Exam 3

pleasure pathway

mediates a person's experience of reward.

Delirium severely affects people's _____________, making tasks such as recalling one's own name difficult.

memory

Ledel received an IQ score of 65. He lives at home, goes to school, and is preparing to work when he is through with school.

mild, intermittent support

Adam received an IQ score of 45. He lives in a fully staffed group home and needs a great deal of help with many tasks. He is beginning to receive training for a job in the community.

moderate, limited support

Kleptomania seems to be highly comorbidity with

mood disorders such as major depressive disorder and substance-related abuse

Marijuana withdrawal can produce

mood swings, sensation of slowed time

Kevin received an IQ score of 20. He needs help with all his basic needs, including dressing, bathing, and eating.

profound, pervasive support

ADHD treatment: Reinforcement programs

provide the child with rewards for improvements--and sometimes punishments for misbehaviors

Biological factors play a greater role in neurocognitive disorders than in other mental disorders, although...

psychosocial factors also have some influence

____________________ is the recommended first line of treatment for individuals experiencing delirium

psychosocial intervention

Substance intoxication

reversible condition caused by excessive use of drug. e.g., Carlos once took the drug ecstasy (MDMA) at a party and, after hallucinating, had a sexual encounter he deeply regretted

In school, 6-year-old Miley appears extremely awkward. She doesn't understand when other children are being sarcastic and misses many social communication cues.

social (pragmatic) communication disorder

Psychosocial interventions are used in an effort not only to treat the symptoms of schizophrenia but also

to increase a person's compliance with medication use.

Schizophrenia: Setting up an elaborate ____________________ in which patients are fined for disruptive or inappropriate behavior and rewarded for appropriate behavior is beneficial in hospitals.

token economy

The most prevalent form of neurocognitive disorder is caused by

Alzheimer's disease

Which racial group likely has the highest prevalence of alcohol use disorders?

American Indian

The person is not responsible for the crime if he is not able to appreciate the wrongfulness of behavior caused by mental disease or defect.

American Law Institute Rule

ADHD: Impulsive

Consistently interrupts others, tries to answer questions before the question is finished, and has trouble waiting turns

A young woman with a severe drinking problem participates in a group treatment program that emphasizes drinking in moderation, such as by limiting herself to no more than two alcoholic beverages when she attends a party.

Control drinking

________________________ is a controversial treatment for alcohol abuse because of a negative but flawed experimental finding, but also because it conflicts with the belief in total abstinence.

Controlled drinking

Dementia: She no longer recognizes Timmy when he visits, even though he is her only grandchild.

Facial agnosia

Various types of brain ___________, such as head injury or infection, have been linked to delirium.

trauma

True/False: The media and parental influences have no effect on adolescent drug use; it is solely a peer pressure factor.

False--(all have an effect)

True/False: Amphetamines are naturally occurring drugs that induce feelings of elation and vigor and can reduce fatigue.

False--amphetamines are produced in labs

True/False: Compared with all other drugs, caffeine can produce the most variable reactions in people

False--cannabis produces the most variable reactions in people

True/False: Stimulants are produced only in a laboratory.

False--stimulants occur naturally

True/False: The expectancy effect is illustrated when a person who expects to be less inhibited when drinking alcohol is given a placebo and acts or feels normally.

False--they would still act uninhibited

After a stroke several years ago, Bette started having trouble speaking and walking and became more forgetful than usual. Additionally, she has difficulty making decisions when presented with a range of options. What type of neurocognitive disorder does Bette appear to have?

Vascular neurocognitive disorder

An integrative treatment approach for schizophrenia: Integrated dual-disorders treatment

treating coexisting substance use

Personality disorder: Schizotypal

It's better to be isolated from others

Cluster C personality disorders (3)

Share common features with people who have anxiety disorders--anxious or fearful personality disorders 1) Avoidant 2) Dependent 3) Obsessive-compulsive

Commonly accepted beliefs about teenage substance use is disputed?

Teenage drug use is solely the by-product of single parenting or parental modeling of drug use.

The American Law Institute (ALI) rule took the Durham rule one step further. According to the ALI rule, a person could be held responsible for his or her actions if it was determined that he or she lacked ______________________ as a result of ______________.

The American Law Institute (ALI) rule took the Durham rule one step further. According to the ALI rule, a person could be held responsible for his or her actions if it was determined that he or she lacked COGNITIVE ABILITY OR BEHAVIORAL CONTROL as a result of A MENTAL ILLNESS OR DEFECT.

Many psychological disorders can be treated quite effectively, but mental health professionals have had much less success in treating neurocognitive disorders. Why is much of the effort in this area focused on the caregivers of people with neurocognitive disorder?

The caregivers are at increased risk for anxiety, depression, and stress

True/False: Negative reinforcement is involved in the continuance of drug use, because drugs often provide escape from pain, stress, panic, and so on.

True

True/False: Regular use of stimulants can result in tolerance and dependence on the drugs.

True

True/False: Research with both animals and humans indicates that substance abuse in general is affected by our genes, although not one particular gene

True

True/False: The regular use of cocaine will often cause feelings of paranoia.

True

True/False: To some extent, all psychoactive drugs provide a pleasurable experience, creating positive reinforcement.

True

Researchers have uncovered small but significant brain abnormalities in people with schizophrenia. For example

Typically have smaller brain volume, particularly a smaller hippocampus and diminished functioning in the prefrontal regions of the brain.

Stimulants are used more often in the _____________________ than any other psychoactive drug.

United States

When a clear and present danger exists in an individual,

a short-term commitment (usually just a few days) may occur.

Susceptibility genes are associated with

a slightly increased risk for Alzheimer's and are more widespread in the general population

Antisocial personality disorder--people with intermediate levels of arousal are found to be relatively contest

a state that someone with low levels of arousal is motivated to achice

Schizophreniform disorder

a temporary form of schizophrenia that lasts at least 1 month but less than 6 months. In some cases, the patient will recover. In other cases, a provisional diagnosis may be applied, which can be switched to schizophrenia if the patient continues to show symptoms after 6 months

delusions of persecution have

a theme of feeling that others are out to get you and that people are tormenting or harassing you

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome appears to be caused by

a thiamine deficiency, which is quite common with heavy drinkers.

Individuals with Alzheimer's disease can often become

agitated, anxious, depressed, confused, and even combative as the disease progresses.

Dementia: Timmy's elderly grandmother does not recognize her own home any more.

agnosia

Methadone is used to help heroin addicts kick their habit in a method called

agonist substitution

___________________ is the most commonly and widely used depressant.

alcohol

Giya started a new job 5 weeks ago and is about to be fired. This is her third job this year. She has been absent from work at least once a week for the past 5 weeks. She was reprimanded in the past after being seen at a local pub in a drunken state during regular office hours although she called in sick. At her previous job, she was fired after she came to work unable to conduct herself appropriately and with alcohol on her breath. When confronted about her problems, Giya went to the nearest bar and drank some more to try to forget about the situation.

alcohol abuse

These create feelings of elation and vigor and reduce fatigue. They are prescribed to people with narcolepsy and ADHD.

amphetamines

Control drinking

an alternative to abstinence-focused treatments, such as Alcoholics Anonymous. This form of treatment is controversial with research showing mixed results on its effectiveness

The concept of diminished capacity means tha

an individual did not understand the nature of his or her behavior due to mental illness.--whether the individual confesses to the act is irrelevant

The GABA system is

an inhibitory one that can block other neurons from sending information and can inhibit the brain's normal reaction to anxiety-producing situations

It has been difficult to evaluate rigorously the effectiveness of Alcoholics Anonymous, because the participants are

anonymous

Men that present symptoms of histrionic personality disorders are more likely to receive a diagnosis of

antisocial personality disorder--due to the fact that the symptoms of antisocial personality disorder, such as deceit, impulsivity, aggression, reckless disregard for the safety of others, and criminal behavior, follow more stereotypical masculine behavior and can also present in ways similar to the symptoms of histrionic disorder, creating a situation where gender biases the diagnosis.

Amphetamines can exacerbate many of the symptoms associated with

anxiety, depression, and insomnia

Conduct disorder: Childhood-onset subtype

applied when behavioral disturbances appear prior to age 10

Conduct disorder: The adolescent-onset subtype

applied when symptoms first appear after 10 years

Relapse prevention

approach treats relapses as preventable episodes brought on by temporary stress rater than indications of inevitable future drug use

Emergency hospitalization protocols

are noted as being an integral part of an integrative treatment approach to schizophrenia

Romantic relationships can also be affected when a person has an anxious or fearful personality disorder. People with avoidant personality disorder are sometimes reluctant to ask others out. In fact, they are most likely to get involved with another person when they ___________________.

are sure their advances will be accepted

Wyatt v. Stinkney (1972) was a landmark case that

both established minimum standards for mental health facilities and expanded the idea that their patients should receive treatment in the least confining and restrictive environment possible

Which of the following statements regarding alcohol and aggressive behavior is NOT accurate? a. Laboratory studies found that alcohol consumption increases aggression, but whether or not those effects are seen outside of a laboratory involves many different factors. b. Alcohol ingestion causes people to behave in aggressive ways. c. Many people who commit violent acts - rape, assault, and murder, for example - are intoxicated when their crime occurs. d. Alcohol increases impulsiveness, which may be related to an increase in aggressive behaviors.

b. Alcohol ingestion causes people to behave in aggressive ways.--Alcohol ingestion is correlated with aggressive and violent actions, but remember that correlation does not imply causation.

Antipsychotic medications are often prescribed

calm down individuals who have delirium caused by an unknown factor. Not used to treat all neurocognitive disorders, nor do they cure delirium.

It's debated whether personality disorders are extreme versions of otherwise normal personality variations (therefore classified as dimensions) or ways of relating that are different from psychologically healthy behavior (classified as ________________)

categories

Treatment of delirium depends on the _____________ of the episode and can include medications, psychosocial intervention, or both.

cause

illicit stimulants

cocaine and amphetamines

Treatments for learning disorders tend to focus on

developing skills specific to the area of deficit

What is the focus of the most common therapy for autism?

helping to focus on basic tasks, such as hand washing

ADHD treatment: Cognitive-behavioral intervention

helps adults with ADHD to reduce distractibility and improve organizational skills

ADHD treatment: parent training

helps parents respond constructively to their child's behavior and structure and the child's day to help prevent difficulties

Treatment for histrionic personality disorder often involves

highlighting the consequences of the interaction styles that are characteristic of this disorder

People with borderline personality disorder are _____________ likely to seek treatment, even more so than people with anxiety or mood disorders.

highly

Learning disorder treatment: Systematic instruction

highly scripted lesson plans, and children are constantly assessed and plans adjusted according to progress or lack of progress.

as a person's level of extrapyramidal symptoms increase, his or her

his or her level of compliance decreases

Dressing provocatively at work for attention and acting inappropriately intimate on the bus are likely an indication of

histrionic personality disorder

Schizophrenia: Adoption studies

if a child has a parent with schizophrenia, his or her risk of developing schizophrenia decreases when raised in a nonschizophrenic household

One of my clients threatened his mother's life during his session today. Now I must decide whether I have a(n)

duty to warn

Alzheimer's disease appears to be more prevalent among

women than men, even after accounting the fact that women live longer than men on average (and thus are more likely to develop diseases such as Alzheimers)

Historic personality disorder is more likely to be seen in

women--involves a set of symptoms that are more characteristic of a stereotypical female behavior, such as a need to be the center of attention, shifting emotions, self-dramatization, and vanity

Although the biological effects of substances play an important role in the development of substance-related disorders, what two other factors are also important?

1) Psychological 2) Cognitive

In addition to stimulants and depressants, other drugs commonly abused by individuals with substance-related disorders include (6)

1) Opiates 2) Hallucinogens 3) Marijuana 4) Designer or club drugs 5) Inhalants 6) Steroids

examples of Cluster A Personality disorders

1) Paranoid 2) Schizoid 3) Schizotypal

Treatment related substance-related disorders: psychosocial aspects of addiction

1) Peer pressure 2) Self-medication 3) loss of reinforcement from abstinence

Worldwide, it is estimated that about _____% of the population will have schizophrenia at some point in their lives.

