Exam 4 HW

false

Adipose tissue is one of the most hydrated of all tissues in the human body. T/F

hyponatremia; very low extracellular sodium ion concentration

After completing a marathon on a particularly warm day, Dave consumes four liters of water. Soon after, he begins to feel nauseous and starts vomiting. What is likely happening to Dave?

25 mm Hg

Calculate the net filtration pressure if capillary hydrostatic pressure is 60 mm Hg, capillary osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure is 10 mm Hg.

glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg)

GFR regulation mechanisms primarily affect which of the following?

glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate molecules

Gluconeogenesis is the process in which ________.

conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid

Glycolysis is best defined as a catabolic reaction based upon the ________.

renin-angiotensin mechanism

Granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) regulate GFR indirectly through which mechanism?

net filtration would decrease

If the osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increased from 28 mm Hg to 35 mm Hg, would net filtration increase or decrease?

The kidney would reabsorb bicarbonate and secrete hydrogen ions.

In a respiratory acidosis the kidney would do which of the following?

ADH - low; 100 mOsm (urine)

In overhydration, what would be the levels of ADH (high, normal, or low) and what would be the osmolarity of the urine?

ADH - high; low urine flow rate (0.25 ml/min)

In severe dehydration or blood loss, what would be the levels of ADH and what would be the urine flow rate?

thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption

In the ascending limb of the nephron loop the ________.

intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment

In which compartment of the body is the majority of water stored?

renal cortex

In which kidney region are all renal corpuscles located?

metabolic alkalosis

Ingesting too much antacid would cause which of the following acid-base disturbances?

tubuloglomerular feedback

Macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) regulate GFR through which intrinsic mechanism?

estrogen

Mary finds that she regularly retains water at a certain point in the menstrual cycle. Which of the following is chemically similar to aldosterone, and like aldosterone, enhances NaCl reabsorption in the renal tubules?

A hydrogen on carbonic acid would dissociate and join the hydroxyl group on the base to form water and sodium bicarbonate.

The bicarbonate buffer system is one of the chemical buffer systems of the body. How would the bicarbonate buffer system work if sodium hydroxide were added to a solution?

sodium ions

The body's water volume is closely tied to the level of which of the following ions?

true

The position of the kidneys behind the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity is described by the term retroperitoneal. T/F

lipolysis

The process of breaking triglycerides down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as ________.

Carbonic acid is broken down into water and CO2; the CO2 is then exhaled

The respiratory system is one of the three systems that regulate acid-base balance in the body. How does it work to decrease an acidosis?

the sum of all biochemical reactions in the body

The term metabolism is best defined as ________.

metabolic alkalosis

Vomiting will cause which type of acid-base disturbance?

urine

What accounts for the route through which most fluid is lost in a day?

sodium

What component in body fluids adds to the fluids' electrical conductivity?

insufficient NaCl reabsorption due to high GFR

What does a high concentration of NaCl in the renal tubule at the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) most likely indicate?

aldosterone

What hormone promotes active tubular secretion of potassium ions and reabsorption of sodium ions in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting ducts?

They increase the surface area and allow for a greater volume of filtrate components to be reabsorbed.

What is the best explanation for the microvilli on the apical surface of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries (HPgc)

What is the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane of the glomerulus?

K+

What is the most abundant intracellular cation?

Na+

What is the most common cation found in the interstitial fluid?

isotonic - 300 mOsm

What is the osmolarity of the filtrate at the end of the proximal tubule?

hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure)

What is the primary driving force (pressure) that produces glomerular filtration?

to regenerate ATP

What is the primary function of the overall reactions of cellular respiration?

increased Na+ reabsorption

What results from increased levels of aldosterone?

glomerulus and glomerular (Bowman's) capsule

What two structures constitute the renal corpuscle?

urea

When proteins undergo deamination, the waste substance found in the urine is mostly ________.

collecting duct

Where does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) exert its effects to promote water reabsorption?

proximal convoluted tubule

Where in the nephron does most solute reabsorption occur?

respiratory acidosis

Which acid-base imbalance would be caused by over accumulation of CO2 in the blood?

glomerulus

Which capillary bed produces filtrate?

granular cells

Which cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete renin?

insulin

Which hormone directs essentially all the events of the absorptive state?

sweating

Which of the choices below is NOT a mechanism of heat production?

by secreting sodium ions

Which of the choices below is NOT a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH?

myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback

Which of the following are mechanisms of intrinsic control of glomerular filtration (renal autoregulation)?

the volume of filtrate created by the kidneys per minute

Which of the following best describes glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Their nephron loop is closely wrapped with vasa recta.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the cortical nephrons?

