Exam 4 study guide chapter 14
A 2-fold decrease in the radius of a blood vessel will produce a ______ decrease in blood flow. A) 2-fold B) 4-fold C) 8-fold D) 16-fold
16-fold
Hypertension affects approximately what percentage of Americans? A) 10% B) 20% C) 40% D) 60%
20%
If someone's heart has a stroke volume of 70 ml and a heart rate of 90 beat/minute, the cardiac output would be A) 6.3 L/min. B) 0.77 L/min. C) 70 ml/min. D) 1.28 ml/min.
6.3 L/min
If someone's heart has a stroke volume of 70 ml and a heart rate of 90 beats/min, the cardiac output equals _____________. A) 6.3 L/min B) 0.77 L/min C) 70 ml/min D) 1.28 ml/min
6.3 L/min
According to the classic view of the Starling forces, capillaries usually tend to absorb fluid ________________. A) at the arteriolar end B) at the venular end C) only when the precapillary sphincters are open D) at neither end; they filter fluid and it is up to the lymphatic vessels to absorb it
B) at the venular end
The contractility of heart muscle is its _______________. A) contraction strength at any length B) contraction strength at any given fiber length C) contraction frequency, which determines heart rate D) ability to contract, which is restored after the refractory period
B) contraction strength at any given fiber length
The Frank-Starling law of the heart describes the relationship between ___________. A) stroke volume and cardiac output B) stroke volume, end-diastolic volume, and contraction strength C) stroke volume and total peripheral resistance D) the left and right ventricles
B) stroke volume, end-diastolic volume, and contraction strength
Cardiac output may drop when one goes from lying to a standing position because of ________________. A) the baroreceptor reflex B) venous pooling C) orthostatic hypertension D) sinus tachycardia
B) venous pooling
Any mechanism that increases heart rate is said to have a positive ____ effect. A) feedback B) chronotropic C) inotropic D) cholinergic
B. Chronotropic
Any mechanism that increases heart rate is said to have a positive ______ effect. A) feedback B) chronotropic C) inotropic D) cholinergic
B. Chronotropic
The heart's contractility is adjusted so that normally each ventricle expels all the blood contained in it, leaving none behind in the chamber. A) True B) False
B. False
During systole, the ventricular myocardium gets its oxygen supply mainly from _______. A) hemoglobin B) myoglobin C) its high density of blood capillaries D) its high density of mitochondria
B. Myoglobin
Stroke volume is regulated by all of the following except ____________. A) end-diastolic volume B) cardiac output C) contraction strength D) mean arterial pressure
B. cardiac output
__ is a polypeptide vasodilator produced by the sweat glands. A) Bradykinin B) Histamine C) Serotonin D) Endorphin
Bradykinin
Which of the following is not an intrinsic regulator of blood flow? A) pH B) CO2 C) acetylcholine D) O2
C) acetylcholine
Edema could be caused by all of the following except ______________. A) high arterial blood pressure (hypertension) B) leakage of plasma proteins into the tissue fluid, as in inflammation and allergy C) an elevated level of albumin in the blood plasma D) an obstruction of the lymphatic drainage
C) an elevated level of albumin in the blood plasma
Intrinsic control of blood flow refers to the ________________. A) way in which blood flow is determined by cardiac output B) blood flow in all places other than the heart itself C) control of blood flow by metabolic products of the tissues D) control of blood flow by the nervous and endocrine systems
C) control of blood flow by metabolic products of the tissues
Arteriovenous anastomoses are found mainly in the ___________________. A) renal circulation B) mesenteries of the abdominal cavity C) dermis of the skin D) cerebral circulation
C) dermis of the skin
The preload acting on a ventricle is equivalent to that chamber's A) contractility. B) stroke volume. C) end-diastolic volume. D) ejection fraction.