1%

1) Neurocognitive disorder affects about ___________ of people aged 65+ 2) Range is restricted to people aged 85+, the percentage increases to ________

1) 5% to 8% 2) 20-40%

Which of the following statements about the concept of mental illness are true? Check all apply: Mental illness is... 1) Not defined the same way in every state 2) The same as having a psychological disorder 3) Clearly defined in the DSM-5 4) Defined the same way in all states 5) Is a legal concept

1) Not defined the same way in every state 5) Is a legal concept

parens patriae means what?

"parent of the nation" authority, to presumably act in the individual's best interest by committing the person to a mental health facility for treatment

What is the estimate for what percentages of felony cases, in any given year, is believed to involve an attempt to use the insanity defense?

.9%

Complete the figure by selecting the child's reaction that is most likely and corresponding disorder that may result from it: 1) A child experiences the early death of a parent 2) The child grows up with a fear of _________________. 3) This type of childhood experience, along with a combination of factors, may cause the child to develop __________________________.

1) A child experiences the early death of a parent 2) The child grows up with a fear of ABANDONMENT. 3) This type of childhood experience, along with a combination of factors, may cause the child to develop DEPENDENT PERSONALITY DISORDER.

Which of the following individuals is likely to be prescribed a form of amphetamine for his/her disorder? 1) A child with ADAD 2) A person with insomnia 3) A man with severe depression 4) A woman with an anxiety disorder

1) A child with ADAD

Conduct disorder: these criteria are grouped as

1) Aggression to people/animals 2) Destruction of property 3) Deceitfulness or theft 4) Serious violations of rules

Researchers have found that people diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder and/or psychopathy may have an imbalance between the (2)

1) Behavioral inhibition 2) Reward system of the brain

What are some common behavioral probs associated with advanced neurocognitive disorder that can be addressed with psychosocial treatments. Check all apply 1) Belligerence and aggression 2) Poor personal hygiene 3) Wandering 4) Stealing

1) Belligerence and aggression 2) Poor personal hygiene 3) Wandering

By studying individuals with and without ADHD, researchers have discovered some generalizations about how ADHD develops throughout a person's lifetime. Which of the following is consistent with how psychologists view ADHD? Check all that apply 1) Children with ADHD often begin displaying symptoms as early as age 3-4 2) Having ADHD in childhood is associated with decreased educational attainment as an adult 3) Most diagnoses of ADHD occur by the time the child is age 3

1) Children with ADHD often begin displaying symptoms as early as age 3-4 2) Having ADHD in childhood is associated with decreased educational attainment as an adult

Marijuana as a medical treatment is legal in only some states, it can be useful for treating

1) Chronic pain 2) Glaucoma 3) Other ailments

Long-term heavy alcohol use can result in brain damage in the form of what? (2)

1) Dementia 2) Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A heavy coffee drinker who decides to eliminate caffeine from his or her diet is likely to experience what? (3)

1) Drowsiness 2) Headaches 3) Unpleasant mood

The criteria for diagnosing intellectual disability are that a person must

1) Exhibit significantly subaverage intelligence (generally accepted as n IQ of 70 or below) 2) Deficits or impairments in adaptive functioning (communication, self-care, home living, social or interpersonal skills, use of community resources, self-direction, functional academic skills, work, leisure, health, and safety) that compromise personal independence and social responsibility 3) an onset of the disorder during the developmental period

Common negative symptoms in a case of schizophrenia include

1) Flat affect 2) Alogia 3) Avolition 4) Anhedonia

Complete the following diagram to illustrate one integrated pathway for developing antisocial personality traits and behavior. 1) Genetic influences cause damage to a person's ________. 2) Person grows up unable to recognize _____________________. 3) Person eventually becomes _________________.

1) Genetic influences cause damage to a person's AMYGDALA. 2) Person grows up unable to recognize CUES THAT SIGNAL THREAT. 3) Person eventually becomes FEARLESS.

Complete the following diagram to illustrate one integrated pathway for developing antisocial personality traits and behavior. 1) Genetics influence a child's arousal levels, leading to chronically ________ levels of arousal. 2) Child seeks out ________________ to counteract arousal levels 3) Child ________ other children who encourage antisocial acts

1) Genetics influence a child's arousal levels, leading to chronically LOW levels of arousal. 2) Child seeks out STIMULATION to counteract arousal levels 3) Child ATTRACTS other children who encourage antisocial acts

Treatment for people with narcissistic personality disorder often focuses on symptoms of

1) Grandiosity 2) Hypersensitivity to evaluation 3) Lack of empathy for others

Researchers examining the genetic factors that impact schizophrenia rely on a combination of twin studies, family studies, adoption studies, and research on endophenotypes. Which of these statements are consistent with researchers' findings? Check all 1) Having any relative with schizophrenia, even a distant one, increases a person's risk of developing the disorder 2) Researchers have identified exactly which combination of genes will lead a person to develop schizophrenia 3) Genes may predispose someone to developing schizophrenia, but environmental factors also have an impact.

1) Having any relative with schizophrenia, even a distant one, increases a person's risk of developing the disorder 3) Genes may predispose someone to developing schizophrenia, but environmental factors also have an impact.

hyperactive/impulsive symptoms involve a child who is both

1) Hyperactive 2) impulsive

Schizophrenia: Twin studies

1) Identical twins are more likely to both have schizophrenia than fraternal twins 2) Even though identical twins share all their genes, one can develop schizophrenia while the other doesn't, suggesting that environment plays a role 3) Even when both twins develop schizophrenia, they can develop different patterns of symptoms

Two prominent treatment goals of ASD are to

1) Improve communication 2) Improve socialization

2 distinct categories of symptoms of ADHD

1) Inattentive symptoms 2) Hypertensive/impulse symptoms

How does the DSM-5 diagnosis of ASD differ from those of previous versions? 1) It combines several previous distinct developmental disorders into one condition 2) It relies on a quantitative, rather than qualitative, scale for determining a patient's level of severity. 3) It focuses on social functioning and repetitive behavior rather than intellectual disability.

1) It combines several previous distinct developmental disorders into one condition

Schizophrenia: Linkage and association studies

1) Regions of several different chromosomes are thought to be involved in schizophrenia 2) Researchers have identified several genes that may play a role in schizophrenia but don't know exactly how they operate

Schizophrenia: Endophenotypes

1) Researchers have found disruptions in perceptual, cognitive, and motor processing that are highly associated with schizophrenia 2) In particular, eye-tracking and emotional identification appear to be comprised in people with schizophrenia

Clinical practice guidelines are designed to (2)

1) Safeguard clients 2) Reduce costs

In addition to alcohol, the category of depressants includes (3)

1) Sedative 2) Hypnotic 3) Anxiolytic drugs

A local school wishes to develop a program for the students with ADHD that helps them interact appropriately with their peers. What type of behavioral intervention program will target these goals most effectively 1) Social skills training 2) Cognitive Behavioral intervention 3) Parent training 4) Reinforcement programming

1) Social skills training

Another symptom commonly observed is schizophrenia is the presence of hallucinations. Which of the following describe properties of hallucinations? Check all that apply. 1) Sometimes express intrusive thoughts that a patient is having 2) Classified as a key negative symptom 3) Can occur for any of the senses

1) Sometimes express intrusive thoughts that a patient is having 3) Can occur for any of the senses

Which of the following statements about insanity defense is true? 1) Standards for applying the insanity defense have been changed over the years 2) Every person diagnosed with a psychological disorder is, by def, legally insane 3) The insanity defense cannot be used for violent crimes, such as murder 4) The insanity defense is a new concept, introduced in U.S. courts during the last 20 years

1) Standards for applying the insanity defense have been changed over the years--concept of insanity defense has existed for a long time, with modern interpretation based partly on a case in England from 150 years ago (M'Naghten rule)

Common negative symptoms in a case of schizophrenia include flat affect, alogia, avolition, and anhedonia. Which of the following symptom descriptions would most likely be included in the hospital record for a person exhibiting signs of alogia? 1) The patient rarely speaks to other patients or staff, making only basic and brief statements. 2) The patient had no emotional reaction when told of the passing of his mother, to whom he was close. 3) The patient seems disinterested in social interactions and practicing personal hygiene 4) The patient reports feeling empty inside and being unable to laugh at movies he use to find funny.

1) The patient rarely speaks to other patients or staff, making only basic and brief statements.

In the US, most state laws about commitment have focuses on several necessary conditions. Name the tree conditions.

1) The person has a mental illness and is in need of treatment 2) The person is a danger to self or others 3) The person is unable to care for himself or herself

Schizophrenia: Family Studies

1) The severity of parents' schizophrenic symptoms affects the likelihood that their children develop schizophrenia. The more severe the symptoms, the greater the likelihood 2) Parents pass on a general vulnerability to schizophrenia, not a set of specific symptoms 3) A person's risk for developing schizophrenia is affected by the number of genes he or she shares with a relative who has schizophrenia 4) Having any relative with schizophrenia increases a person's risk for developing the disorder

Which of the following best describes how psychopathy and antisocial personality disorders are related? 1) There continues to be debate in the field as to whether psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder are two distinct disorders or not 2) Everyone who has psychopathy also meets the criteria for having antisocial personality disorder 3) Everyone who has antisocial personality disorder is, by definition, a psychopath 4) People can be classified as having either psychopathy or antisocial personality disorder, but not both.

1) There continues to be debate in the field as to whether psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder are two distinct disorders or not

One study found that individuals with mental illness found NGRI of a nonviolent crime were committed to a hospital more than eight times as long as those people without mental illness placed in prison. Which of the following misconceptions is most clearly debunked by such findings. 1) Using the insanity defense is a way to avoid punishment 2) Defendants who use the insanity defense are faking 3) The barrage of experts necessary to prove NGRI makes for liengthy trials

1) Using the insanity defense is a way to avoid punishment

Many substance-related disorders begin with a person acting on

1) an impulse 2) temptation 3) OR Desire

What two risk factors are involved in the development of neurodevelopment disorders such as ADHD

1) biological 2) environmental

The American Psychological Association's principles for evaluating interventions focuses on the (2)

1) clinical efficacy (internal validity) 2) Clinical utility (External validity)

People with narcissistic personality disorder have an

1) extreme sense of self importance 2) a lack of empathy for and sensitivity to others 3) Strong need for admiration 4) Likely to end relationships when others no longer express admiration or envy

ADHD (Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder) is characterized by

1) inattention 2) hyperactivity 3) impulsivity

To be diagnosed with ADHD, a child's inability to function must be

1) present in at least 2 settings 2) With symptoms present before the age of 12

Most biological treatments for substance-related disorders are not fully effective on their own and are typically combined with a psychosocial treatment, such as (2)

1) social support program 2) therapeutic interveniton

Which of the following statement(s) are most likely indicative of narcissistic personality disorder? 1) "This low-cut blouse and short skirt are sure to get their attention at work today." 2) "I hate to admit it, but only high-states people can really understand how amazing I am." 3) "I didn't think that offering to sit on the bus driver's lap to cheer him up wis inappropriate. He was just a jerk for kicking me off the bus." 4) "After Alison told me that she didn't like the shoes I was wearing, I am no longer going to be her friend."

2) "I hate to admit it, but only high-states people can really understand how amazing I am." 4) "After Alison told me that she didn't like the shoes I was wearing, I am no longer going to be her friend."

In which of these situations is a psychologist or mental health professional most likely to be called upon to serve as an expert witness? 1) An attorney for the accused suggests that a witness for the prosecution was bribed to testify 2) A prosecutor suspects that a defendant is faking or exaggerating the symptoms of dissociative disorder 3) A jury needs assistance understanding the potential meaning of the crime scene's bloodstain pattern.

