Exam 4 Flash Cards: Digestive and Reproductive

Which are functions of saliva?

1. Dissolves molecules so they can be tasted 2. Aids in swallowing 3. Cleanses mouth and teeth

Which protect the stomach lining from the acidic contents?

1. Epithelial cell replacement 2. Mucous coat 3. Tight junctions

Which are functions of mesenteries?

1. Hold abdominal viscera in place 2. Provide passage for nerves 3. Provide passage for blood vessels

What are the four lobes of the liver?

1. Left lobe 2. Caudate lobe 3. Quadrate lobe 4. Right lobe

Which two ducts join together just before entering the small intestine (mark both ducts)

1. Pancreatic Ducts 2. Common Bile Duct

Which are stimuli for defecation?

1. Stretching of the descending colon 2. Stretching of the rectum 3. Stretching of the sigmoid colon

Which of the following is achieved with small intestinal muscle contractions?

1. The propelling of contents along the intestines 2. An increased contact of chyme with the intestinal lining 3. The mixing of chyme with secretions

What is a goblet cell?

A mucus-secreting epithelial cell

The enzyme that digests dietary starch is salivary or pancreatic

Amylase

What is a protease?

An enzyme that digests protein

The segment of the digestive tract passing up the right side of the abdomen is the _______ colon.

Ascending

Which substances are absorbed from the stomach?

Aspirin, lipid-soluble drugs

The pancreas secretes ____________ which helps to neutralize the acid in the chyme.

Bicarbonate

Which muscles manipulate food and push it between teeth during mastication?

Buccinator and orbicularis oris

The large intestines begin with a pouch inferior to the ileocecal valve that is known as the

Cecum

What are the three phases of gastric activity?

Cephalic phase Intestinal phase Gastric phase

Which hormone is secreted by the small intestine in response to the presence of fats in the small intestine?

Cholecystokinin

Which hormone is secreted by the small intestine in response to the presence of fats in the small intestine? Multiple choice question.

Cholecystokinin

What is the semi-liquid mixture of partially digested food within the stomach known as?

Chyme

What is the large intestine that excludes the cecum, rectum and anal canal called?

Colon

Which of the following is NOT an anatomic region of the stomach?

Cortex

What is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food called?

Digestion

What is the initial segment of the small intestine?

Duodenum

As you travel from the mouth to the large intestine, which of the following is the correct order of the segments of the small intestine?

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

What are the segments of the small intestine in the order through which food passes?

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

What are nucleases?

Enzymes that digest RNA and DNA

What type of glands are the salivary glands?

Exocrine

Which ligament separates the right and left lobes of the liver?

Falciform

True or False: Most of the digestion of food and absorption of nutrients takes place in the stomach.

False

True or false: The stomach is innervated by parasympathetic, but not sympathetic, fibers

False

True or false: Most digestion occurs in the stomach, while most absorption occurs in the small intestine.

False: Most digestion and absorption occur in the small intestine.

True or false: The only purpose of intestinal motility is to move residue along the digestive tract.

False: Motility also mixes chyme with secretions and brings chyme into contact with intestinal lining.

True or false: The role of the liver in digestion is to produce digestive enzymes.

False: The liver produces bile for fat emulsion. It is the pancreas that produces digestive enzymes.

A surgical procedure called a cholecystectomy involves the removal of a person's _______.

Gallbladder (The prefix chole- is used to refer to the gall bladder)

Which colonic contractions are the most common, occurring about twice an hour?

Haustral contractions

A blood vessel called the _____________ carries blood from the small intestine to the liver.

Hepatic Portal Vein

What are the microscopic structural subunits of the liver?

Hepatic lobules

Which describes the gallbladder?

It is a sac on the underside of the liver.

Which describes the fundus of the stomach?

It is the domed superior region.

The hepatic portal vein transports blood from the intestines and stomach to the ________.

Liver

Which digestive reflexes use autonomic nerve fibers running to and from the brainstem?

Long

Which muscles produce the up-and-down crushing action of the teeth during mastication?

Masseter and temporalis

Chewing is also known as which of the following?

Mastication

Segments of the small intestine are attached to the posterior abdominal wall by a double-layered sheet of the peritoneum. This double-layered sheet is called a/an _____________.

Mesentery

There are many __________ along the apical membrane of epithelial cells in the jejunum.

Microvilli

Which of the following are found in intestinal juice?

Mucus Water (Not bicarbonate, secretin or Chymotrypsin)

The digestion of starch by amylase results in the production of which of the following?