C) end-diastolic volume
The preload acting on a ventricle is equivalent to that chamber's _____________. A) contractility B) stroke volume C) end-diastolic volume D) ejection fraction
C) end-diastolic volume
Contraction of the left ventricle of the heart at rest normally expels about ____ of the blood contained in the chamber. A) 10-15% B) 25-33% C) 60-70% D) 98-100%
C. 60-70%
Contraction of the left ventricle of the heart at rest normally expels about ______ of the blood contained in the chamber. A) 10(--)15% B) 25(--)33% C) 60(--)70% D) 98(--)100%
C. 60-70%
Baroreceptors are specialized pressure receptors found in the ____________. A) vena cava B) descending aorta C) medulla oblongata D) aortic arch
D) aortic arch
Pulmonary edema, shortness of breath, and fatigue are most likely to result from _________________. A) cardiogenic shock B) anaphylactic shock C) right-sided congestive heart failure D) left-sided congestive heart failure
D) left-sided congestive heart failure
A sphygmomanometer is used for __________. A) correcting orthostatic blood pressure B) reducing tachycardia C) restoring blood volume D) measuring blood pressure
D) measuring blood pressure
The hydrostatic pressure of blood in a capillary is 19 mmHg and that of the tissue fluid is 1 mmHg, while the colloid osmotic pressure of the blood is 23 mmHg and that of the tissue fluid is 0 mm Hg, at this particular portion of the capillary, fluid is being _______ with a net force of __________. A) given off; 5 mmHg B) given off; -3 mmHg C) taken up; 3 mmHg D) taken up; -5 mmHg
D) taken up; -5 mmHg
Coronary arteries must dilate during exercise to meet the heart's increased oxygen demand. This occurs under the influence of all of the following compounds, except A) carbon dioxide. B) potassium. C) adenosine. D) acetylcholine
D. Acetylcholine
__ stimulates the heart by inhibiting cardiac membrane Na+⁄K+ pumps and ultimately raising the intracellular Ca2+ concentration in the myocardium. A) Epinephrine B) Nitroglycerin C) Digitalis D) Methyldopa
Digitalis
"Most patients with hypertension will have low levels of renin secretion via a negative feedback loop inhibition." A) True B) False
F
A drop in arterial blood pressure causes cerebral arteries to constrict. A) True B) False
F
About 80% of the body's extracellular fluid is in the cells. A) True B) False
F
All blood vessels receive both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers so their diameters can be regulated by a balanced "push-pull" homeostatic control mechanism. A) True B) False
F
All fluid that is filtered at the arteriolar end of a capillary and percolates through the tissues must be reabsorbed at the venular end in order to maintain plasma fluid balance. A) True B) False
F
All of the fluid filtered by the capillaries of the kidneys is ultimately excreted as urine. A) True B) False
F
All parasympathetic nerve fibers to the heart innervate the SA node. A) True B) False
F
Angiotensinogen is secreted by the kidneys and then converted in the lungs to the vasoconstrictor named angiotensin II. A) True B) False
F
Cardiac control centers in the medulla oblongata receive input from baroreceptors located in some of the arteries. A) True B) False
F
Coronary blood flow is reduced during systole so the myocardium must temporarily rely on anaerobic respiration. A) True B) False
F
During heavy exercise, the heart beats faster and has less time to fill between beats, so the end-diastolic volume is reduced. A) True B) False
F
Hypertension can be treated with anti-diuretic drugs. A) True B) False
F
Hypovolemic shock results from an infection. A) True B) False
F
If a person had an arterial blood pressure of 102/62, the mean arterial pressure would be 82 mmHg. A) True B) False
F
If the Starling forces formula, (Pc + pi) - (Pi + pp), yields a positive number, it means the net Starling forces promotes absorption of fluid into a capillary. A) True B) False
F
In the auscultatory method of taking blood pressure, no sound is heard when the cuff is inflated above the systolic pressure because laminar flow of blood is silent. A) True B) False
F
Less urine is excreted when the ADH level is low. A) True B) False
F
Since arteries are more muscular than veins, they are said to have a greater compliance. A) True B) False
F
Since the veins contain most of the body's blood at any one time, they have a higher blood pressure than any other type of vessel. A) True B) False
F
The arteries that supply blood to the organs are generally in a series with each other than in parallel with each other. A) True B) False
F
The net filtration pressure of the capillaries is mathematically equal to the hydrostatic pressure that tends to promote filtration minus the osmotic pressure than tends to promote absorption. A) True B) False
F
The skin is vital to thermoregulation of the body and therefore cannot tolerate a reduced flow of blood for very long. A) True B) False
F
The sympathetic nervous system has no significant effect on the ventricular contractility. A) True B) False
F
All of the fluid filtered by the capillaries of the kidneys is ultimately excreted as urine. A) True B) False
False
Cerebral blood flow remains fairly constant at about 750 ml/min, in spite of changes in brain activity, blood pressure, and blood flow to other organs. A) True B) False
False
If a person has an arterial blood pressure of 102/62, the mean arterial pressure would equal 82mmHg. A) True B) False
False
The net filtration pressure of the capillaries is equal to the hydrostatic pressure of tissue fluid outside the capillaries. A) True B) False
False
The______(hyphenated word) law of the heart states that the strength of ventricular contraction varies directly with the end-diastolic volume.