2) A prosecutor suspects that a defendant is faking or exaggerating the symptoms of dissociative disorder

Which of the following statements about the rate of neurocognitive disorder in the US is most accurate? 1) Nearly everyone who has neurocognitive disorder is at least 90 years old 2) A relatively small percentage of people aged 65 and older have neurocognitive disorder, but a relatively large percentage of people ages 85+ have it 3) A relatively large percentage of people age 65 and older have neurocognitive disorder, but a relatively small percentage of people aged 85 and older have it 4) A relatively small percentage of people aged 45 and older have neurocognitive disorder, but a relatively large percentage of people aged 65+ do have it

2) A relatively small percentage of people aged 65 and older have neurocognitive disorder, but a relatively large percentage of people ages 85+ have it

Elliot, who has borderline personality disorder, is talking with his partner about how solid their relationship is and how safe he feels with him. When his partner, who is a physician on call for the week, receives a call from the hospital, Elliot becomes furious and starts yelling about how his partner never makes him a priority. This illustrates: 1) Chronic feelings of emptiness 2) Affective instability 3) Disregard for social norms

2) Affective instability--Elliot's rapid swing from expressing contentment to expressing insecurity illustrates this instability.

During evaluation, a clinician identifies that an adult client has a severe developmental disorder that features substantial deficits and makes spoken communication nearly impossible. Which form of intervention will target this area of functioning most effectively? 1) Socialization training 2) Augmentative communication strategies 3) Task analysis 4) Self-care training skills

2) Augmentative communication strategies

Impairments in social communication and social interaction can manifest in several different ways. Which of the following describes some aspect of how these appear in autism spectrum disorder? Check all 1) Most patients have impaired verbal communication but intact nonverbal communication 2) Communication problems can make it difficult for patients to form and maintain social relationships 3) One problem patients often have is expressing emotions through changes ini tone of voice 4) patients will often interact approximately with peers but not with people who are significantly older or younger.

2) Communication problems can make it difficult for patients to form and maintain social relationships 3) One problem patients often have is expressing emotions through changes ini tone of voice

Delirium can be caused by a variety of factors. Which of the following is NOT known to be a cause of delirium? 1) Drug intoxication 2) Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) 3) Excessive stress 4) Immobility

2) Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)

Which of the following is an example of a behavior that would likely be classified as restricted, repetitive pattern of behavior, according to the DSM-5? 1) Carl's fav television show is a cartoon about a detective mouse. He asks to watch it regularly and has lots of toys from the show. He is highly imaginative and often creates new storylines when playing with those toys. 2) Rajiv likes to turn his toy cars over and spin the wheels. The first thing he does when getting a new car is spin the wheels, and he often spends hours making comparisons between different cars' wheels. 3) Tim is a basketball card collector. Most of his basketball cards are stored haphazardly in boxes around his room, but he keeps his favorite players' cards in a binder on his desk. He likes to trade cards with his friends but is often reluctant to part with his favorite players

2) Rajiv likes to turn his toy cars over and spin the wheels. The first thing he does when getting a new car is spin the wheels, and he often spends hours making comparisons between different cars' wheels.

In which of the following situations does the therapist clearly have a duty to warn the client's potential victims (s)? Check all that apply? 1) A client claims she is going to teach all of her enemies a lesson 2) A client says he admires Charles Manson and other serial killers 3) A client states that he plans to kill his ex-wife 4) A client threatens to destroy the government

3) A client states that he plans to kill his ex-wife

Which of the following biological treatments for substance-related disorders is designed specifically to decrease the reinforcing effects of the abused substance by blocking receptors for the drug? 1) Sedative drugs 2) Aversive treatment 3) Antagonist drugs 4) Agonist substitution

3) Antagonist drugs--such as naltrexone and acamprosate, work to reduce the pleasurable or reinforcing effects of drugs, typically by blocking opiate receptors in the brain.

Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the reason for this change in frequency? 1) Families with more money are able to provide their children with effective parenting 2) Clinics in poor regions of the country are more likely to misdiagnose normal children as having learning disorders 3) Better access to diagnostic services means more children with learning disorders are able to be identified

3) Better access to diagnostic services means more children with learning disorders are able to be identified

Some drugs function as negative reinforcers because they reduce anxiety (the anxiolytic effect). What is one likely way some drugs produce an anxiolytic effect? 1) Decreasing dopamine levels 2) Increasing dopamine levels 3) Enhancing the activity of GABA 4) Reducing the activity of GABA

3) Enhancing the activity of GABA

Dr. Sigh believes that whatever treatment is in the best interest of an individual with severe mental illness should be provided at all times, regardless of circumstances. Which of the following is likely true of Dr. Singh? 1) he is opposed to patients' rights to receive proper treatment 2) He is in favor of patients' rights to refuse treatment 3) He is opposed to patients' right to refuse treatment

3) He is opposed to patients' right to refuse treatment

Which of the following statements accurately defines the term antisocial as it is used to describe someone with antisocial personality disorder? 1) Someone who disapproves of socialism, arguing for a capitalist form of government 2) Someone whose erratic mood swings affect social interactions and lead to avoidance of others 3) Someone who disregards social norms by violating and disregarding the rights of others 4) Someone who prefers not to socialize with other people and lives a very solitary life

3) Someone who disregards social norms by violating and disregarding the rights of others--the term antisocial describes someone who disregards social norms by violating and disregarding the rights of others. Does not refer to being socially withdrawn or a lack of a desire to form close relationships with others.

Which of the following statements further clarifies the reasoning behind findings similar to those of Dr. Smith? 1) Depressant medication decreases activity in the area of the brain that coordinates motor activities, causing a reduction in problem behaviors. 2) Depressant medication is best suited to calm and excess activity in the brain experienced by people with ADHD 3) Stimulant medication increases activity in areas of the brain to a fully functioning level, allowing a person to better regulate their behavior

3) Stimulant medication increases activity in areas of the brain to a fully functioning level, allowing a person to better regulate their behavior

Vicky smokes two packs of cigarettes a day, and her best friend is addicted to heroin. Vicky has decided to quit smoking, and her friend has decided to quit using heroin. Who has the better chance of successfully quitting for good? 1) Neither individual has any chance of successfully quitting 2) Vicky's friend has a much better chance of quitting 3) Their chances are about the same 4) Vicky has a much better chance of quitting

3) Their chances are about the same--while nicotine use is legal and much more common than heroin use, nicotine can be just as addictive as illicit substances such as heroin. The relapse rate for nicotine is virtually equivalent to the relapse rates for heroin and alcohol. Thus, Vicky and her friend have about the same chance of successfully quitting.

Conduct disorder: Diagnosis is based on meeting

3/15 behavioral criteria

Genes on all of the following chromosomes have been linked to Alzheimer's disease with the exception of chromosome: 1) 19 2) 1 3) 14 4) 7 5) 12

4) 7

Pleasure principle--Which of these drugs affect this pleasure center in the most direct way? 1) Heroin and morphine 2) LSD and other hallucinogens 3) Caffeine and marijuana 4) Cocaine and amphetamines

4) Cocaine and amphetamines--The brain's pleasure pathway consists mostly of dopamine-sensitive neurons, so drugs that directly influence dopamine levels such as these will also affect the pleasure center more directly.

Which drugs are also used as medicines? 1) Opiates and phencyclidine (PCP) 2) Hallucinogens and inhalants 3) Marijuana and hallucinogens 4) Marijuana and opiates

4) Marijuana and opiates

Jason and Kim were both brought to the hospital emergency room exhibiting signs of delirium. Jason's delirium appears to be due to sleep deprivation, while Kim's delirium appears to be due to a bacterial infection. Which treatment would be recommended for both Jason and Kim? 1) Electroconclusive therapy 2) Haloperidol 3) Antibiotics 4) Showing them personal belongs

4) Showing them personal belongs--psychosocial intervention is the recommended first line of treatment for individuals experiencing delirium

Latasha was brought to the hospital emergency room exhibiting signs of delirium. Doctors were unable to identify a medical cause for her delirium but prescribed antipsychotic medication nonetheless. Why would doctors do this? 1) Because antipsychotic medication cures delirium 2) To prevent Latasha from developing dschzophrenia 3) Because antipsychotic medication is used to treat all neurocognitive disorders 4) To help Latasha calm down

4) To help Latasha calm down

ADHD has a worldwide prevalence rate of _________ in children populations.

5.2

Who is John Haslam?

A British physician who first documented the general symptoms of insanity in his book, Observations on Madness and Melancholy. Many of the symptoms these patients showed are similar to the current characterization of schizophrenia

Who is Philippe Pinel?

A French physician who documented some of the initial cases of patients with what would currently be considered schizophrenia.

Who is Eugen Bleuler?

A Swiss psychiatrist who introduced the term schizophrenia, which comes from the combination of the Greek words skhizien (split) and phren (mind). He viewed schizophrenia as a disconnect between the different functions of the mind, leading to an inability to maintain a train of thought that underlies different symptoms.

Who is Benedict Morel?

A french physician who used the term demence precoce to account for the early onset of the disorder that was observed in a majority of patients with symptoms of what would become known as schizophrenia.--premature loss of the mind

Who is Emil Kraeplin?

A german psychiatrist who unified the district categories of schizophrenia under the name dementia praecox. He was also the first to distinguish schizophrenia from manic depression on the basis of its onset and prognosis.--combined several forms of schizophrenia into one condition

A major reason for noncompliance among people with schizophrenia is the _____________________ of the antipsychotic medication.

A major reason for noncompliance among people with schizophrenia is the NEGATIVE SIDE EFFECTS of the antipsychotic medication--side effects include grogginess, blurred vision, dryness of the mouth, motor difficulties, and even involuntary movements of the tongue, face, mouth, jaw

A person with antisocial personality disorder often ________________ experience anxiety when committing an antisocial act that could likely lead to legal punishment

A person with antisocial personality disorder often DOES NOT experience anxiety when committing an antisocial act that could likely lead to legal punishment

Ten-year-old Cole can be frustrating to his parents, teachers, and friends. He has trouble waiting his turn during games and does things seemingly without thinking. He often calls out answers in school, sometimes before the complete question is asked.

ADHD

At an early age, Dwight became preoccupied with geography and could name all of the state capitals. His speech development was not delayed but he does not like to play with other children or to be touched or held.

ASD requiring support

Six-year-old Tangelique has a low IQ and enjoys sitting in the corner by herself, where she arranges her toys or spins around in circles. She is unable to communicate verbally. She throws temper tantrums when her routine is changed even in the slightest way or when her parents try to get her to do something she doesn't want to do.

ASD requiring very substantial support

Alcohol is the most commonly and widely used depressant. Some people are surprised to learn that alcohol is a depressant because it seems to stimulate at first. Why does alcohol affect people this way initially?

Alcohol initially depresses inhibitory areas of the brain--the areas of the brain it suppresses first are associated with inhabitation. This, the initial effect of alcohol consumption is a loss of inhabitation and feeling of well-being.

_________________ drugs block or counteract the effects of psychoactive drugs and are sometimes effective in treating addicts.

Antagonist

Antisocial personality disorder is also developmental in nature. This is shown by the finding that many adults with antisocial personality disorder had ____________________ as children, and they are likely exhibit a drastic reduction in antisocial behavior around the age of ____________.

Antisocial personality disorder is also developmental in nature. This is shown by the finding that many adults with antisocial personality disorder had CONDUCT DISORDER as children, and they are likely exhibit a drastic reduction in antisocial behavior around the age of FORTY.

What type of personality disorder is this?: Lance is 17 and has been in trouble with the law for the past 2 years. He lies to his parents, vandalizes buildings, and often fights with others. He shows no remorse for the people he injures or the grief he causes his parents.

Antisocial--Cluster B

Dementia: She can no longer form complete, coherent sentences.

