Beckhard's classic organization development (OD) approach?
It is spontaneous and requires compartmental diagnosis
Which of the following is a limitation of the process perspective of change?
It offers advice that covers only those issues to which change management should be sensitive
Which of the following is a disadvantage of the change management style of inviting participation?
It tends to conflict with the concept of management accountability, and the management loses some control over outcomes.
Which of the following laws that states that change often looks like a failure in the middle is invoked by Kurt Lewin's second stage of change?
Kanter's law
______ measures are those that reveal the immediate results of a new initiative, such as changed in processing time, or time-to-market for new products.
Leading
______ measures are those that reveal the immediate results of a new initiative, such as changes in processing time, or time-to-market for new products.
Leading
Which of the following is NOT one of Dawson and Andriopoulos's "general lessons" concerning change management practice?
Many assumptions can be taken for granted, and time should not be wasted questioning these assumptions
According to the _____ image of managing change, with respect to sustaining change, the change manager designs the change process to fit the context, recognizing that modifications will be required and that the outcome may not be as intended.
Navigator
Gordon Bethune, the chief executive officer to Continental Airlines, changed the core metric used by the airline to ______
On-time performance
Which of the following approaches is NOT encompassed in positive organizational scholarship (POS)?
Organizational sociology
In the context of the great intimidators, which of the following refers to calculated loss of temper?
Porcupine power
In the context of categories of political behaviors by change managers, _____ refers to switching and choosing roles where one is successful and visible.
Positioning
In the context of categories of political behaviors by change managers, ______ refers to switching and choosing roles where one is successful and visible.
Positioning
Which of the following is NOT a part of Kurt Lewin's three-stage model of change?
Pouring
The first step in action research is ______
Problem identification
Which of the following is NOT a criticism of organization development (OD)?
Problems arising due to too much theory
According to Barry Staw and Jerry Ross, the factor that leads to escalation resulting from self-justification biases in which having been personally responsible for a decision can lead to continued commitment in order to try to avoid being associated with losses is known as a (n):
Psychological determinant
According to the text, which of the following was NOT a problem faced by the U.S. Postal Service in 2001?
Rapidly rising fuel costs that made operation unprofitable
In the context of Kurt Lewin's stage model of change management, embedding or institutionalizing the new behaviors to prevent people from drifting back to previous ways of doing things is called _______
Refreezing
In the context of the qualities required of change managers the successful adaptation to life tasks in the face of social disadvantage or highly adverse conditions is called______
Resilience
According to the sense-making framework, _____ is the notion that people make sense of their actions in hindsight.
Retrospection
According to Thomas Davenport et al., when idea practitioners read a lot, explore interdisciplinary perspectives, and attend conferences, they are working in the _____ stage.
Scouting
According to Barry Staw and Jerry Ross, the factor that leads to escalation resulting from an attempt to save by committing more resources at a project in an attempt to revive it and avoid being associated with failure is known as a (n):
Social determinant
According to Cummings and Worley, which of the following is NOT a skill needed by an organization development (OD) practitioner?
Technical Skills
Which of the following is a probable reason for the popularity of the checklist approach with professional bodies and management consultancies?
The codification of an otherwise messy and iterative management process.
What is the following was NOT a problem faced my McDonald's when launching hotels in Switzerland?
The protest in Europe based on alleged adverse effects of food at McDonald's
According to Patrick Dawson and Andriopoulos, to understand change, organizations must consider _______
The substance of the change and its scale and scope
Identify the meaning of the duration factor in the DICE Model developed by the Boston Consulting Group.
The time span until the program is completed if it has a short life; if not short, the amount of time between reviews or milestones.
According to Donald Kuratko and Michael Goldsby, which of the following discourages the entrepreneurial middle manager from taking risks and innovating?
Top-down management and lack of delegated authority
A middle manager's understanding of frontline operations and issues is usually much better than that of senior management
True
According to Bean and Hamilton, after the downsizing at Telenor, some staff accepted the corporate "alignment" frame, while others adopted an "alienated" frame and felt marginalized and feared for their job security.
True
According to John Kotter, transformational changed often fail because the changes are not embedded and because victory is declared too soon.
True
Changes tend to "stick" to an organization when new structures, processes, and working practices are no longer seen as "change"
True
Contingency approaches are still underpinned by the director image, but they do not claim to have discovered "the one best approach" for all types of organizational change.
True
Given the pressure, pace, stress, risks, and vulnerability of the role, change manager ideally need to be resilient
True
Given the pressure, pace, stress, risks, and vulnerability of the role, change managers ideally need to be resilient
True
Issue-selling refers to packaging, presenting, and promoting plans and ideas in ways that make them more appealing to the target audience
True
Most of the actions required to develop change management capabilities are not necessarily costly
True
Preventive maintenance involves action to sustain the status quo, to keep new working practices operating as intended, and to meet predetermined targets and objectives
True
Staff selection, and promotion processes, can be subtle but powerful ways to change and to maintain an organization's culture
True
The ability of a powerful actor to project sense-making onto a situation, shaping the interpretations of others, is known as projective sense-making
True
The focus of the awareness, desire, knowledge, ability, and reinforcement (ADKAR) change model lies with the individuals who will be involved in and affected by change.
True
According to Ashford and Detert, which of the following questions should middle management using the "tailor you pitch" tactic ask to attract executive attention and resources?
What does my audience find most convincing or compelling?
According to Ashford and Detert, which of the following questions should middle management using the "involve other" tactic ask to attract senior executive attention and resources?
Which allies from my network can aid me sell my issue?
According to Thomas Davenport et al., when the idea practitioners sell, run marketing campaigns, persuade other managers to join, and find early adopters, they are working in the ____ stage
advocating
In which of the following was can a change manager best develop social awareness?
by focusing on how his or her proposal can help others meet their goals
In which of the following ways can a change manager best develop networking abilities?
by taking time to maintain those relationships already established
Of the six images of managing change, the _____ and _____ images of managing change assume that change managers receive rather than initiate change.
caretaker; nurturer
In the context of the core set of values of the organization development (OD) field, _____ values relate to authenticity, growth, and self-realization.
developmental
According to Stjernberg and Philips, which of the following words used for change managers, meaning "souls of fire," comes from the Swedish word meaning "driven by burning enthusiasm?"
eldsjalar
In the context of the core set of values of the organization development (OD) field, ______ values relate to openness, honesty, and integrity.
humanistic
Andrew Pettigrew, one of the architects of the processual perspective, cautioned against _______
looking for single causes and simple explanations for change
Which of the following has been dubbed as a "new movement in organizational science" since its emergence in the early 2000s?
positive organizational scholarship
In the context of praiseworthy and blameworthy failures, Marks and Shaw argue that a firm may gain more in the long term from a (n) ______
productive failure
The commitment of resources to an initiative in such a way that to withdraw would be extremely costly conveys _____
unambiguous management support