Frank-Starling
______ is a condition of pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure together with proteinuria.
Preeclampsia
All parasympathetic nerve fibers to the heart innervate the sinoatrial node. A) True B) False
T
Blood flow through the coronary arteries is greatest during ventricular disatole and drops during systole. A) True B) False
T
Both ADH and aldosterone promote retention of water when one is dehydrated, but aldosterone does not lower the blood osmolality. A) True B) False
T
By the time a patient shows any symptoms of hypertension, there usually has already been considerable damage to the circulatory system. A) True B) False
T
Cardiac control centers in the medulla oblongata receive input from baroreceptors located in some of the arteries. A) True B) False
T
Cerebral arteries constrict when blood pressure rises to about 200 mmHg. A) True B) False
T
Cerebral blood flow remains fairly constant at about 750 ml/min, in spite of changes in brain activity, blood pressure, and blood flow to other organs. A) True B) False
T
Decreased osmolality of the blood leads to decreased secretion of ADH. A) True B) False
T
During heavy exercise, blood circulation to the skin increases to dissipate the excess body heat. A) True B) False
T
Essential hypertension is high blood pressure of unknown cause. A) True B) False
T
Hypovolemic shock tends to cause a patient to have a rapid pulse and cold, clammy skin. A) True B) False
T
If the ventricles did not fill with blood at all, but the electrical conduction system stimulated them to contract anyway, the contraction would be very weak. A) True B) False
T
In spite of the fact that the systemic vessels cover substantially more total length than the pulmonary vessels, the same amount of blood must flow through both of these systems at a given time. A) True B) False
T
In spite of the fact that the systemic vessels cover substantially more total length than the pulmonary vessels, the same amount of blood must flow through both of these systems in a given time. A) True B) False
T
Laminar blood flow through the brachial artery cannot be heard with the stethoscope. A) True B) False
T
Liver disease tends to reduce the blood pressure and lead to edema. A) True B) False
T
Orthostatic hypotension is due to a delay in the onset of the baroreceptor reflex. A) True B) False
T
Parasympathetic fibers innervating blood vessels are always cholinergic and stimulate vasodilation. A) True B) False
T
Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressures. A) True B) False
T
Stroke volume is directly proportional to end-diastolic volume. A) True B) False
T
Sustained muscle contractions will cause faster onset of fatigue than a series of short contractions because the blood flow through a skeletal muscle is diminished or shut off during strong contractions. A) True B) False
T
The baroreceptor reflex responds to changes in blood pressure to increase or decrease heart rate and total peripheral resistance. A) True B) False
T
The oncotic pressure of the blood tends to promote uptake of water from the tissue fluid into the blood plasma. A) True B) False
T
The sounds of Korotkoff are created by turbulent blood flow through an occulded blood vessel. A) True B) False
T
The sympathetic nervous system is much more important than the parasympathetic system in regulating arterial blood flow. A) True B) False
T
The dangerous practice of prolonged breath holding against a closed glottis, such as during forceful defecation or when lifting heavy objects, is called _________maneuver; leads to a decrease in venous return and cardiac output
Valsalva's
The _______imposed on the ventricle after contraction has begun refers to the total peripheral resistance that impedes the ejection of blood from the ventricle.
afterload
The colloid osmotic pressure of blood plasma is due to its high concentration of ____. A) albumin B) hemoglobin C) sodium D) glucose
albumin
Low blood pressure stimulates the secretion of the Mineralocorticoid ______________. A) aldosterone B) angiotensin II C) vasopressin (ADH) D) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
aldosterone
Low blood pressure stimulates the secretion of the mineralocorticoid A) aldosterone. B) angiotensin II. C) vasopressin (ADH). D) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
aldosterone
The steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex, that stimulates the reabsorption of salt by the kidneys is ________
aldosterone
Edema could be caused by all of the following except A) high arterial blood pressure (hypertension). B) leakage of plasma proteins into the tissue fluid, as in inflammation and allergy. C) an elevated level of albumin in the blood plasma. D) an obstruction of the lymphatic drainage
an elevated level of albumin in the blood plasma.