Aphasia

Approximately 9 in 10 people with intellectual disability fall under the label of ________________ intellectual disability, and when considered with all other degrees of intellectual disability as a whole, the people with this disorder represent ______________ of the general population

Approximately 9 in 10 people with intellectual disability fall under the label of MILD intellectual disability, and when considered with all other degrees of intellectual disability as a whole, the people with this disorder represent TWO PERCENT of the general population

An integrative treatment approach for schizophrenia: family psychoeducation

Assisting family members, including educating them about the disorder and its management, helping them reduce stress and tension in the home, and providing social support

One of the most common forms of neurodevelopment disorder is

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Determine which symptoms or types of schizophrenia spectrum disorders are described in each scenario.: Cameron has started to hear voices, which is very disturbing to him. He told his parents and recognizes that he needs to see a mental health professional for help

Attenuated psychosis syndrome

What personality disorder is this? Alyssa usually avoids contact with her coworkers, using the bathroom and kitchen only when they are empty, and she never speaks in front of the group, even when her ideas are good.

Avoidant--Cluster C

Before the realization that they are quite addictive ___________ were widely prescribed as a sleep aid in the 1920s and 1940s, and they were widely abused in the 1950s.

Barbiturates

Based on several studies, researchers have discovered that genetic factors influence the development of substance-related disorders for ____________________. Currently, researchers have __________________ the specific genes involved.

Based on several studies, researchers have discovered that genetic factors influence the development of substance-related disorders for ALL CLASSES OF DRUGS. Currently, researchers have NOT YET IDENTIFIED the specific genes involved.

Because the medication most often prescribed to children with ADHD is categorized as a ________________, the most likely reason medication ______________ classroom disruptions is because it helps _____________________.

Because the medication most often prescribed to children with ADHD is categorized as a STIMULANT, the most likely reason medication REDUCES classroom disruptions is because it helps CHILDREN CONTROL IMPULSIVE BEHAVIORS.

What type of personality disorder is this?: Elaine has low self-esteem and usually feels empty unless she does dangerous and exciting things. She is involved in drugs and has casual sexual encounters, even with strangers. She threatens to commit suicide if her boyfriend talks about leaving her, and alternates between passionately loving and hating him

Borderline--Cluster B

Both ____________________ and neurofibrillary tangles ______________ over the years and are believed to impair normal functioning and lead to neurocognitive disorders.

Both NEURITIC PLAGUES and neurofibrillary tangles ACCUMULATE over the years and are believed to impair normal functioning and lead to neurocognitive disorders.

What does the DSM-5 definition of substance dependence focus on?

Both physiological and behavioral responses to drugs

What is the technical name for Jake's slow body movements?

Bradykinesia

Description of four psychotic disorders that have some similarities schizophrenia: Ability to function regained within a few weeks after appearance of schizophrenic symptoms

Brief psychotic disorder

This is the most common psychoactive substance because it is legal, elevates mood, and decreases fatigue. It's readily available in many beverages.

Caffeine

Determine which symptoms or types of schizophrenia spectrum disorders are described in each scenario.: Alice usually holds an unusual posture and is sometimes seen grimacing.

Catatonic

This substance causes euphoria, appetite loss, and increased alertness. Dependence appears after years of use.

Cocaine

Determine which symptoms or types of schizophrenia spectrum disorders are described in each scenario.: Greg's cognitive skills and affect are relatively intact. However, he often has delusions and hallucinations that convince him enemies are out to persecute him.

Delusional Disorder

Description of four psychotic disorders that have some similarities schizophrenia: Relatively unimpaired functioning due to the lack of symptoms other than false beliefs

Delusional disorder

Lately Dom has become more isolated because he believes his coworkers are conspiring to get him fired. He becomes agitated whenever he sees a group of employees talking and laughing, because he believes that they are plotting against him.

Delusional disorder

What personality disorder is this?: Janis often disagrees with the decisions of one of her coworkers but is afraid to say anything for fear that other coworkers will dislike her.

Dependent--Cluster C

What personality disorder is this?: Whitney claims she is unintelligent and has no skills. She is also afraid to be alone and seeks constant reassurance from her family and friends. She says and does nothing about her cheating husband because she thinks that if she shows any initiative she will be abandoned and will have to take care of herself.

Dependent--Cluster C

The gene presenilin 1 is what type of gene?

Deterministic

The gene presenilin 2 is what type of gene?

Deterministic

What is the most throughly researched form of psychosocial treatment that is the therapy most people who seek treatment of borderline personality disorder will receive?

Dialectical behavior therapy--this form of treatment gives priority to treating those behaviors that may result in self-harm

A mental disorder could lessen a person's ability to understand criminal behavior and to form criminal intent.

Diminished capacity

Dr. Z testified in court that the defendant was faking and exaggerating symptoms to evade responsibility. Dr. Z is acting as a(n) ___________________, and the defendant is ________________.

Dr. Z testified in court that the defendant was faking and exaggerating symptoms to evade responsibility. Dr. Z is acting as a(n) EXPERT WITNESS, and the defendant is MALINGERING

The person is not criminally responsible if the crime was the result of "mental disease or mental defect."

Durham rule

One time in junior high, Hubert's older brother gave him a nonalcoholic beer but said it was a real beer. After drinking it, Hubert's motor coordination and speech started deteriorating. What describes the impact the nonalcoholic beer had on Hubert?

Expectancy effect

Other substances influence dopamine and the pleasure center in more direct ways, such as _____________________, which then allows dopamine to collect

GABA Neurons

These drugs, including LSD, influence perception, distorting feelings, sights, sounds, and smells.

Hallucinogens

Examples of Cluster Cluster B personality disoders

Have behaviors that have been described as dramatic, emotional, erratic 1) Antisocial 2) Borderline 3) Histrionic 4) Narcissistic

Health care practices that have _______________________ that they are effective are referred to as evidence-based practices. When such practices are included in recommendations on how to treat a particular disorder, they are referred to as _________________________.

Health care practices that have RESEARCH FINDINGS SHOWING that they are effective are referred to as evidence-based practices. When such practices are included in recommendations on how to treat a particular disorder, they are referred to as CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES.

An integrative treatment approach for schizophrenia: Illness management and recovery

Helping the individual become an active participant in treatment, including providing education about the disorder, teaching effective use of medication strategies for collaborating with clinicians, and coping with symptoms when they reoccur

Histrionic personality disorder: Frances's therapist is helping her understand that the _____________ she is likely to experience initially from a provocative style of stress will probably result in ______________________ from others in the long run.

Histrionic personality disorder: Frances's therapist is helping her understand that the ATTENTION she is likely to experience initially from a provocative style of stress will probably result in INCREASED DISREGARD from others in the long run.

What type of personality disorder is this?: Samantha is known for being overly dramatic. She cries uncontrollably during sad movies, and we sometimes think that she is acting. She is vain and self-centered, interrupting many of our class conversations to discuss her personal life.

Histrionic--Cluster B

Delirium can be caused by a variety of factors. Which of the following is NOT known to be a cause of delirium? 1) Hypertension 2) Alcohol withdrawl 3) Sleep deprivation 4) Medication

Hypertension--however, a change in medication used to treat hypertension may trigger various reactions, including delirium

Personality disorder: Antisocial

I am entitled to break the rules

Personality disorder: Paranoid

I cannot trust people

Personality disorder: Borderline

I deserve to be punished

Personality disorder: Dependent

I need people to survive and be happy

Personality disorder: Avoidant

If people knew the "real" me, they would reject me

What is a symptom of substance abuse or dependence?

Recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous to self or others

In considering a combined approach in the treatment of ADHD, the most controversial interventions are __________________ because of the potential side effects and risk of abuse. On the other hand, ________________ treatments are less controversial.

In considering a combined approach in the treatment of ADHD, the most controversial interventions are STIMULANT MEDICATIONS because of the potential side effects and risk of abuse. On the other hand, BEHAVIORAL treatments are less controversial.

In general, depressants _____________ central nervous system activity, causing a person to feel ________________.

In general, depressants INHIBIT central nervous system activity, causing a person to feel SEDATED.

In small amounts, cocaine has effects similar to those of ____________________, but in larger amounts, cocaine causes ________________ for many people.

In small amounts, cocaine has effects similar to those of AMPHETAMINES, but in larger amounts, cocaine causes PARANOIA for many people.

It is estimated that the prevalence of learning disorders in the US ranges from 4-10% across the country, with the frequency of this diagnosis appearing to ___________ in wealthier regions of the country.

Increase

Juanita was found not guilty by reason of insanity due to diminished capacity. This means it was decided that she did not ________________ the criminal act.

Intend to commit

Schizophrenia: Persecutory delusion

Involve the irrational belief that one is being harmed or harassed in some way. Believing that elevator security cameras can steal one's thoughts and send them to the FBI is an example

Schizophrenia: Capgras syndrome

Involves the irrational belief that someone a person knows has been replaced by a double. Believing that one's mother is an imposter is an example.

ALI rule combined with

M'Naghten and Durham rules, stating that both a person's cognitive and impulse control abilities had to be taken into account when determining whether or not a mental illness or defect caused him or her to commit a crime.

The person could not distinguish between right and wrong at the time of the crime.

M'Naghten rule

Mental illness is a(n) (4) _____________ concept, typically meaning severe emotional or thought disturbances that negatively affect an individual's health and safety, although this definition differs from state to state. When the laws about civil commitment emerged, (5) _________________ (movement of disabled individuals out of mental institutions) and (6) _______________________ (movement of disabled individuals to a less restrictive facility) also occurred.

Mental illness is a(n) (4) LEGAL concept, typically meaning severe emotional or thought disturbances that negatively affect an individual's health and safety, although this definition differs from state to state. When the laws about civil commitment emerged, (5) DEINSTITUTIONALIZATION (movement of disabled individuals out of mental institutions) and (6) TRANSINSTITUTIONALIZTION (movement of disabled individuals to a less restrictive facility) also occurred.

Personality disorders: Psychologists in favor of a more ___________________ model argue that the behavioral patterns exhibited by people with personality disorders can be present in all of us, just not to such a severe and distressing degree.

More dimensional--psychologists with this this viewpoint claim that a continuum that highlights that degree of severity of a behavior (low, moderate, or high) is more appropriate tool for diagnosis

Most studies show a roughly ______________ lifetime prevalence rates for men and women with schizophrenia, although _____________ tend to develop it later in life compared to _________.

Most studies show a roughly EQUIVALENT lifetime prevalence rates for men and women with schizophrenia, although WOMEN tend to develop it later in life compared to MEN.

What type of personality disorder is this?: Nancy thinks she is the best at everything. She thinks her performance is always excellent, and is extremely critical of anyone else's success. She constantly looks for admiration and reassurance from others.

Narcissistic--Cluster B

There are also neurodevelopment disorders that affect only one or two areas of functioning. For example, learning disorders are characterized by poor academic achievement in either reading, math, or written achievement in a person of ___________ age-expectant intelligence.

Normal--people with learning disorders are of normal, age-expectant intelligence, but genetic, environmental, or neurobiological factors impact their ability to navigate aspects of the academic environment

What personality disorder is this? Yvonne often misses dinner with her family and social events with friends because of her job. She has to get everything right on her projects, which often causes her to stay late at the office.

Obsessive-compulsive--Cluster C

What personality disorder is this?: During a therapy session, John gets up for a glass of water. Ten minutes later John still is not back. He first had to clean the fountain area and neatly arrange the glasses before pouring his glass of water.

Obsessive-compulsive--cluster c

In the DSM-5, the three personality disorders that comprise of Cluster A are characterized by

Odd or eccentric behavior patterns, similar to the psychotic-like symptoms of schizophrenia

One type of sedative, ____________________, was among the most commonly abused drugs in the 1950s, but is now has declining rates of use compared with the rate of use for ____________________.

One type of sedative, BARBITURATES, was among the most commonly abused drugs in the 1950s, but is now has declining rates of use compared with the rate of use for BENZODIAZEPINES.

