Exam 4 A&P II (content review, lab, lecture)
Which of the following occurs during the chloride shift?
Chloride is exchanged for bicarbonate.
Which of the following enzymes will digest lipids?
Lipase
Which of the following is the term for the inactive form of protein digesting enzymes?
Zymogens
If a baby is born prematurely before type II cells produce sufficient pulmonary surfactant, which of the following might you expect?
difficulty inflating the lungs
A full complement of mature alveoli are present by ________.
early childhood, around 8 years of age
Following strenuous exercise, blood levels of lactic acid are __________ compared to pre-exercise levels. This change in acid concentration causes a reflex __________ in ventilation by activating __________.
increased; increase; peripheral chemoreceptors
Gas exchange that occurs at the level of the tissues is called ________.
internal respiration
In which portion of the alimentary canal does most carbohydrate absorption occur?
jejunum
Bile is synthesized and secreted by the
liver
Bile is synthesized and secreted by the Question options:
liver
Segmentation of the small intestine:
mixes chyme with digestive enzymes, brings food molecules near the wall for absorption, and slowly moves small intestine contents toward the cecum.
Which function(s) of the respiratory system do type 1 alveolar cells contribute towards?
not protection
What is the normal resting respiratory rate for an adult?
12-16 breaths per minute
The timing of puberty can be influenced by which of the following?
ALL
Following diagnosis with pancreatic cancer, Neil had a large portion of his pancreas removed. All of the following will now be found in lower amounts in Neil's GI tract, except one. Which of the following will NOT be affected?
Bile salts
Which of the following factors does NOT affect pulmonary ventilation?
Blood pressure
Which of the following structures is responsible for violent/spasmodic coughing when stimulated?
Carina
Which of the following terms describes the function of brush border enzymes?
Chemical Digestion
Which of the following muscles are contracted during the inspiration phase of forced breathing?
Diaphragm, external intercostals, and erector spinae
Which of the following processes is NOT associated with gastrointestinal function?
Filtration
Which of the following structures separates the lung into lobes?
Fissures
Which of these causes inhalation/inspiration?
Flattening (downward movement) of the diaphragm
Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes a reaction that combines which of the following?
H 2O and CO 2
Which of these are secretions of the parietal cells of the gastric mucosa?
HCl and intrinsic factor
A decrease in volume leads to a(n) ________ pressure.
Increase in
What is the function of the conchae in the nasal cavity?
Increased surface area
Which of the following would cause a decrease in the binding affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?
Increased temp of blood
Under normal circumstances, which of the following would result from an increase in transpulmonary pressure?
Inhalation/inspiration
Which of the following muscles are contracted during the expiration phase of forced breathing?
Internal intercostals
Which structure is responsible for the production and secretion of testosterone in the male reproductive system?
Interstitial cells
The fauces connects which of the following structures to the oropharynx?
Oral cavity
Which of the following are chemoreceptors?
Receptors in the aortic and carotid bodies
What is the term for the volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximum exhalation?
Residual volume
The ________ circulation picks up oxygen for cellular use and drops off carbon dioxide for removal from the body.
Respiratory
The primary kind of motility in the small intestine during digestion of a meal is
Segmentation
Within which structure are sperm produced in the testicular system?
Seminiferous tubules
Which is TRUE about gastric motility?
The basic electrical rhythm of the gastric smooth muscle (three depolarizations per minute) is the same regardless of whether or not food is present.
When ventilation is not sufficient, which of the following occurs?
The capillary constricts
Contraction of the external intercostal muscles causes which of the following to occur?
The ribs and the sternum move upward
What is the term for the amount of air that can be inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath?
Tidal Volume
Which of the following is the layer which contributes most directly to absorption?
Tunica Mucosa
What is the name for the anterior portion of the nasal cavity?
Vestibule
Which of the following factors play a role in the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation/dissociation curve?
all of the above
Which of the following structures is not part of the bronchial tree?
alveoli
Which of the following enzymes begins the hydrolysis of polysaccharides?
amylase
A person without a gallbladder
cannot store bile
Which of the following stimulates the production of erythrocytes?
erythropoietin
Which hypothalamic hormone contributes to the regulation of the male reproductive system?
gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Oxyhemoglobin forms by a chemical reaction between which of the following?
hemoglobin and oxygen
Spermatogenesis
results in four spermatozoa for every primary spermatocyte.
Exercise can trigger symptoms of AMS due to which of the following?
small venous reserve of oxygen
You (a healthy individual) are swimming underwater when you can no longer resist the urge to breathe. This overwhelming urge is probably due to
the increase in plasma H +.
What is the role of alveolar macrophages?
to remove pathogens and debris
The pressure difference between the intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressures is called ________.
transpulmonary pressure
Which of the following is the pressure term for pressure which keeps the lungs open/inflated?
transpulmonary pressure
The pleura that surrounds the lungs consists of two layers, the ________.
visceral and parietal pleurae.
What is the term for the maximum amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a maximum inhalation?
vital capacity
Which of the following are structural features of the trachea?
ALL
What is the main function of bile in lipid digestion?