The rapid fall in blood pressure that occurs as a result of a severe allergic reaction (usually to bee stings or penicillin) is due to the widespread release of histamine that produces vasodilation is and is called __________shock.
anaphylactic
A bee sting is most likely to cause A) cardiogenic shock. B) anaphylactic shock. C) septic shock. D) hypovolemic shock.
anaphylactic shock
In the process of temperature regulation (thermoregulation), the skin employs unique vessels known as arteriovenous ___________, found predominantly in the fingertips, palms of the hands, toes, soles of the feet, ears, nose, and lips to shunt (divert) blood directly from arterioles to deep venules, thus bypassing superficial capillary loops and controlling heat loss from the skin.
anastomoses
Part of the physical examination of patients with suspect coronary artery disease is to insert a plastic catheter into the brachial or femoral artery and feed it all the way to the openings of the coronary arteries. Injecting radiographic contrast material will result in a visual picture called an ________
angiogram
Baroreceptors are specialized pressure receptors found in the A) vena cava. B) descending aorta. C) medulla oblongata. D) aortic arch.
aortic arch.
According to the classic view of the Starling forces, capillaries usually tend to absorb fluid A) at the arteriolar end. B) at the venular end. C) only when the precapillary sphincters are open. D) at neither end; they filter fluid, and it is up to the lymphatic vessels to absorb it.
at the venular end.
The polypeptide hormone secreted by the atria that increases excretion Na+ in the urine, is called__________ (3 words)
atrial natriuretic peptide
The ability of some organs, the brain and kidneys in particular, utilize intrinsic, or "built-in," mechanisms to maintain relatively constant flow rates despite wide fluctuations in blood pressure, is called _____
autoregulation
Of all the factors that can affect blood flow to a particular organ, the most effective and easiest to control from moment to moment is _____________. A) blood viscosity B) vessel radius C) vessel length D) pressure differential
b) Vessel radius
The cardiovascular stretch receptors located in the aortic arch and in the carotid sinuses to monitor blood pressure changes are known as _______
baroreceptors
___________ is a polypeptide vasodilator produced by the sweat glands. A) Bradykinin B) Histamine C) Seratonin D) Endorphin
bradykinin
Inhibiting the actions of ______, a polypeptide secreted by sweat glands during hot weather will prevent the normal _________to increase blood flow to the skin.
bradykinin vasodilation
The amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute is called _____________. A) stroke volume B) end-diastolic volume C) ejection fraction D) cardiac output
cardiac output
The mean arterial blood pressure is proportional to the product of ________________(2 words) and _________(3 words)
cardiac output total peripheral resistance
Stroke volume is regulated by all of the following except A) end-diastolic volume. B) cardiac output. C) contractility. D) peripheral resistance
cardiac output.
The osmotic pressure exerted by the presence of protein molecules in the plasma is referred to as the _______osmotic pressure.
colloid
Veins are said to have a higher ____ than arteries because they expand more easily and a higher ___________ because they contain more blood. A) compliance; capacitance B) compliance; capacitance C) elasticity; capacitance D) elasticity; compliance
compliance; capacitance
Veins are said to have a higher ____ than arteries because they stretch more easily and a higher ____ because they contain more blood. A) compliance; capacitance B) capacitance; compliance C) elasticity; capacitance D) elasticity; compliance
compliance; capacitance
During a defensive "fight-or-flight" response, the sympathetic nervous system activates alpha-adrenergic receptors throughout the body causing overall blood vessel______ ; and activates cholinergic receptors in skeletal muscle causing blood vessels here to______
constriction dilate
The contractility of a muscle fiber is its A) contraction strength at any length. B) contraction strength at a particular fiber length. C) contraction frequency, which determines heart rate. D) ability to contract, which is restored after the refractory period
contraction strength at a particular fiber length
Intrinsic control of blood flow refers to the A) way in which blood flow is determined by cardiac output. B) blood flow in all places other than the heart itself. C) control of blood flow by metabolic products of the tissues. D) control of blood flow by the nervous and endocrine systems.
control of blood flow by metabolic products of the tissues.