Opiates, which include _______________, are often used to relieve _______________.

Opiates, which include MORPHINE AND CODEINE, are often used to relieve PAIN OR COUGHING.

These lead to euphoria, drowsiness, and slowed breathing. These substances are analgesics, relieving pain. Users tend to be secretive, preventing a great deal of research in this area.

Opioids

Which personality disorder is characterized by general mistrust and suspicion of others?

Paranoid personality disorder (Cluster A)

Example of what type of personality disorder?: Heidi trusts no one and wrongly believes other people want to harm her. She is sure her husband is secretly planning to leave her and take their three boys, although she has no proof. She no longer divulges any information to coworkers for fear that it will be used in a plot against her. She is usually tense and ready to argue about harmless comments made by family members

Paranoid--Cluster A

Jake is in the late stages of a disease that has caused him to shake and have slow body movements. He now has difficulty driving and learning new information. What type of neurocognitive disorder does Jake appear to have?

Parkinson's disease

Personality disorder: Obsessive-compulsive

People should do better and try harder

People with neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease are likely to become more ____________________ as the disease progresses. They may also experience these feelings more at the end of the day, a phenomenon known as __________.

People with neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease are likely to become more AGITATED AND ANXIOUS as the disease progresses. They may also experience these feelings more at the end of the day, a phenomenon known as SUNDOWNERS SYNDROME.

Preventative efforts have also been identified to try to combat or minimize the potential for a person to develop a developmental disorder. Based on the risk factors of these disorders, it appears that many children can make _____________ progress if interventions are __________________.

Preventative efforts have also been identified to try to combat or minimize the potential for a person to develop a developmental disorder. Based on the risk factors of these disorders, it appears that many children can make SIGNIFICANT progress if interventions are INITIATED EARLY IN LIFE.

The _____________________________ helped protect the rights of patients in mental health facilities by establishing agencies in each state to investigate claims of abuse and neglect.

Protection and Advocacy for Mentally Ill Individuals Act 1986

An integrative treatment approach for schizophrenia: supportive employment

Providing sufficient support before and during employment so that the person can find and keep a meaningful job

An integrative treatment approach for schizophrenia: assertive community treatment

Providing support in the community, with emphasis on small caseloads for care providers, services in the community setting rather than a clinic, and 24-hour coverage

Raised in a home other than that of their biological parents, adopted children of parents with schizophrenia have a(n) _____________ chance of having the disorder themselves. Children of people with schizophrenia adopted into families without schizophrenia have a ______________-than-average chance of having schizophrenia.

Raised in a home other than that of their biological parents, adopted children of parents with schizophrenia have a(n) HIGHER chance of having the disorder themselves. Children of people with schizophrenia adopted into families without schizophrenia have a HIGHER-than-average chance of having schizophrenia.

Although there have been specific deficits in areas of the brain identified for disorders related to ________________, there is no evidence for specific deficits responsible for disorders of written expression.

Reading and math

Youngberg v. Romeo (1982)

Reaffirmed the need for nonrestrictive settings

Personality disorder: Schizoid

Relationships are messy and undesirable

Research on the genetic influence of autism has become increasingly focused on an area involving the genes responsible for the brain chemical _________________. This chemical is shown to have a role in social memories and how people __________________.

Research on the genetic influence of autism has become increasingly focused on an area involving the genes responsible for the brain chemical OXYTOCIN. This chemical is shown to have a role in social memories and how people BONDS WITH OTHERS.

Researchers examining the prevalence of ASD have found that it occurs in ________________________. Additionally, they note that cases have been found _______________________.

Researchers examining the prevalence of ASD have found that it occurs in MORE MALES THAN FEMALES. Additionally, they note that cases have been found THROUGHOUT THE WHOLE WORLD.

Researchers have examined gene-environment interaction in the development and course of ADHD, and have found that children with a specific genetic mutation involving ___________ were more likely to exhibit symptoms of ADHD if their mothers ______________.

Researchers have examined gene-environment interaction in the development and course of ADHD, and have found that children with a specific genetic mutation involving DOPAMINE SYSTEM were more likely to exhibit symptoms of ADHD if their mothers SMOKED DURING PREGNANCY.

Five-year-old Alicia has an increasingly severe intellectual disability and is beginning to have trouble walking on her own. One of the characteristics of her disorder is constant hand-wringing.

Rett syndrome

Description of four psychotic disorders that have some similarities schizophrenia: Applies to a patient who has schizophrenia and also meet the criteria for a major depressive episode.

Schizoaffective disorder

Which personality disorder is characterized by extreme social detachment and isolation?

Schizoid personality disorder (Cluster A)

Description of four psychotic disorders that have some similarities schizophrenia: Schizophrenic symptoms that disappear within 6 months

Schizophreniform disorder

Determine which symptoms or types of schizophrenia spectrum disorders are described in each scenario.: Drew has experienced hallucinations and bizarre delusions for the past four months.

Schizophreniform disorder

____________________ personality disorder is viewed by some to be a precursor for schizophrenia

Schizotypal--anywhere from 10%-20% of patients with schizotypal personality disorder develop schizophrenia

Example of what type of personality disorder?: Rebecca lives alone out in the country with her birds and has little contact with others. She is extremely concerned with pollution, fearing that harmful chemicals are in the air and water around her. She has developed her own water purification system and makes her own clothes. If it is necessary for her to go outside, she covers her body with excessive clothing and wears a facemask to avoid the contaminated air.

Schizotypal--cluster A

Several conditions must be met before the state is permitted to commit a person involuntarily: The person has a(n) (1) ____________________ and is in need of treatment, the person is considered (2) ______________ to herself or others, and the person is unable to care for himself or herself, also known as (3) __________________.

Several conditions must be met before the state is permitted to commit a person involuntarily: The person has a(n) (1) MENTAL DISORDER and is in need of treatment, the person is considered (2) DANGEROUS to herself or others, and the person is unable to care for himself or herself, also known as (3) GRAVE DISABILITY

Juanita has a severe psychological disorder and has been charged with assault and robbery. She does not understand the charges against her because of her disorder and is unable to speak coherently about the case to her attorney. What is likely to happen to Juanita.

She will be found incompetent to stand trail and committed to a mental health care facility

Six-year-old Megan experiences many problems in communicating and does not seem to understand the "rules" when speaking with other children.

Six-year-old Megan experiences many problems in communicating and does not seem to understand the "rules" when speaking with other children.

Someone taught to embrace the disease model of dependence might not necessarily feel ____________________ for his or her addiction and thus ________________________________________.

Someone taught to embrace the disease model of dependence might not necessarily feel RESPONSIBLE for his or her addiction and thus HAVE LITTLE MOTIVATION TO CHANGE HIS OR HER BEHAVIOR.

Kelly was a good student until the sixth grade. Her grades slowly began to drop, despite her increased studying. Now, as a high school senior concerned about graduation, and with hopes of going to college, Kelly has sought help. She places above average on an IQ test but shows significant problems with reading and comprehension.

Specific learning disorder

The gene Apolipoprotein E4 (apo E4) is what type of gene?

Susceptibility

The greatest risk of having schizophrenia is in those who have a(n) ____________________ or ________________ with schizophrenia. Any relative with schizophrenia will make your chances of developing the disorder _____________ than those of the general population.

The greatest risk of having schizophrenia is in those who have a(n) IDENTICAL TWIN or FRATERNAL TWIN with schizophrenia. Any relative with schizophrenia will make your chances of developing the disorder HIGHER than those of the general population.

The likelihood of a child's having schizophrenia is influenced by the ______________ of the parent's disorder. One may inherit a predisposition for _____________ schizophrenia that is the same or different from that of the parent.

The likelihood of a child's having schizophrenia is influenced by the SEVERITY of the parent's disorder. One may inherit a predisposition for GENERAL schizophrenia that is the same or different from that of the parent.

There are literally hundreds of known causes of intellectual disabilities. Infections and head injuries are examples of _____________ causes, and fetal exposure to disease or drugs is an example of a ________________ cause.

There are literally hundreds of known causes of intellectual disabilities. Infections and head injuries are examples of POSTNATAL causes, and fetal exposure to disease or drugs is an example of a PRENATAL cause.

There is also a gender disparity found in the prevalence of ADHD, with _______ three times more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD. This gender difference may be due to _________ with ADHD being ____________ than their gender counterparts with ADHD.

There is also a gender disparity found in the prevalence of ADHD, with BOYS three times more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD. This gender difference may be due to GIRLS with ADHD being LESS ACTIVE than their gender counterparts with ADHD.

These findings highlight that ___________________ presence of extrapyramidal symptoms is associated with greater noncompliance.

These findings highlight that AN INCREASE presence of extrapyramidal symptoms is associated with greater noncompliance

Trent's developmental disorder is characterized by uncontrollable yelps, sniffs, and grunting noises.

Tourette's disorder

In addition to the Supreme Court's tighter restrictions on civil commitment, there has also been a trend to release individuals with severe mental illness from large psychiatric hospitals and other institutions. In many cases, these individuals end up being served in other types of institutions, such as nursing hopes and prisons, where proper treatment is often lacking. What is this phenomenon called?

Transinstitutionalization

With civil commitment procedures, individuals with mental illness are involuntarily committed to mental health facilities for their own benefit or to protect the public from them. A person accused of a crime may also be held in a mental health facility if he or she is waiting to be assessed for competence to ____________ or when he or she has been found __________ by reason of insanity. This process is known as __________________________.

With civil commitment procedures, individuals with mental illness are involuntarily committed to mental health facilities for their own benefit or to protect the public from them. A person accused of a crime may also be held in a mental health facility if he or she is waiting to be assessed for competence to STAND TRIAL or when he or she has been found NOT GUILTY by reason of insanity. This process is known as CIVIL COMMITMENT.

When seeking treatment for paranoid personality disorder, clinicians first develop ______________________.

a sense of trust

Schizophrenia: Prodromal stage

a 1 to 2 year period when a person experiences less sever, but still unusual, symptoms.

Positive reinforcement

a consequence of behavior that strengthens or increases the frequency of that behavior.

Intermittent explosive disorder

a controversial diagnosis in which people occasionally act on aggressive impulses

In addition to feeling depressed and agitated when he stopped drinking, Hubert felt a strong urge to drink whenever her was around his friends. This is __________________ that can further impede his efforts to stop drinking.

a craving

Kleptomania

a disorder characterized by impulse stealing and shoplifting. Items are even stolen when they are not needed, and the individuals often report not being able to remember the theft

Schizoaffective disorder

a disorder in which the patient meets the criteria for both schizophrenia and either a major depressive or manic mood episode. In order to be diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder, a patient must show psychotic symptoms in the absence of mood-related symptoms

For the person found not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI), confinement generally occurs in

a hospital and often exceeds the amount of time the person would have spent in jail had he or she been convicted of the crime.

The social interactions of people with ASD are characterized by

a lack of peer relationships, marked by impairment in nonverbal behaviors, a disinterest in sharing enjoyment with others, and lack of social or emotional reciprocity.

Delusional disorder

a less debilitating disorder in which a ptient has delusions but fails to show any other psychotic symptoms. The beliefs may lead to functional disruptions, but behavior is otherwise unimpaired. A patient's diagnosis may be listed as a specific subtype, depending on the nature of his or her delusions.

Long-term use of inhalants can lead to

a number of health problems, including kidney and brain damage

The Durham rule states that

a person accused of an unlawful act is not responsible for the wrongdoing if the act is a product of a mental disease or mental defect, based on a person's cognitive abilities and emotional functioning (ALI replaced this)

Cotard's syndrome occurs when

a person believes that they have died even though they continue to exist and be self-aware

Delusional disorder is diagnosed when

a person has no psychotic symptoms except one or more delusions. The patient reports having only the symptom of a jealous delusion. The absence of all other types of psychotic symptoms--like hallucinations, disorganized speech, or negative symptoms--indicates the presence of delusional disorders.