Oligosaccharides and maltose

Which of the following is NOT a part of the alimentary canal?

Pancreas

An increase in the stimulation of ___________ nerves will increase the secretions and motility of the stomach.

Parasympathetic

The stomach receives what type of stimulation via the vagus nerve?

Parasympathetic

Which is true of chemical digestion in the stomach?

Partial digestion of both protein and fat can occur in the stomach.

What is the predominant type of muscle contraction occurring in the stomach?

Peristalsis

What word do we use to describe the fact that starch and proteins are each made up of a long chain of smaller molecules? For example, we say that starch is a _________ of glucose molecules.

Polymer

If we say that something (like an organ) is "retroperitoneal", does that mean that it is anterior, or posterior, to the abdominal cavity?

Posterior

Enzymes that digest __________ are often secreted in an inactive form called a zymogen.

Proteins

The longitudinal wrinkles in the lining of the stomach are called gastric ____________

Rugae

Lysozyme, immunoglobulin A, lipase, amylase, mucus, electrolytes and water are all found in which of the following?

Saliva

Which hormone is secreted by the small intestine in response to the presence of acidic chyme?

Secretin (CCK is released in response to fats in the chyme, not the acidity of the chyme) (ACh is released with parasympathetic activity)

Which liver function contributes to the process of digestion?

Secretion of bile

What are mesenteries?

Sheets of connective tissue that suspend the intestines in the abdomen

Which reflexes that utilize the myenteric nerve plexus to control digestive activity?

Short

Within the liver, blood flows between rows of hepatocytes through which channels?

Sinusoids

Minerals in the diet are absorbed in the ________ intestine.

Small

Where are minerals in the diet absorbed?

Small Intestine

What is the colon?

The large intestine from the ileocecal junction to the rectum

What is gastroenterology?

The study of the digestive tract

What is the significance of the epithelial tight junctions and the mucous coat lining the stomach?

They protect the stomach lining from acid damage.

What are the typical end products of triglyceride digestion?

Two free fatty acids + monoglyceride

Which nutrients are absorbed without being digested?

Vitamins and minerals

What are the functions of the large intestine?

Water and electrolyte absorption

Secretions by the epithelial cells of the stomach are _____________.

both endocrine and exocrine

Which type of secretion is carried out by the organs of the digestive system?

both exocrine and endocrine

The region of the stomach where the esophagus enters is the ______ region.

cardiac

Another name for the act of swallowing is

deglutition

The sac on the underside of the liver that serves to store and concentrate bile is called the ______.

gallbladder

The mucus-secreting cells in the epithelium of the intestine are called ______ cells.

goblet

Blood from the superior mesenteric vein joins the splenic vein then flows into the ______.

hepatic portal system

The selective intake of food is known as

ingestion

Enzymes that digest lipids are called

lipases

Which region of the central nervous system controls the secretion of saliva?

medulla oblongata

The term gut _________ is the collective name for the many species of bacteria residing in the large intestine.

microbiome/flora

Which of the following layers of the wall of the alimentary canal is directly in contact with the lumen?

mucosa

The enzymes that hydrolyze nucleic acids into nucleotides are called

nucleases

How is water absorbed from the digestive tract?

osmosis

Generally, activation of the __________ nerves will cause an increase in the functions of the digestive system.

parasympathetic

The inactive form of pepsin is

pepsinogen

Between the visceral peritoneum and the parietal peritoneum is a space called the _______.

peritoneal cavity

When swallowing, a bolus of food moves from the mouth directly into the________ before reaching the esophagus.

pharynx

A(n) ______ is any enzyme that digests proteins.

protease

The mucosa of the colon is primarily lined with ______ columnar epithelium.

simple

What is the primary epithelium found in the large intestine?

simple columnar

The blood-filled channels between the layers of hepatocytes in the liver are called hepatic

sinusoids

Cholecystokinin is a hormone that is secreted by the _______________.

small intestine

The small intestine receives nearly all of its blood supply from the ______.

superior mesenteric artery

Sublingual means "under the __________".

tongue

The portion of the large intestine that passes horizontally across the abdominal cavity is the _______ colon.

transverse

Minerals and _____ are absorbed in the GI tract without being digested first.

vitamins

The forceful ejection of stomach and intestinal contents from the mouth is called ______.

vomiting

What does the emetic center of the medulla oblongata stimulate? Multiple choice question.

vomiting

An enzyme that is secreted in its inactive form is known as a ______.

zymogen