The amount of blood pumped by one ventricle in one minute, is called the A) stroke volume. B) end-diastolic volume. C) ejection fraction. D) cardiac output.
d. Cardiac output
During exercise, the cardiac output may rise to five times the resting value. In most people this is due mainly to an increase in ______________. A) stroke volume B) ejection fraction C) end-diastolic volume D) heart rate
d. Heart rate
Increased activity of SANS will increase cardiac output by A) increasing heart rate. B) increasing contractility. C) increasing venous return. D) All of the above
d. all of the above
Which of following responses would you expect to see in response to high blood volume? A) increased secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) B) decreased secretion of renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone C) increased secretion of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) D) both a) and b)
d. both a and b
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) helps to lower blood pressure and is secreted by the _____________. A) hypothalamus B) kidneys C) adrenal cortex D) heart
d. heart
Activation of the atrial stretch receptors by increased venous return should prompt a reflex __________in the secretion of ADH, and a _____________in the secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)—lowering blood volume by increasing urinary salt and water excretion and antagonizing the actions of angiotensin II.
decrease increase
During the initial phases of exercise, blood flow to the skin is _________ due to increased SANS activity, then becomes ____________, with continued exercise. A) increased, decreased B) decreased, increased C) increased, increased D) decreased, decreased
decreased, increased
Arteriovenous anastomoses are found mainly in the A) dermis of the skin. B) mesenteries of the abdominal cavity. C) cerebral circulation. D) renal circulation.
dermis of the skin.
The well-known drug that is often used to treat people with congestive heart failure is _________—whose action is to bind to and inhibit the Na+/K+ pumps in the cardiac fiber membranes, causing a rise in the intracellular concentrations of both Na+ and Ca2+
digitalis
The excessive accumulation of tissue fluid is known as ______and may be produced by excessive concentrations of ______in the interstitial fluid.
edema proteins
Poiseuille's law relates vessel length, blood viscosity, and the radius of the vessel to the overall_______ of blood in a blood vessel
flow
Atrial natriuretic peptide helps to lower blood pressure and is secreted by the A) hypothalamus. B) kidneys. C) adrenal cortex. D) heart.
heart
During exercise the cardiac output may rise to five times the resting value. In most people this is due mainly to an increase in A) stroke volume. B) ejection fraction. C) end-diastolic volume. D) heart rate.
heart rate.
Blood will not flow unless there is a sufficient DP between point A and point B in the circulatory system. In this sentence DP represents A) colloid osmotic pressure in the plasma. B) plasma protein concentration. C) hydrostatic pressure difference. D) an osmotic gradient
hydrostatic pressure difference.
Osmoreceptors in the brain that detect changes in plasma osmolality are located in the ________
hypothalamus
Osmoreceptors regulating the release of ADH are found in the A) kidneys. B) right atrium of the heart. C) aortic arch and carotid sinuses. D) hypothalamus
hypothalamus
Osmoreceptors regulating the release of ADH are found in the _______________. A) kidneys B) right atrium of the heart C) aortic arch and carotid sinuses D) hypothalamus
hypothalamus
The secretion of renin from the kidneys, followed by the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, and later, to angiotensin II would ultimately cause the blood pressure to _______
increase
Vasodilation of blood vessels decreases the resistance of the vessels and causes the rate of blood flow to ________; whereas vasoconstriction increases the resistance and ___________the rate of blood flow.
increase decreases
Vasodilation is often caused by A) increase in oxygen concentration in the tissue fluid. B) decrease in carbon dioxide concentration in the tissue fluid. C) increase in pH of the tissue fluid. D) increase in K+ concentration in the tissue fluid.
increase in K+ concentration in the tissue fluid.
A positive inotropic agent is something that _______________. A) reduces the heart rate in a positive feedback loop B) increases the heart rate in a positive feedback loop C) increases the contractility of myocardial fibers D) decreases the contractility of myocardial fibers
increases the contractility of myocardial fibers
A positive inotropic agent is something that A) reduces the heart rate in positive feedback loop. B) increases the heart rate in positive feedback loop. C) increases the contractility of myocardial fibers. D) decreases the contractility of myocardial fibers
increases the contractility of myocardial fibers.