Civil commitment

a person is involuntarily committed to a mental health facility for treatment and is a difficult legal and social issue

Inappropriate affect is identified when

a person with schizophrenia displays emotions that do not match the emotional climate of a situation (for example, laughing in response to a tragic story). This symptom is different from flat affect

Borderline personality disorder is characterized by

a pervasive pattern of instability--Cluster B

Brief psychotic disorder

a very short-lived form of schizophrenia that lasts less than one month. In such cases, patients often display positive psychotic symptoms in the aftermath of a highly stressful situation. In some cases, the symptoms may last only a few days.

Personality disorders: A categorial model is one in which

a yes or no answer is given for the presence of certain behavior pattern

Of all of the following which is the most accurate statement regarding personality disorders? a. A person need not experience any subjective distress in order to be diagnosed with a personality disorder. b. Prospects for treatment those with personality disorders are actually quite a bit worse than has long been understood, and there are no real effective treatments for any of these conditions. c. Personality disorders usually involve acute symptoms that occur over a relatively short period of time. d. DSM-5 lists 7 different personality disorders

a. A person need not experience any subjective distress in order to be diagnosed with a personality disorder.--Often the individual's personality disorder brings distress and problem to those around him or her. This is, in part, one of the reasons why treating these disorders can be so tricky.

Which of the following drugs used in the treatment of neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease is rarely used due to it's potential to damage the patient's liver? a. Cognex b. Aricept c. Exelon d. Reminyl

a. Cognex

Which of the following individuals coined the term dementia praecox, which meant "premature loss of mind"? a. Emil Kraepelin b. Sigmund Freud c. Eugen Bleuler d. Phillipe Pinel

a. Emil Kraepelin

What is the generic name of the antipsychotic medication Zyprexa? a. Olanzapine b. Clozapine c. Risperidone d. Chlorpromazine

a. Olanzapine

On his way home from work, Greg is sitting on the subway across from a group of 3 teenaged girls. The girls are talking quietly to each other, and a second after one of them looks up at Greg the three of them burst into giggles. Greg starts to think that the girls are talking about him even though he has no evidence that this is so. This type of idea of reference is typically associated with which type of personality disorder? a. Schizotypal b. Antisocial c. Histrionic d. Avoidant

a. Schizotypal--Ideas of reference are different then delusions of reference because they are not so far outside the boundary of reality; that is, they could be true even though the person knows they probably are not.

Which of the following side-effects of antipsychotic medications involves involuntary chewing, puffing of the cheeks, and a protruding tongue? a. Tardive dyskinesia b. Neurofibromatosis c. Apophenia d. Agranulocytosis

a. Tardive dyskinesia

In regard to the family interactions among schizophrenic patients, the word "double bind," was first proposed to describe a. a communication style that presented conflicting messages. b. an emotionally distant mother whose child became schizophrenic. c. a family in which relatives on both sides were psychotic. d. an abusive and alcoholic father whose child became schizophrenic.

a. a communication style that presented conflicting messages.--The idea that children can be given contradictory messages that leave them unsure of what actions are expected and/or proper has been linked to the development of psychotic symptoms.

The brain's tendency to reorganize by forming new neural connections is called ________. a. neuroplasticity b. synaptic pruning c. hemispheric specialization d. the neural agonist effect

a. neuroplasticity--Neuroplasticity is one of the great abilities of the human brain, and it explains why people who have certain types of brain injuries may recover lost skills over time.

Henry often draws whispers and gossip from his classmates. He has a very unusual way of dressing that is outside the norm of his peers, gives the impression of being a rather "odd duck," and sometimes tells people that he feels that he has some magical abilities. He is sometimes suspicious of others for no real reason, although he does not have any thoughts that would be considered psychotic. Of the following personality disorders, Henry appears to be ________. a. schizotypal b. schizoid c. antisocial d. avoidant

a. schizotypal--Henry is seen as unusual by his peers and has many personality characteristics that are odd enough that they just barely resemble a psychotic illness such as schizophrenia. His best diagnosis is schizotypal personality disorder.

Individuals functioning at Level 1 (previously diagnosed with Asperger's disorder) have a limited

ability to engage in social reciprocity, which might present itself as appearing self- focused and not showing interest in things other people care about.

Antisocial personality disorder is diagnosed only in

adults and when there is a likely history of conduct disorder during childhood or adolescence

Disorder in which the effects of the drug impede the ability to function properly by affecting vision, motor control, reaction time, memory, and hearing.

alcohol use disorder

Antisocial personality disorder: Identifying high-risk children allows clinicians and educators to

alter the persistent course of aggressive behaviors, reducing the possibility that a child will grow up continuing to act in a way that would prompt a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder

the disease model of dependence

assumes that underlying PHYSIOLOGICAL disorder causes substance dependence--this model is contrasted with the moral weakness model

It is likely that a child with this motivation to counteract low arousal levels will _____________ children with smaller behavior patterns, which can be antisocial in nature

attract

In ____________________, substance use is paired with something extremely unpleasant (like alcohol and vomiting with Antabuse).

aversion therapy

To help a man stop smoking cigarettes, his therapist has him light up a cigarette and then deliver a small electric shock through an electrode attached to the man's arm.

aversion therapy

What personality disorder is this?: Mike has no social life because of his great fear of rejection. He disregards compliments and reacts excessively to criticism, which only feeds his pervasive feelings of inadequacy. Mike takes everything personally.

avoidant--cluster C

Which of the following would be an example of substance abuse? a. Taking a sleeping pill on an occasional basis when you're feeling extra tense. b. Getting drunk a few nights in any given week and feeling sluggish the next morning at work. c. Drinking a cup of coffee in the morning and then two more once you get to work. d. Taking aspirin every day, even when you have no pain.

b. Getting drunk a few nights in any given week and feeling sluggish the next morning at work.--Because this pattern of using a substance has the obvious potential of interfering with your work life, it might be considered substance abuse.

Dr. Phillip and Dr. Roth are two psychologists who are designing a game to teach their students about personality disorders. The game involves a series of cards, each of which has one word printed on it. Player 1 reads the word on the card ,and her partner has to guess what disorder is being described. If the disorder in question was borderline personality disorder, which of the following would be the best word for the card? a. Perfectionism b. Instability c. Magical d. Loner

b. Instability--As your textbook notes, instability is the core feature of borderline personality disorder.

"I can't believe the kinds of chemicals that are used on plants these days," Paulie tells his friends. "I mean, seriously! You can't even take a good old-fashioned naturally occurring hallucinogen without risking ingesting one of those horrible pesticides. I think I'd rather take a hallucinogen that is produced in a laboratory to be safe!" Which hallucinogen would Paulie be most likely to take? a. Dimethyltryptamine b. d-lysergic acid diethylamide c. Psilocybin d. Mescaline

b. d-lysergic acid diethylamide-- This is LSD, commonly referred to as "acid." It is produced synthetically in a laboratory.

If an individual accidentally injures another person, he or she cannot be convicted of a crime because there was no "criminal intent," a theoretical concept known legally as ________. a. habeus corpus b. mens rea c. modus operandi d. therapeutic jurisprudence

b. mens rea

Neuritic plaques consist of

bata-amyloid proteins that accumulate in spaces between neurons and the brain

Personality disorder: Narcissistic

because I am special, I deserve special rules

Aside from social skills training, two psychosocial treatments for schizophrenia, _____________________ (teaching family members to be supportive) and ______________________ (teaching meaningful jobs), may be helpful.

behavioral family intervention; vocational rehabilitation

IIn the 1960s, doctors began prescribing _____________ to help with anxiety, and their use has increased ever since.

benzodiazepines (modern versions include Valium and Xanax)

What is safer? Benzodiazepines or barbiturates but can still lead to tolerance, withdrawal, and dependance

benzodiazepines are somewhat safer than barbiturates

Although gender differences are evident in the research of personality disorders, some differences in the findings may be the result of _________

bias

Which of the following drugs is NOT classified as a barbiturate? a. Nembutal b. Seconal c. Ativan d. Amytal

c. Ativan

Which of the following is not a natural opiate that is produced in the human brain? a. Enkaphalins b. Beta-endorphins c. Glutamates d. Dynorphins

c. Glutamates--Glutamate is a neurotransmitter produced in the human brain, but it is not a natural opiate.

Of the following drugs, one is not considered to be an amphetamine that is on a small but feared growing list of similar substances. Which one is it? a. Eve (MDEA) b. Ecstasy (MDMA) c. Ketamine (Special K or Cat Valium) d. Nexus (BDMEA

c. Ketamine (Special K or Cat Valium)--Ketamine, which is also known as K, Special K, and Cat Valium), is a dissociative anesthetic that chemically is not an amphetamine.

A condition called Korsakoff syndrome is sometime seen in those who suffer from chronic alcoholism, and involves confusion, loss of muscle coordination, and unintelligible speech. It is caused by a deficiency in which vitamin? a. Riboflavin b. B-12 c. Thiamine d. Calcium

c. Thiamine--People with chronic alcoholism have a difficult time metabolizing the vitamin thiamine, which leads to the symptoms of Korsakoff syndrome.

In earlier editions of the DSM, people who suffered from alcoholism and substance abuse were lumped into a diagnostic category called sociopathic personality disorder. This diagnosis was the precursor to what is now called ________ personality disorder. a. borderline b. histrionic c. antisocial d. narcissistic

c. antisocial--This is correct, and it highlights just how negatively people with these problems were (and perhaps continue to be) seen.

The fact that personality disorders are problems of ________ illustrates the fact that these diagnoses may involve extreme variations of normal problems that most people suffer from on an occasional and temporary basis. a. biology rather than learning b. learning rather than biological c. degree rather than kind d. functioning rather than structure

c. degree rather than kind--Personality disorders may not be about "what" but rather may be about "how much."

Individuals who think very highly of themselves, often in an unrealistically grandiose manner, and who believe that they are continually entitled to special treatment may be diagnosed with ________ personality disorder. a. borderline b. histrionic c. narcissistic d. dependent

c. narcissistic--People with narcissistic personality disorder often believe themselves to be better than others, but this belief may mask a deeply-seated fear of being completely valueless.

According to your authors, the genetic contribution to the development of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder appears to be a. strong. b. nonexistent. c. weak. d. moderate.

c. weak.

Legal stimulants

caffeine and nicotine

Insomnia is a more common effect of _____________ use than of withdrawl

caffine

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

characterized by a preoccupation with orderliness, structure, details, and rules. Can be a perfectionist at work and get little done because he or she is so lost in the details, or it can cause a person to be an excellent employee and get a lot of work done.--sacrifices social and leisure time to interference with life

Schizophrenia: Delusion

characterized by an irrational belief involving a misperception of reality

Avoidant personality disorder

characterized by being shy and hypervigilant about what other people think, along with having a highly negative self-image

inattentive symptoms of ADHD

characterized by difficulty staying on task, a lack of awareness to the person's surroundings, poor listening skills, forgetfulness, and an overall lack of attention to detail

Dependent personality disorder

characterized by extreme reliance on others and a strong hesitancy to disagree with others or do anything that might incite rejection.

Pyromania

characterized by urges and impulses to start fires. Individuals with this disorder often feel tension just before the fire start

Cluster C: Research on psychosocial contributions for developing an anxious or fearful personality disorder often point to

childhood experiences

Conduct disorder is most frequently diagnosed in

children and adolescents --rare, but adults can also be diagnosed with conduct disorder

Down syndrome is the most common ____________ form of ID, caused by the presence of an extra 21st chromosome and therefore sometimes referred to as trisomy 21.

chromosomal

Personality disorders are described as _______________ because unlike many disorders, they originate in childhood and continue throughout adulthood

chronic

An individual who a severe psychological disorder can sometimes be involuntarily committed to a mental health facility for treatment, even if no crime has been committed. This is known as what?

civil commitment--complex legal and ethical issue in mental health

Recently, clinical practice guidelines were established on two axes. The _______________ axis is a consideration of the scientific evidence to determine whether the intervention in question is effective.

clinical efficacy

Only treatments that have evidence of both effectiveness in controlled clinical research

clinical utility

The ___________________ axis is concerned with an intervention's effectiveness in the clinical setting where it will be applied, not in the research setting.

clinical utility

the effectiveness in the actual practice setting in which the treatment would be applied

clinical utility

How is intermittent explosive disorder treated with?

cognitive-behavioral theory--often the focus is on learning to identify and avoid things that trigger aggressive behavior. To date, some anecdotal evidence indicates that this approach works, but no large-scale studies have been conducted.