Vitamin B

Which of the following is NOT a fat-soluble vitamin?

micturition

Which of the following is NOT a major urine formation process?

ATP

Which of the following is NOT considered a nutrient?

increase in blood pressure

Which of the following is NOT involved in triggering the thirst mechanism?

releases chemical signals that regulate the rate of filtrate formation

Which of the following is the primary function of the juxtaglomerular complex?

oxidative phosphorylation

Which of the following mechanisms produces the most ATP during cellular respiration?

carbohydrates: can serve as hormones

Which of the following nutrients is NOT matched with one of its functions in the body?

Gluconeogenesis: using glucose to build noncarbohydrate structures

Which of the following pathways is incorrectly matched with a description?

grains

Which of the following provides a good source of complex carbohydrates?

ADH is released by the posterior pituitary gland.

Which of the following statements about ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is correct?

Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption by increasing the number of Na+-K+ ATPase pumps in the luminal membrane of the proximal tubule.

Which of the following statements about aldosterone is NOT correct?

must contain all the body's amino acid requirements for tissue maintenance and growth

Which of the following statements best describes complete protein?

Extrinsic controls have the greatest effect on systemic blood pressure while intrinsic controls have a greater effect on GFR.

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic controls of the kidney?

blood cells and large particles

Which of the following substances is not normally found in filtrate?

protein

Which substance would be found in higher concentration if the membrane were damaged?

Carbohydrates

Which type of nutrient functions primarily as an energy source for cells?

ureter

Which urinary structure serves as the transporter for urine toward the bladder?

diuretics

__________ are chemicals that enhance urinary output.

Glucagon

__________ is the primary hormonal regulator of the postabsorptive state.

Anabolism

__________ refers to reactions in which small molecules are combined to build larger molecules.

false

An efferent arteriole supplies blood to a glomerulus. t/f

false

An excessive urine output is called anuria. T/F

increased respiratory rate and depth

An illness causes Doug to experience severe diarrhea and an accompanying loss of bicarbonate-rich secretions. How can this metabolic acidosis be compensated?

a drop in blood ph

An increase in blood CO2 levels leads to __________.

increase in the production of ADH

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________.

True

As ventilation increases and more carbon dioxide is removed from the blood, the hydrogen ion concentration of the blood decreases. T/F

renal system

Of the three buffering mechanisms in the body, which is the strongest?

3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4

Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body. 1. major calyx 2. minor calyx 3. nephron 4. urethra 5. ureter 6. collecting duct

are characterized by one substance's gaining an electron while another substance loses an electron

Redox reactions __________.

external urethral sphincter

Relaxation of the __________, a skeletal muscle under conscious control, allows urine to leave the bladder during micturition.

a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction

Respiratory acidosis can occur when ________.

respiratory alkalosis; kidneys would excrete HCO3

Severe anxiety would cause which type of acid-base disturbance? What would be the compensation?

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Suppose the extracellular fluid (ECF) osmolality becomes too high. What hormone would most likely be released to correct this situation?

mitochondria; aerobic

The citric acid cycle occurs in the __________ of cells and is an __________ process.

stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position

The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it ________.

nephron

The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________.

is drained by an efferent arteriole

The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________.

by a decrease in the blood pressure

The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________.

changes in Na+ content of the filtrate

The macula densa cells respond to ________.

Tryglycerides

The most abundant dietary lipids are ________.

maintaining HCO3 - balance

The most important renal mechanism for regulating acid-base balance of the blood involves __________.

afferent arterioles

The myogenic mechanism of renal autoregulation primarily involves smooth muscle in which blood vessels?

true

The normal pH of blood is 7.35-7.45. T/F

Afferent arteriole diameter would decrease.

Through the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism, how would an increase in filtrate NaCl concentration affect afferent arteriole diameter?