According to the Frank-Starling Law, stroke volume increases as a function of A) increasing heart rate. B) decreasing heart rate. C) increasing end-diastolic volume. D) increasing venous return
increasing end-diastolic volume
An drug that increases the heart's contraction strength, or contractility, is called a positive _______agent.
inotropic
Autoregulation of the blood vessels means essentially the same thing as ____ regulation. A) extrinsic B) intrinsic C) myogenic D) neurogenic
intrinsic
Unlike the coronary and skeletal muscle blood flow which is controlled by extrinsic mechanisms, cerebral blood flow is controlled mainly by _________mechanisms
intrinsic
The normal flow of blood in which the central axial stream moves the fastest and blood flowing closer to the artery wall moves more slowly, is silent and is called __________flow
laminar
Pulmonary edema, shortness of breath, and fatigue are most likely to result from A) cardiogenic shock. B) anaphylactic shock. C) right-sided congestive heart failure. D) left-sided congestive heart failure
left-sided congestive heart failure.
In the proportionality expression R µ L? / r4, R represents the total force that resists the flow of blood from point A to point B, and L represents the A) systolic pressure generated by the heart. B) viscosity of the blood. C) radius of a blood vessel. D) length of a blood vessel
length of a blood vessel.
Endurance training often results in a ________of the resting cardiac rate and an _________in the resting stroke volume
lowering increase
Since 85% of the capillary filtrate is returned directly to the capillaries, the remaining 15% is returned to the vascular system in the form of _______
lymph
The auscultatory method is used for A) correcting orthostatic hypotension. B) reducing tachycardia. C) restoring blood volume. D) measuring blood pressure.
measuring blood pressure.
The cardiac control centers are located in the_______ (2 words) region of the brain stem.
medulla oblongata
The intrinsic regulation of blood flow is accomplished by ________and ________mechanisms.
metaobolic or myogenic
During systole, the ventricular myocardium gets its oxygen supply mainly from A) hemoglobin. B) myoglobin. C) its high density of blood capillaries. D) its high density of mitochondria
myoglobin
The muscle protein ______is related to hemoglobin and stores oxygen during diastole so that oxygen will be available to the myocardial cells during _____
myoglobin systole
Elephantiasis is caused by A) the bite of a specific tick. B) nematode worm parasite. C) blood albumin deficiency. D) allergy to elephants
nematode worm parasite
The SA node depolarizes more frequently under the influence of ____________. A) norepinephrine B) acetylcholine C) the vagus nerve D) the medulla oblongata
norepinephrine
The sinoatrial node depolarizes more frequently under the influence of A) norepinephrine. B) acetylcholine. C) the vagus nerve. D) the medulla oblongata.
norepinephrine
The sympathoadrenal system can raise blood pressure by A) stimulating vasodilation of the arterioles. B) promoting a positive chronotropic effect on the heart. C) promoting a negative inotropic effect on the heart. D) dilating renal arteries and increasing urine output
promoting a positive chronotropic effect on the heart.
Production of angiotensin II would A) cause vasodilation of arterioles and muscular arteries. B) inhibit the sense of thirst. C) stimulate excretion of excess sodium by the kidneys. D) raise the blood pressure.
raise the blood pressure
Production of angiotensin II indirectly ____________. A) causes vasodilation of arterioles and muscular arteries B) inhibits the sense of thirst C) stimulates excretion of excess sodium by the kidneys D) raises the blood volume
raises the blood volume
Myxedema is a disease caused by hypothyroidism, which causes production of excessive amounts of glycoprotein in the Interstitial spaces. The effect of this on capillary fluid dynamics would be to cause ________________. A) precapillary sphincters to shut off blood flow to affected tissues B) vasodilation of the capillaries C) reduced osmotic return of fluid and thus accumulation of fluid in the tissues resulting in edema D) increased transfer of tissue fluid into the blood stream, resulting in hypertension
reduced osmotic return of fluid and thus accumulation of fluid in the tissues resulting in edema
Myxedema is a disease caused by hypothyroidism, which causes production of excessive amounts of glycoprotein in the interstitial spaces. The effect of this on capillary fluid dynamics would be to cause A) precapillary sphincters to shut off blood flow to affected tissues. B) vasodilation of the capillaries. C) reduced osmotic return of fluid and thus accumulation of fluid in the tissues resulting in edema. D) increased transfer of tissue fluid into the bloodstream, resulting in hypertension.
reduced osmotic return of fluid and thus accumulation of fluid in the tissues resulting in edema.
The enzyme that converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin II is _____________. A) renin B) angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) C) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP D) vasopressin (ADH)
renin
The enzyme that converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, is A) renin. B) angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). C) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). D) vasopressin (ADH)
renin
Athletes trained for endurance, such as swimmers and marathon runners, have a higher stroke volume at rest mainly because they have A) resting bradycardia. B) more sympathetic stimulation of the SA node. C) increased heart rate. D) decreased end-diastolic volume
resting bradycardia.