__________________ refers to a condition in which people with personality disorders are diagnosed with other disorders.

comorbidity

The defendant does not go to trial because she is unable to understand the proceedings and assist in the defense.

competence to stand trial

Antisocial personality disorder overlaps considerably with _______________________, even though they are distinct conditions

conduct disorder

People who suffer from delirium appear to be ______________ or out of touch with their surroundings.

confused

In _____________________________, the clinician and the client work together to decide which behaviors the client needs to change and which reinforcers will be used as rewards for reaching set goals.

contingency management

The behavioral inhibition system is responsible for

coordinating a person's ability to slow down or stop when faced with the possiblity of punishment, mostly by incrasing a person's feelings of fear and anxiety

ADHD is associated with

copy number variants, which are mutations that either create extra copies of a gene on one chromosome or result in the deletion of genes.

Managed care and patient _________________ have been successful in preventing delirium in older adults.

counseling

By imagining unpleasant scenes, the _______________________ technique helps the person associate the negative effects of the drug with drug use.

covert sensitization

Many individuals released from large mental health facilities end up homeless or in trouble with the law, which is referred to as what of the mentally ill?

criminalization

Heroin and methadone are _____________________, which means they affect the same neurotransmitter receptors.

cross-tolerant

To accommodate the range of difficulties in the two symptom clusters of autism spectrum disorder (social/communication interaction and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities), DSM-5 introduced three different levels of severity. Which of the following is not one of them? a. "Requiring support" b. "Requiring very substantial support" c. "Requiring substantial support" d. "Requiring moderate support"

d. "Requiring moderate support"

A research study of 6,000 lifetime drinkers (DeWitt, et al., 2000) found that drinking at an early age of ________ was predictive of later alcohol-related disorders. a. 9-11 b. 14-16 c. 6-9 d. 11-14

d. 11-14

Which of the following drugs causes schizophrenic symptoms? a. Heroin b. MDMA c. EDTA d. Ketamine

d. Ketamine--Ketamine, which is actually an animal tranquilizer, can cause psychotic symptoms.

According to the 1975 case of ________ a non-dangerous mentally ill individual cannot be confined in an institution if capable of functioning safely on the outside. a. Addington v. Texas b. Wyatt v. Stickney c. Youngberg v. Romeo d. O'Connor v. Donaldson

d. O'Connor v. Donaldson

Victor has suffered from a substance-related disorder for many years, and has finally decided to seek treatment to kick his habit. As part of his counseling, Victor and his therapist select the behaviors that are unhealthy and need to change, and decide on what rewards Victor will earn by making those changes. Their plan is very clear and very simple, and there is no room for misinterpretation. Victor and his counselor are employing ________ as part of his treatment. a. systematic desensitization b. relapse prevention c. aversive counterconditioning. d. contingency management

d. contingency management--Contingency management is what is described here, and it is a very valuable part of virtually every approach to treating substance-related problems.

The condition called ________ involves hallucinations and body tremors during withdrawal from alcohol. a. depressant psychosis b. nitrogen narcosis c. tardive dyskinesia d. delirium tremens

d. delirium tremens--The DTs, as they are called, can be reduced with appropriate medical treatment, which is why detoxification from a severe alcohol addiction must be done under carefully controlled circumstances.

The condition called chronic traumatic encephalopathy used to be called ________. a. Asperger's disorder b. pseudologica fantastica c. Korsakoff's syndrome d. dementia pugilistica

d. dementia pugilistica--This illness is most commonly seen among boxers who, as part of their profession, take repeated blows to the head.

Ron is a 9-year-old boy recently diagnosed with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. His parents have chosen a form of treatment that will involve both medication and behavior therapy. This would be referred to as ________ treatment and was validated by a 14-month study of nearly 600 children. a. biopsychosocial b. polyphasic c. eclectic d. multimodal

d. multimodal

The systematic collection of data on patient outcomes is called a a. path analysis. b. cross-sectional efficiency protocol. c. longitudinal efficacy study. d. quantified clinical observation

d. quantified clinical observation--It is also called a clinical replication series.

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrom is a

debilitating brain disorder that is characterized by confusion, difficulty with muscle coordination, and unintelligible speech.

Schizophrenia: Negative symptoms include behaviors, emotions, and thoughts that are considered ____________________.

deficient

Transinstitutionalization was a result of

deinstitutionalization

Treatment for patents with schizophrenia most likely involves the goal of what?

delaying the onset of schizophrenia, if not reducing a person's psychotic-like symptoms overall

The decline of intellectual abilities through, for example, excess consumption of alcohol.

dementia

Marti is a 24-year-old college student who started drinking heavily when he was 15. Marti drinks a moderate amount every night. In high school, he would become drunk after about four beers; now his tolerance has more than doubled. Marti claims alcohol relieves the pressures of college life. He once attempted to quit drinking, but he had chills, fever, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, and body aches and pains.

dependence

Unfortunately, the heroin addict may become permanently _____________ on methadone.

dependent

A wide variety of substances can be abused as part of a substance-related disorder, with ________________ being one of the primary categories of substances.

depressants

Neurocognitive disorder is similar to delirium in some important ways but

different in others. 1) Delirium is temporary and reversible and changes in a person's consciousness or thinking, focus. Symptoms develop fast and fluctuate over hours or days 2) Neurocognitive is irreversible and develops slowly and progressive course.

apraxia

difficulty carrying out motor activities

aphasia

difficulty with language

Reinforcing a child with food and praise whenever the child makes any shound after being prompted by a teacher is a step in

discrimination training for ASD--eventually, the child will be reinforced only when approximations of the sound are made on request.

Delirium is a condition characterized by

disordered thinking and impaired cognition that typically appears and subsides relatively quickly but can have lasting effects

Determine which symptoms or types of schizophrenia spectrum disorders are described in each scenario.: Jane has spent the past half hour staring in the mirror. As you approach her, she turns away and giggles. When you ask what she's laughing at, she answers, but you're having difficulty understanding what she says.

disorganized

People exhibiting flat affect

do not show any emotions when normally expected or seem unaffected by what is going on around them.

Recent studies sometimes indicate that the relationship of the neurotransmitters ___________________ and ____________________ may explain some positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

dopamine and serotonin

Haloperidol is generally prescribed only for delirium caused by

drug or alcohol withdrawal (or when the cause is unknown)

The _________ population is at the greatest risk of experiencing delirium resulting from improper use of medications.

elderly

____________________ is not a common treatment for any type of delirium

electroconvulsive therapy

One explanation for why women are more likely to develop Alzheimer's disease over men is because of

estrogen, which is primarily a female sex hormone, may be a protective factor against Alzheimer's disease. Women lose estrogen as they age, which may then put them at increased risk for the disease

People with intellectual disability, one type of developmental disorder, exhibit delays in

expected maturation, often in the ares of: 1) Intelligence 2) Cognition 3) Learning 4) Self-care

The legal system often relies on individuals with specialized knowledge, known as

expert witnesses--help judges and juries make informed decisions

Schizophrenia: Because antipsychotic medications may cause serious side effects, some patients stop taking them. One serious side effect is called ___________________________, which may include parkinsonian symptoms.

extrapyramidal symptoms

ADHD: Hyperactive

fidgety, unable to sit in a seat for periods of time, climbs excessively on furniture or desks, and talks too much

Sundowner syndrome

for reasons that are not entirely clear but possibly related to fatigue or problems with the brain's biological clock, these feelings are often more pronounced at the end of the day

Impulse-control disorders

for some individuals, impulses or urges are nearly irresistible and can lead to destructive behaviors that are not characterized very well by other psychological disorders.

The general public estimates that the insanity defense is used in 37% of felony cases. Based on the actual numbers revealed in the previous activity, it is clear that the general public _____________ the actual use of the insanity defense.

greatly overestimates

Alzheimer's disease accounts for how many cases of neurocognitive disorder?

half of the cases--other medical conditions can also cause neurocognitive disorder

Which category of drug includes many substances that are chemically similar to neurotransmitters

hallucinogens--similar to neurotransmitters such as serotonin and norepinephrine

Antisocial personality disorder--diagnosis of this disorder is based on

having 3/7 behaviors or trains and having consistently displayed them since mid adolescence--can include personality traits unlike conduct disorder

Disorder that deprives a person of the ability to resist acting on a drive or temptation.

impulse-control disorder

Some people with schizophrenia exhibit the disorganized symptom of

inappropriate affect

Studies have highlighted that the fact that people with schizophrenia are likely to have ______________________ prior to their diagnosis.

increases stress levels

Substance dependence

indicates both tolerance and substance withdrawal--e.g., Patrick has been a heavy smoker since 12. Now 48, smokes more than ever before, and develops severe headaches, anxiety, and restlessness whenever he tries to quit

absence of joint attention is indicative of the lack of interest or engagement people with autism spectrum disorder have in others in the world around them.

indicative of the lack of interest or engagement people with autism spectrum disorder have in others in the world around them.

In cases such as O'Connor v. Donaldson (1975) and Addington v. Texas (1979), the Supreme Court indicated that

individuals with mental illness cannot be committed agains their will if they are not dangerous, especially if they are able to survive in the community on their own or with help.

It is clear that psychoactive substances can affect

individuals' moods and behaviors through biological processes.

Researchers have found that a large number of people who develop schizophrenia were also exposed to _______________ in the prenatal environment.

influenza virus (the flue)--some believe that exposure to this virus cause a fetus to develop brain damage that results in symptoms of schizophrenia

The clinical researcher knows the potential for harm of the participants is slight but is nevertheless careful to tell them about it and asks them whether they agree to give their ____________________.

informed consent

A typical symptom of ASD is failure to

initiate conversation, and an obstacle in efforts to improve communication, through techniques as discrimination training and shaping, is that a child with ASD won't or cant imitate

Neurofibrillary tangles are fibers

inside the nerve cells of the brain that can be twisted

Characteristics of sever cases of autism may sometimes be misinterpreted as which of the following disorders? 1) Learning 2) Conduct 3) Intellectual 4) Attachment

intellectual

Brennan scored the winning goal for his high school soccer team and his friends take him out to celebrate. He doesn't smoke, but he doesn't mind drinking alcohol occasionally. Because Brennan had such a good game, he decides to have a few drinks. Despite his great performance in the game, he is easily irritated, laughing one minute and yelling the next. The more Brennan rambles on about his game-winning goal, the more difficult it is to understand him.

intoxication

Schizophrenia: Grandiose delusion

involves the irrational belief that one is an especially powerful or important person, when actually this is not so. Believing that one is in charge of the transportation when, in fact, a person is homeless is an example

The process of criminal commitment is initiated when

it needs to be determined whether the accused person is competent (or mentally fit) to stand trial and participate in legal proceedings or when the individual has been found not guilty by reason if insanity.