Emulsification of lipids
Which of the following pressures do you expect to equalize with atmospheric pressure?
Intrapulmonary pressure
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is 45 mm Hg in the blood and 40 mm Hg in the alveoli. What happens to the carbon dioxide?
It diffuses into the alveoli.
Which of the following terms includes the process of segmentation?
Mechanical digestion
Which of the following terms includes the process of stomach churning?
Mechanical digestion
Sarah is taking antacids every day. This habit is raising her stomach and duodenal pH close to neutral. Which of the following enzymes may have decreased activity?
Pepsin
Which of the following statements about the transport of the absorbed products of fat digestion is TRUE?
Products of fat digestion first go to the lymph system, and then to the veins leading to the heart.
Which of the following digestive processes does the esophagus contribute to?
Propulsion
Which of the following terms includes peristalsis?
Propulsion
The lumen of the gastrointestinal tract is continuous with the external environment.
TRUE
The volume of air flowing into the alveoli during inhalation/inspiration is increased when there is an increase in which of these?
The pressure gradient from the atmosphere to the alveoli
Type II alveolar cells are among the last cells to mature during fetal development. In babies born prematurely, type II alveolar cells are often not ready to perform their function. Which of the following would be TRUE of these babies?
They would be at risk of alveolar collapse due to too much surface tension in the alveoli.
Which of the following processes does atmospheric pressure play a role in?
pulmonary ventilation
Gas flow decreases as ________ increases.
resistance
The main source of enzymes that cleave disaccharides into monosaccharides is
the luminal membrane of epithelial cells in the small intestine.
Sarah has been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. The first treatment is to remove 90% of her pancreatic tissue surgically. Due to the loss of exocrine tissue, which of the following foods will Sarah have more difficulty digesting post-surgery?
ALL
You embark on a hiking trip on Mt. Kilimanjaro (altitude = 19,000 ft; Atmospheric air pressure = 379 mmHg). As you ascend, what happens to the PO 2 in the alveoli?
Alveolar PO 2 decreases.
Which of the following anatomical structures is not part of the conducting zone?
Alveoli
After CO 2 is produced by tissues, in what form is most of that carbon transported to the lungs for removal from the body?
As dissolved HCO 3 -
In which form is most of the oxygen carried in arterial blood?
Bound to Hemoglobin
Which of these would tend to increase ventilation?
Breathing air with increased PCO2
CO 2 can be transported in the blood in which of the following forms?
Dissolved in plasma Bound to hemoglobin Dissolved in the cytosol of erythrocytes
Which of the following plays a central role in stimulating the secretion of the hormone gastrin?
Distention of the stomach
Which of the following terms refers to eliminating waste as feces?
Egestion
Which is NOT a function performed by saliva?
Emulsifying lipids
Which of the following enzyme classes digest proteins by breaking apart the peptide bonds between amino acids from the end of the peptide chain?
Exopeptidases
A male who has non-functional Sertoli cells will still develop spermatozoa.
FALSE
A low partial pressure of oxygen promotes hemoglobin binding to carbon dioxide. This is an example of the ________.
Haldane effect
Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory system?
Net uptake of carbon dioxide from the air and removal of oxygen from the blood
Which of the following is secreted by the chief cells of the gastric mucosa?
PEPSINOGEN
What is one function of the type II alveolar cells?
production of surfactant
Which of the following prevents the alveoli from collapsing?
residual volume
Jim has just been diagnosed with testicular cancer. The tumor is composed of Sertoli cells and they have begun to produce excessive amounts of inhibin. Which of the following would be TRUE?
FSH secretionwould be selectively inhibited, but LH secretion would be normal.
Tom is a 37-year-old male experiencing fertility issues. In his appointment at the assisted-reproduction clinic he mentions an odd result from a recent genetic test in which he learned he has a mutation on one copy of his gene for androgen-binding protein. Which of the following is likely TRUE of Tom compared to an individual with two functional copies of the gene?
He has lower concentrations of testosterone in the seminiferous tubules.
Which substances would cause stimulation of gastric HCl secretion when applied to parietal cells?
Histamine Gastrin Acetylcholine
Which of the following terms refers to bringing food into the mouth/oral cavity?
Ingestion
Which of the following is the pressure term for pressure within the pleural cavity?
Intrapleural pressure
Which of the following pressures do you expect to be negative with respect to atmospheric pressure?
Intrapleural pressure
During a yoga class you take a deep breath, then relax and let the breath out slowly. During that exhalation, which would NOT be true?
Intrapleural pressure is greater than alveolar pressure.
Drug X is a new drug to treat Alzheimer's Disease. This drug is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and circulate in the CSF. The drug is slightly acidic and at the recommended dose it decreases the CSF pH from 7.4 to 7.3. Will Drug X have any effect on respiration?
It will cause an increase in respiratory rate.
Which of the following structures are shared between the digestive and respiratory systems?
Nasopharynx Laryngopharynx Oropharynx
What brain center has neurons that fire mainly during inspiration and have input to the spinal motor neurons that activate the diaphragm and inspiratory intercostal muscles?
The dorsal respiratory group of the medulla oblongata