Hypertension that accounts for only about 5% of those with hypertension, is the result of known disease processes and is called ________hypertension.
secondary
A severe infection could decrease blood pressure by causing _____________. A) cardiogenic shock B) anaphylactic shock C) septic shock D) hypovolemic shock
septic shock
A severe infection could decrease blood pressure by causing A) cardiogenic shock. B) anaphylactic shock. C) septic shock. D) hypovolemic shock
septic shock.
Secretion of antidiuretic hormone would A) stimulate fluid retention by the kidneys. B) stimulate sodium retention. C) accelerate the heartbeat. D) cause vasoconstriction
stimulate fluid retention by the kidneys
The Frank-Starling law of the heart describes the proportional relationship between A) stroke volume and cardiac output. B) stroke volume and end-diastolic volume. C) stroke volume is and total peripheral resistance. D) the left and right ventricles.
stroke volume and end-diastolic volume.
During blood pressure measurement, the first sounds of Korotkoff are heard when the arterial blood pressure is at its highest pressure, which is recorded as the ___________________pressure
systolic
Pulse pressure is equal to the difference between the ________pressure and the_________ pressure
systolic diastolic
If the hydrostatic pressure (P) of the blood in a capillary is 19 mmHg and that of the tissue fluid is 1mmHg, while the colloid osmotic pressure (p) of the blood is 23 mmHg and that of the tissue fluid is 0 mmHg, at this particular portion of the capillary fluid is being __________with a net force of __________. A) given off; 5 mmHg B) given off; -3 mmHg C) taken up; 3 mmHg D) taken up; -5 mmHg
taken up; -5 mmHg
During fight or flight reaction, the sympathetic nervous system causes vasodilation in skeletal muscle but vasoconstriction in the skin. It is able to achieve these opposite effects because ___________________. A) sympathetic fibers secrete epinephrine in the muscle and acetylcholine in the skin B) bradykinin stimulates constriction of arterioles in the dermis C) the muscles have cholinergic sympathetic fibers and the skin has adrenergic fibers D) the muscle arterioles have a-adrenergic receptors and the skin arterioles have §-adrenergic receptors
the muscle arterioles have a-adrenergic receptors and the skin arterioles have §-adrenergic receptors
During exercise or stress, the sympathetic nervous system causes vasodilation in the skeletal muscle but vasoconstriction in the skin. It is able to achieve these opposite effects because A) sympathetic fibers secrete epinephrine in the muscle and acetylcholine in the skin. B) bradykinin stimulates constriction of arterioles in the dermis. C) the muscles have cholinergic sympathetic fibers and the skin has adrenergic fibers. D) the muscles have a-adrenergic receptors and the skin has ß-adrenergic receptors
the muscles have cholinergic sympathetic fibers and the skin has adrenergic fibers
The afterload imposed on a ventricle refers to A) its end-systolic volume, the blood left after contraction is complete. B) the amount of blood added to a ventricle by atrial systole. C) the total peripheral resistance opposing the ejection of blood. D) the ejection fraction, or percentage of EDV ejected by ventricular systole.
the total peripheral resistance opposing the ejection of blood
The sum of all the vascular resistances within the systemic circulation is called the_______ (3 words).
total peripheral resistance
When an artery is constricted partially, the flow of blood is _________causing vibrations in the wall of the artery that are heard as the sounds of __________
turbulent Korotkoff
The major action of the paracrine regulatory molecule, nitric oxide, secreted by endothelial cells is to diffuse into the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels and produce__________
vasodilation
Approximately two-thirds of the total blood volume is located in the ____________at any one time.
veins
Cardiac output may drop when one goes from a lying to a standing position because of A) the baroreceptor reflex. B) venous pooling. C) orthostatic hypertension. D) sinus tachycardia.
venous pooling.
Both the skeletal muscle pump and the pressure difference between thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are increased by exercise. These will directly increase A) cardiac output. B) blood volume. C) heart rate. D) venous return
venous return.
Of all the factors that can affect blood flow to a particular tissue, the most effective and easiest to control from moment to moment, is A) vessel radius. B) blood viscosity. C) vessel length. D) pressure differential
vessel radius.
The majority of the total body water is located ________the cells.
within