A person with delirium is likely to have trouble with

language, such as speaking, and with memory/

Some people with schizophrenia exhibit the disorganized symptom of inappropriate affect. This symptom is dist from the negative symptom of flat affect. A person exhibiting inappropriate affect may

laugh in response to the telling of a tragic story

Statistically, people with schizophrenia have what kind of life expectancy

lower-than-average life expectancy

Researchers have discovered that people who are at risk for developing schizophrenia are biologically

more sensitive to postnatal stressors, but these stressors do not appear to occur any more frequently for people with schizophrenia than for people without schizophrenia

When teachers repeatedly punish children with ADHD for blurting out answers or interruption, it is most likely due to what and cause what?

most likely due to impulsivity--the child may experience embarrassment and poor self-image

There appear to be _____________________ for Tourette's that influence the severity of tics.

multiple susceptibility genes

Prevention of neurodevelopment disorders: it appears that many children can make significant progress if interventions are initiated early in life, as evidenced by findings from

national Head Start programs.

Deterministic genes are associated with

nearly 100% chance of developing Alzheimer's disease

As people age, many of them experience relatively minor lapses in memory or diminished cognitive processing, such as slower decision making or difficulty paying attention. For some individuals these problems become more significant and interfere with daily functioning. When this occurs, the person may be diagnosed with a

neurocognitive disorder

Identify the neurocognitive disorders described.A decline in cognitive functioning that is gradual and continuous and has been associated with neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques.

neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease

Autism is a ___________________ disorder.

neurological

prevalence and causes of schizophrenia: antagonist drugs can actually cause

neurotransmitters to leak from synaptic vescles

This substance stimulates the nervous system and relieves stress. DSM-5 describes withdrawal symptoms instead of an intoxication pattern.

nicotine

The long-term outcome for treating adults with antisocial personality disorder is

not as good as the long-term outcome for identifying and treating children at risk for developing the disorder

The lack of social engagement is also characteristic of ASD, and an autistic child's tendency to react oddly to people can create

obstacles in efforts to improve socialization.

Difficult cases of schizophrenia seem to improve with a serotonin and dopamine antagonist called ___________________.

olanzapine

Diminished capacity is a term that refers to

one's control of their own faculties and behaviors based on the influence of mental illness.

Early stages of neurocognitive disorder memory problems are typically related to

ongoing events, not long-term memory--e.g., She cannot remember what she had for lunch

Those who oppose to strict civil commitment requirements want to make it easier to commit individuals with mental illness, often out of concern for the health of the individuals suffering from the mental illness (without commitment, they may no receive proper treatment for their illness.--

parens patriae, or "parent of the nation," powers are often invoked as a reason to commit individuals for their own good.

Schizophrenia: Offspring of twins

parents with relatives who have schizophrenia can pass on a genetic vulnerability to their children, even if they don't have any symptoms themselves.

"Brain blame" refers to the idea that suggests that

people are not to blame for their actions, particularly illegal acts, because of certain neurological issues from which they suffer.

Personality disorder: Histrionic

people are there to serve or admire

underarousal hypothesis posits that

people with antisocial behavior and/or personality traits have abnormally low levels of cortical arousal while resting, leading to a desire to seek stimulation--people with antisocial personality disorder and/or psychopathy are involved in high-risk behaviors in order to gain a higher level of stimulation necessary to change their abnormally low levels of arousal to a more moderate level of arousal

Consequences that are positive reinforcers are typically considered

pleasant or pleasurable

Some substances function as powerful rein forcers because they activate the brain's natural....

pleasure pathway

If a state commits an individual to a mental health facility agains his or her will in order to protect society from that individual, what type of authority is being exercised?

police power

Hypokinesia

poor quality of movement

Cravings are

powerful urges that people can experience after they stop taking the drus they have been using repeatedly or for a longer period

Learning disorder treatment: Educational intervention

primary treatment approach for learning disorders

Psychologists sometimes use the term psychopathy in reference to

problematic behaviors

disturbance in executive function is a deficit in

processing complex information--produce difficulties in decision making

That majority of people who develop schizophrenia first experience the

prodromal period

schizoaffective disorder involves a blending of

psychotic symptoms and either depressive or bipolar symptoms

The strong genetic and neurological influences of schizophrenia allow biological interventions to be

quite successful in treating the symptoms of the disorders--compliance with taking these prescription medications is a major issue in treatment

Research finds that those with the higher levels of education experience a more ___________ decline once the symptoms of neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease first appear.

rapid

Hallucinogens can cause

rapid heartbeat and blurred vision, odd perceptions and delirium

Schizophrenia: A person exhibiting signs of alogia would be noted as

rarely speaking to other patients or staff and preferred to be isolated from the group. Also is characterized by sparse verbal interactions with others, if any at all, and appearing socially withdrawn.

Narcissistic personality disorder treatments: Grandiosity

reducing fantasies of excessive wealth and fame would be involved

The Supreme Court ruling in Riggins v. Nevada helped support a patient's right to _____________________.

refuse treatment

The ______________________________________________ model involves therapy that helps individuals remove ambivalence about stopping their drug use by examining their beliefs about the positive and negative aspects of drug use.

relapse prevention

A woman who has become addicted to Percocet (an opioid painkiller) works with her therapist to identify situations in which she is likely to use the drug and learn ways to deal with those situations.

relapse prevention--form of CBT

Narcissistic personality disorder treatments: Hypersensitivity to evaluation

relaxation techniques would be involves

tolerance

requires a higher dose to create the same effect--e.g., Winona used to feel alert and awake after one small cup of coffee in the morning, but now needs three large cups to feel that way

Natalie reveals to her therapist that she hears numerous voices talking to her and giving her orders. Her doctor has just sent her to this therapist for what he believes to be a major depressive episode. She has begun to sleep all the time and contemplates suicide often.

schizoaffective disorder

Example of what type of personality disorder?: Doug is a college student who has no close friends. He comes to class every day and sits in a corner alone. Most students find him difficult to engage and complain about his lack of involvement in class activities, but he appears indifferent to what others say. He has never had a girlfriend, and expresses no desire to have sex. He is meeting with a therapist only because his family tricked him into going.

schizoid--Cluster A

The most widely studied psychotic disorder is what?

schizophrenia (a variety of symptoms characterizing this disorder)

If Shawn's schizophrenic symptoms disappeared after about 4 months and he returned to his normal life, what diagnosis might he have received?

schizophreniform disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized in the DSM-5 by

sever impairment in certain areas of development--social interaction skills and communication skills--or by the presence of stereotyped behaviors, interests, and activities

Steroid use can lead to

several undesirable or harmful effects such as acne, shrunken testicles, high blood pressure, and liver malfunction

Opiates are extremely addictive and can cause

severe withdrawal symptoms--pain relief and sleep

Jessica received an IQ score of 30. She lives in a fully staffed group home where she is trained in basic adaptive skills and communication. She is improving over time and can communicate by pointing or using her eye-gaze board.

severe, extensive support

Bradykinesia

slow body movements common in Parkinson's disease

In ____________________, clinicians attempt to reteach such behaviors as basic conversation, assertiveness, and relationship building to people with schizophrenia.

social skills training

As is true with most DSM-5 disorders, multiple factors are found to contribute to the onset of common and persuasive developmental disorders, with genetic predispositions exerting a _______________

strong influence

The criteria for civil commitment rely on

subjective evaluations and can vary from state to state in the US, leading to regular legal challenges.

Identify the neurocognitive disorders described: Julian substance-induced neurocognitive disorder

substance-induced neurocognitive disorder

A class of disorders that affects the way people think, feel, and behave. substance-related and addictive disorder

substance-related and addictive disorder

According to DSM-5, a specific learning disorder is characterized by performance that is

substantially below what would be expected given the person's age, intelligence quotient (IQ) score, and education.

Schizophrenia: Biological conditions

such as maternal viral infections, oxygen deficiency, and disease exposure, can create a stressful prenatal environment, which appears to increase the likelihood of risk for psychiatric disorders in general but espcially for schizophrenia

The opponent-process theory

suggests that a combination of both positive and negative factors sustains a substance-related problem

Key characteristics of delirium include reduced awareness of one's ________________ and changes in _______________.

surroundings and changes in cognition

Research identifying risk factors for psychotic disorders have focused heavily on schizophrenia, but findings also frequently relate to other psychotic disorders because

symptoms of these disorders are often similar to those of schizophrenia

ADHD treatment: Social skill training

teaches children how to interact appropriately with peers

Personality disorder: Cluster C contains

the anxious and fearful disorders

Stimulants activate what?

the central nervous system

The concept of mental illness plays a central role in what?

the civil commitment process

Personality disorder: Cluster B contains

the dramatic, emotional, and erratic disorders

Neurobiological dysfunction is

thought to decrease the negative effects of the behavioral inhabitation system and increase the positive effects of the reward system, creating a cycle where antisocial acts are reinforced.

Police power refers to

the government's authority to act to protect public health, safety, and welfare. Thus, when an individual is involuntarily committed to a mental health facility in order to protect society from that individual, this is an example f civil commitment justified by police power

The cognitive reverse hypothesis for dementia

the idea the education and intellectual engagement can increase the number of synapses a person develops throughout a lifetime. When the brain changes of Alzheimer's begin, a person with more synapses will have more of a buffer before the neuronal damage and symptoms of neurocognitive disorder become evident.

Therapeutic jurisprudence referes to

the incorporation of mental health services and strategies into the judicial system to help individuals with psychological disorders

Parental power typically refers to

the legal authority or powers that an actual parent has in regards to his or her children.

The insanity defense was established to protect

the mentally ill from being prosecuted for crimes that were caused more by their disorder than criminal intent.

Avolition

the negative schizophrenic symptom that involves an inability to initiate and persist in activities

Personality disorder: Cluster A contains

the odd or eccentric disorders

Echolalia

the parroting of what another person says rather than responding with appropriate content to their statement

It should be noted that a psychologist can testify to the dangerousness of the accused only over

the short term--2 to 20 days.

Some people exhibit psychotic symptoms similar to schizophrenia but do not meet the criteria for the disorder. As a result,

there are other diagnoses that are included in the category of psychotic disorder.

Personality disorders are somewhat controversial because

they are viewed in several different ways

Adults with antisocial personality disorder and treatment

they rarely seek treatment on their own, and they are often manipulative and deceptive with a therapist--therapist are pessimistic about successful long-term outcomes for adults

Deinstitutionalization

this policy refers to relapsing patients from mental health facilities, and though this seems like a good idea many of them had nowhere to go and got "lost" after these release

True/False: Amphetamines have been used as appetite suppressants. Answer

true

Treatment for histrionic personality disorder often involves steps to help a client

understand that the short-term gains of the interaction style that characterizes this disorder come with long-term costs.

Those who argue in favor of strict civil commitment requirements, which make it more difficult for a state to involuntarily commit someone to a mental health facility, often do so out of concern of the individuals right to freedom. Thus, they argue that

unless a person has committed a crime or is dangerous to society, that person should not be held agains his or her will

aversion therapy

unpleasant or aversive stimulus, such as electric shock, is paired with the use of substance.

Over the past year, Henry picked up a habit of having a cigarette every day after lunch. Instead of sitting in the lounge with his friends, he goes to his favorite spot in the courtyard and has his cigarette. If for some reason he is unable to have his cigarette after lunch, he is not dependent on it and can still function normally

use

Substance use

use of drug does not seem to be maladaptive--e.g., Karen suffers from seasonal allergies and takes an antihistamine every day during the spring

substance-related disorders

used extensively, such substances can significantly impair daily functioning or cause physical harm

An integrative treatment approach for schizophrenia: collaborate psychopharmacology

using antipsychotic medications to treat the main symptoms of the disorder (hallucinations, delusions), as well as using other medications for secondary symptoms (e.g., antidepressant medication for people with secondary depression)

Identify the neurocognitive disorders described.: Mr. Brown has suffered from a number of strokes but can still care for himself. His ability to remember important things, however, has been declining steadily for the past few years.

vascular neurocognitive disorder

An individual with Level 3 ASD requires

very substantial support.

the moral weakness model

views substance dependence as a failure of self control--reflects a PSYCHOSOCIAL perspective, while the disease model reflects a biological or physiological perspective.

Larger percentage of ____________ drink overall

whites

Treatment related substance-related disorders: physical aspects of addiction

withdrawal